The widespread contamination of soils and aquifers by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL), such as crude oil, poses serious environmental and health hazards globally. Understanding the infiltration characteristics of N...The widespread contamination of soils and aquifers by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL), such as crude oil, poses serious environmental and health hazards globally. Understanding the infiltration characteristics of NAPL in soil is crucial in mitigating or remediating soil contamination. The infiltration characteristics of crude and diesel oils into undisturbed loessal soil cores, collected in polymethyl methacrylate cylindrical columns, were investigated under a constant fluid head (3 era) of either crude oil or diesel oil. The infiltration rate of both crude and diesel oils decreased exponentially as wetting depth increased with time. Soil core size and bulk density both had significant effects on NAPL infiltration through the undisturbed soil cores; a smaller core size or a greater bulk density could reduce oil penetration to depth. Compacting soil in areas susceptible to oil spills may be an effective stratage to reduce contamination. The infiltration of NAPL into soil cores was spatially anisotropic and heterogeneous, thus recording the data at four points on the soil core is a good stratage to improve the accuracy of experimental results. Our results revealed that crude and diesel oils, rather than their components, have a practical value for remediation of contaminated loessal soils.展开更多
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of persistent organic pollutants, have been frequently detected in soil at e-waste recycling sites. However, the key factors controlling the transport of PBDEs from surf...Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of persistent organic pollutants, have been frequently detected in soil at e-waste recycling sites. However, the key factors controlling the transport of PBDEs from surface soil to the vadose zone and groundwater are unclear. Here, colloid-enhanced leaching of PBDEs from undisturbed soil cores collected at an e-waste recycling site in Tianjin, China, is reported. Spatially heterogeneous release of colloids and PBDEs was observed in all the tested soil cores under chemical and hydrodynamic perturbations, indicating the presence of preferential flow paths. Colloid concentration in the effluent significantly increased as ionic strength decreased (from 10 to 0.01 mmol/L), probably due to the stronger electrostatic repulsion between colloidal particles and the soil matrix at lower ionic strength. In contrast, colloid mobilization was not significantly affected by the changes in pH of the influent (from 4.0 to 10.0) and flow rate (from a Darcy velocity of 1.5 to 6.0 cm/h). The concentrations of 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), the predominant PBDE congener at the site, detected in the leachate (ranging from 1.09 to 3.43 ng/L) were much lower than previously reported results from packed column leaching tests, and were positively correlated with colloid concentrations. This indicates that remobilization of colloids at e-waste recycling sites can promote the leaching and downward migration of PBDEs from surface soil. The findings highlight the potential risk of surface soil PBDE contamination to groundwater quality and call for further understanding of colloid-facilitated transport for predicting the fate of PBDEs at e-waste recycling sites.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Soil bulk density and moisture content are dynamic properties that vary with changes in soil and field conditions and have many agricultural, hydrological and environ...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Soil bulk density and moisture content are dynamic properties that vary with changes in soil and field conditions and have many agricultural, hydrological and environmental implications. The main objective of this study was to compare between a soil core sampling method (core) and the CPN MC-3 Elite<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>TM</sup></span> nuclear gauge method (radiation) for measuring bulk density (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span>) and volumetric moisture content (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<span style="font-size:10.9091px;">v</span></i></span></span></i></span>) in a clay loam soil. Soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<span style="font-size:10.9091px;">v</span></i></span></span></i></span> measurements were determined using the core and radiation methods at 0 - 10 and 10 - 20 cm soil depths. The mean values of soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> obtained using the core method (1.454, 1.492 g<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="">·</span>cm<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>−3</sup></span>) were greater than those obtained using the radiation method (1.343, 1.476 g<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="">·</span>cm<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>−3</sup></span>) at the 0 - 10 and 10 - 20 cm depths, respectively. Mean <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<span style="font-size:10.9091px;">v</span></i></span></span></i></span> values averaged across both depths (referred to as the 0 - 20 cm depth) measured by the core method were 4.47% and 22.74% greater, respectively, than those obtained by the radiation method. The coefficients of variation (CV) of soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> values measured by the core method were lower than the CV values of those measured by the radiation method at both depths;however, the CV’s of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> values for both methods were larger at the 0 - 10 cm depth than those measured at the 10 - 20 cm depth. Similarly, the CV values of soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<sub>v</sub></i></span></span></i></span> values measured by the core method were lower than the CV values of those measured by the radiation method at both depths. There were significant differences between two methods in terms of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<sub>v</sub></i></span></span></i></span>, with the core method generating greater values than the radiation method at the 0 - 20 cm depth. These discrepancies between the two methods could have resulted from soil compaction and soil disturbance caused by the core and radiation techniques, respectively, as well as by other sources of error. Nevertheless, the core sampling method is considered the most common one for measuring <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> for many agricultural, hydrological and environmental studies in most soils.</span>展开更多
基金supported by the Innovation Team Pro-gram of Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Program for Innovative Research Team in University (No IRT0749)
文摘The widespread contamination of soils and aquifers by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL), such as crude oil, poses serious environmental and health hazards globally. Understanding the infiltration characteristics of NAPL in soil is crucial in mitigating or remediating soil contamination. The infiltration characteristics of crude and diesel oils into undisturbed loessal soil cores, collected in polymethyl methacrylate cylindrical columns, were investigated under a constant fluid head (3 era) of either crude oil or diesel oil. The infiltration rate of both crude and diesel oils decreased exponentially as wetting depth increased with time. Soil core size and bulk density both had significant effects on NAPL infiltration through the undisturbed soil cores; a smaller core size or a greater bulk density could reduce oil penetration to depth. Compacting soil in areas susceptible to oil spills may be an effective stratage to reduce contamination. The infiltration of NAPL into soil cores was spatially anisotropic and heterogeneous, thus recording the data at four points on the soil core is a good stratage to improve the accuracy of experimental results. Our results revealed that crude and diesel oils, rather than their components, have a practical value for remediation of contaminated loessal soils.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFC1804202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22020102004)+2 种基金the Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Bureau(China)(No.21JCZDJC00280)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(China)(No.63233056)the Ministry of Education of China(No.T2017002).
文摘Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of persistent organic pollutants, have been frequently detected in soil at e-waste recycling sites. However, the key factors controlling the transport of PBDEs from surface soil to the vadose zone and groundwater are unclear. Here, colloid-enhanced leaching of PBDEs from undisturbed soil cores collected at an e-waste recycling site in Tianjin, China, is reported. Spatially heterogeneous release of colloids and PBDEs was observed in all the tested soil cores under chemical and hydrodynamic perturbations, indicating the presence of preferential flow paths. Colloid concentration in the effluent significantly increased as ionic strength decreased (from 10 to 0.01 mmol/L), probably due to the stronger electrostatic repulsion between colloidal particles and the soil matrix at lower ionic strength. In contrast, colloid mobilization was not significantly affected by the changes in pH of the influent (from 4.0 to 10.0) and flow rate (from a Darcy velocity of 1.5 to 6.0 cm/h). The concentrations of 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), the predominant PBDE congener at the site, detected in the leachate (ranging from 1.09 to 3.43 ng/L) were much lower than previously reported results from packed column leaching tests, and were positively correlated with colloid concentrations. This indicates that remobilization of colloids at e-waste recycling sites can promote the leaching and downward migration of PBDEs from surface soil. The findings highlight the potential risk of surface soil PBDE contamination to groundwater quality and call for further understanding of colloid-facilitated transport for predicting the fate of PBDEs at e-waste recycling sites.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Soil bulk density and moisture content are dynamic properties that vary with changes in soil and field conditions and have many agricultural, hydrological and environmental implications. The main objective of this study was to compare between a soil core sampling method (core) and the CPN MC-3 Elite<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>TM</sup></span> nuclear gauge method (radiation) for measuring bulk density (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span>) and volumetric moisture content (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<span style="font-size:10.9091px;">v</span></i></span></span></i></span>) in a clay loam soil. Soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<span style="font-size:10.9091px;">v</span></i></span></span></i></span> measurements were determined using the core and radiation methods at 0 - 10 and 10 - 20 cm soil depths. The mean values of soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> obtained using the core method (1.454, 1.492 g<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="">·</span>cm<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>−3</sup></span>) were greater than those obtained using the radiation method (1.343, 1.476 g<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="">·</span>cm<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>−3</sup></span>) at the 0 - 10 and 10 - 20 cm depths, respectively. Mean <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<span style="font-size:10.9091px;">v</span></i></span></span></i></span> values averaged across both depths (referred to as the 0 - 20 cm depth) measured by the core method were 4.47% and 22.74% greater, respectively, than those obtained by the radiation method. The coefficients of variation (CV) of soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> values measured by the core method were lower than the CV values of those measured by the radiation method at both depths;however, the CV’s of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> values for both methods were larger at the 0 - 10 cm depth than those measured at the 10 - 20 cm depth. Similarly, the CV values of soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<sub>v</sub></i></span></span></i></span> values measured by the core method were lower than the CV values of those measured by the radiation method at both depths. There were significant differences between two methods in terms of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<sub>v</sub></i></span></span></i></span>, with the core method generating greater values than the radiation method at the 0 - 20 cm depth. These discrepancies between the two methods could have resulted from soil compaction and soil disturbance caused by the core and radiation techniques, respectively, as well as by other sources of error. Nevertheless, the core sampling method is considered the most common one for measuring <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> for many agricultural, hydrological and environmental studies in most soils.</span>