The Courtly Love in Chivalry

In 1066,the Duke of Normandy William in France held the Norman army to invade England.As a result of the Conquest,French culture was introduced into England,romance as a part of French culture soon became the prevailing literary form at that time.Romance chiefly deals with two subjects,naming,adventures and the courtly love,and adventures are often discussed by a number of writers,however,the courtly love has often been ignored by them.This paper tries to analysis the courtly love,focusing on revealing the value of love in the courtly love.

A Study on the Standardization of Court Interpretation and Suggestions in China

In order to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of all parties, ensure the justice of legal proceedings and maintain the Chinese judicial system's positive international image, high quality interpretation of legal proceedings is extremely important. This paper will analyze the nature of court interpreting and draw lessons from successful foreign practices. Moreover,some thoughts and suggestions will be presented for the establishment of national court interpreting standards in China.

Courting Nanjing

Nanjing （historically known as Nanking）, which was the imperial capital of several Chinese dynasties, is one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China.

Trust in the State Courts： Hispanic and African American Communities

The paper aims to compare the levels ofa＇ust Caucasians, African Americans, Hispanics, and other minority groups have in state courts. The paper presents four hypothesize which contend that African Americans, Hispanics, and other minority groups have lower levels of trust in state courts in comparison to Caucasians. Using data from a 2001 Justice at Stake Public Survey, a multivariate regression analysis was performed to assess the validity of each hypothesis. The variable for Race/Ethnicity was used as a baseline allowing for the comparison of levels of trust among each racial/ethnic group. The findings indicate that African Americans have a lower level of trust in state courts in comparison to their Caucasian and other minority counterparts and vice versa. Surprisingly, Hispanics were found to have no more or less trust in state courts when compared to Caucasians, African Americans, and other minority groups. Further research regarding trust in state courts should be carried out in both African American and Hispanic communities. Lastly, it is noteworthy to mention that the data set contained some limitations, such as its age and the exclusion of＂Asian＂ in the racial/ethnic categories.

The Substantive Reform of Court Trials: A Transformation of Logic in the Methods of Evidence Investigation——Summary of the Reform Pilot Project in Chengdu

In the pilot project of the substantive reform of court trials,“unexpected” judgments appeared constantly because the traditional documentary investigation mode has been replaced by an investigation mode under the principle of directness and verbalism. This change in the logic of factual judgments has caused a change in the methods of evidence examination. In traditional evidence examination, evidence obtained from investigations is supposed to be genuine and reliable. In the substantive reform of court trials, it is presumed that evidence obtained from investigations cannot be fully trusted and it is easier to ascertain the facts of the case by investigating using the principles of directness, verbalism and individualized judging methods for evidence examinations. In practice, there are three main factors affecting the genuineness of evidence: the cognitive rules of testifiers, the motivation of the subjects who provide evidence, and the methods used by investigators to obtain evidence. Based on any one of these three factors, it cannot be concluded that evidence obtained from investigations is superior to evidence presented in court. The substantive court investigation is more advantageous to establishing the facts of a case than the traditional court investigation. The essential characteristics of the substantive reform of court trials are pursuing reality in essence instead of in form, and using the files of the court trials instead of the files of the investigation to avoid the evidence obtained through investigations from playing a decisive role in the adjudication thus making criminal procedures trial-centered rather than investigation-centered.

At the Court

A man had to go to court, and he asked his lawyerwhich judge would be hearing his case. His lawyer toldhim and then said, ’Do you know him?’ The man answered, ’No, but I wanted to know hisname so that I could send him a dozen bottles of goodwine.’

Court Sight Translation From Text-Linguistic Approach

Court interpreting as a type of dialogue or liaison interpreting has recently drawn an increasing level of attention in a variety of disciplines, including legal science, applied linguistics, and translation studies. Amongst discussions relevant to court interpreting, the area of sight translation has yet to be emphasized, despite its importance to the outcome of a trial. In this study I first had observations of court interpreting activities on several occasions. Based on these observations, I then formulated a questionnaire and distributed it to 86 interpreters in two training workshops organized by the Taiwan High Court in 2013. The key findings are as follows： most interpreters consider sight translation to be more difficult than other forms of interpretation in the courtroom; while conducting sight translation many interpreters pause in order to seek clarification or are interrupted; most interpreters would prefer the judge or the prosecutor to orally summarize the text to be sight translated; and, after ＂negotiation,＂ most practitioners tend to lower the level of formality when dealing with a text written in a formal style. These findings imply that interpreters conducting sight translation render a translation through ＂negotiation＂ with other participants of the activity; this negotiation can be seen as an attempt to build a ＂context＂ from the perspective of liaison interpreting. This study intends to raise the awareness of court interpreters regarding a number of key issues in sight translation, and the results are hoped to be conducive to the future study of other types of liaison interpreting and interpreting as a whole.

＂From a Utopia to a Dystopia＂ On Mark Twain＇s Compliance with and Deviation from Heterotopology in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur＇s Court

In this paper, the author intends to parallelize Mark Twain＇s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur＇s Court with Foucault＇s theorizations about heterotopia, or heterotopology. For Foucault, heterotopia is a paradox because it is paces that are both real and placeless. Twain＇s novel is a time travel story, which juxtaposes the temporalities of the 6th and 19th centuries. In the story, Hank, the hero, is allowed access to Camelot, King Arthur＇s court. Above all, he has introduced to it quite a few elements of modem technology and civilization. So far Twain seems to have complied with Foucault＇s heterotopology. That is, there is a textual heterotopia created in his novel. However, the last principle of Foucault＇s heterotopology states that a heterotopia can be comparable to a utopia because of its contrastive function. A typical time travel story has the same contrastive function as well. That is, in either case there should be a utopia, a dystopia, or a mixture of them. However, Twain＇s novel fails to contrast the 6th century with the 19th century simply because the heterotopia Hank has created leaps from a utopia to a dystopia. It is at this point where Twain has deviated from heterotopology. The shifting nature of this heterotopia not only disables its contrastive mechanism but also jeopardizes its thematic clarity. Most of all, it indicates that Twain has a considerably ambivalent attitude towards the industrial civilization, and that as a consequence, he is indecisive about the direction of this novel.

Role of the Americans with Disabilities Act in Parental Rights Court Cases

In this paper, media provides a means of thinking critically about the role of ADA regulations should play in parental fights for individuals with mental disabilities, specifically mental illness, developmental disabilities, and brain injuries. Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act more than 20 years ago to ensure the rights of individuals with disabilities, including parental rights. Title II of the ADA applies to decisions made in the courtroom and other governmental agencies, which include child custody cases and termination of parental rights. ＂Reasonable Accommodations＂ is one requirement of the ADA to make society more inclusive for individuals with disabilities, even in the realm of parenting. Under Title II, such modifications would include parenting classes, homecare assistance, support groups, community resources, and counseling. Through a critical examination of experiences as depicted through media and court case analyses of parents with mental disabilities, this paper argues that challenging the idea that individuals with disabilities cannot or should not be parents must start in the courtroom, by changing the attitudes and perceptions of judges presiding over child custody cases and termination of parental rights cases involving parents with mental disabilities.

The Use of Male Legal Representatives by Ottoman Women in Their Interactions With the Islamic Courts, 1550-1650

This study accentuates the differences in the ways in which Ottoman women, Muslim and non-Muslim, used the Islamic courts. In some regions Ottoman women went to the courts on their own while in others they relied on male representatives to enter into transactions or litigate on their behalf. Studies treating Islamic court records as uniform in shape and content have offered conflicting conclusions about the status of women in Ottoman society. This study demonstrates that a number of geographic and temporal variations affected women＇s access the courts, significantly affecting their legal status in the period of 1550-1650.

Research on the Operation Mechanism of Claim in Civil Procedure Law and the Applications on Court Trial Way Reform

In this paper, we conduct research on the operation mechanism of claim in civil procedure law and the applications on the court trial way reform. The ultimate goal of the rule of law lies in identifying and protecting the rights of citizens. Way to protect the rights of citizens is diverse, but the judicial relief is the most basic and important form of insurance. Everyone can “into” the court and get the impartiality of the judicial relief, is a measure of a country judicial level height and the rule of law implementation degree of important yardstick. Judicial system and judicial procedure to build and build a better, if the subject of litigation rights are not being met and the safeguard, can’t get through the door and it is the legislators and legal scholars over the many efforts are meaningless, under this basic condition, we propose the new perspective on the corresponding issues that is necessary.

Accessibility of Justice for Intimate Partner Violence Victims in the Customary Court at Rohingya Refugee Camp, Bangladesh

This paper explored the norms and mechanisms of access to justice regarding intimate partner violence(IPV),the constraints that affect refugee women when seeking measures against IPV,and the experiences and views of justice providers in giving access to justice to IPV victims in a customary court.This is a qualitative study where purposive sampling was applied.Five,eight,and four in-depth interviews with IPV victims,justice makers from BMC/CMC,and other concerning organizations were conducted,respectively.Moreover,two key-informant interviews were also conducted.Data were analyzed utilizing thematic analysis.The findings revealed that the multi-sectoral approach is the framework in responding to IPV cases followed by each actor,including the BMC and CMC,who are protecting the rights of IPV victims.However,this community-based committee is the first spot to mitigate IPV cases,and the trial procedures are not consistent with national laws and international human rights standards;the committee uses their life experiences,religious norms,and socio-cultural values.IPV victims and the customary court experience obstacles in case reporting,trial processing,and denial of legal justice.Moreover,the committee is more active in keeping the family and societal harmony rather than in protecting the individual(women).United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR)should accelerate efforts to protect,respect,and fulfill the needs of IPV victims in all sectors.Training on human rights and gender,the determination of the rules and regulations of the customary court to protect IPV victims,the development of appropriate sanctions for perpetrators,and the remedies for victims are suggestions from the research to get justice for the IPV victims.

The Court and Forest Circle in As You Like It

The setting of As You Like It follows a circle. The main characters left the court and went to the forest in which they got transformed, and then came back to the court that is not exactly the same one as the original.

Constitutional Court Dysfunction as a Guardian of Constitutional Rights of Religious Minorities in Indonesia

Right to freedom of religion and belief guaranteed by the constitution in the positive legal order, in practice, does not necessarily guarantee freedom. The Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia provides a guarantee of religious freedom for every citizen under Article 28 E of the 1945 Constitution. The Constitutional Court, which is required to protect, maintain, and ensure religious freedom for religious minorities, is deemed to fail guarding the right of religious minorities, because in addition to providing a restrictive ruling on a judicial review of the rule of law which is contrary to the basic law, it also fails to interpret legal products under the laws as part of the constitution. The Constitutional Court dysfunction as a guardian of the constitutional rights of religious minorities occurs because of the vacuum of law （recht vacuum）, a narrow interpretation of the constitution by the constitutional judges. The urgency that needs to be addressed is to provide the Constitutional Court with a more extensive authority, which is not limited only to review legal products under laws, but also includes production of Law on Freedom of Religion and Belief for protection in the application of Article 28 E of the 1945 Constitution.

On the Power Attribute of the Court of Admiralty of England in the Tudor Dynasty

Why the court of admiralty of England reached its peak during the Tudor period is a long-standing issue in academic circles,and it is necessary to clarify the attribute of the Court of Admiralty before answering this question.A comprehensive inspection of the admirals,judges of admiralty courts’patents,and statutes of the realm during the Tudor period reveals that,on the one hand,the court of admiralty passed the substantive admirals’judicial privileges,the typification of court of admiralty orders,and the autonomy of trial and enforcement privileges.On the other hand,on the basic of maritime upstarts,the court of admiralty,got rid of the control of the royal power and became an independent force in the English judicial system.The substantively operating independently court of admiralty may be the first comprehensive national judicial institution established in England in the early modern period.

China Court Cases on Intellectual Property Rights——First Chinese-English treatise on lP-related case analyses;hard cover,900 pages

For the purpose of summarising the judicial experiencein adjudicating IP-related cases and familarising the readersin China and overseas with the practical situation of

A Balance Between Court Security and Fair Trials:Court Cages in Criminal Cases——Using European Court of Human Rights Cases for Reference

In response to the 'cages in courts' issue in criminal trials,after reviewing a series of cases such as 'Svinarenko and Slyadnev v.Russia',the European Court of Human Rights has gradually clarified that the 'human dignity of the accused and his right to a fair trial are higher than the value of court security',thus found that putting the accused in a cage dock or improper use of a glass cabin dock are in breach of Article 3 and Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights,constitutes degrading treatment and violates the right to a fair trial.This position is in line with the international overall trend,which is of significance as a reference for China’s courts.Domestic courts should take the initiative to change the current use of the 'low fence dock' to further enhance China’s judicial civilization.

Small Claims Court in Environmental Disputes Resolution to Support the Realization of Sustainable Development

An appropriate business dispute resolution will ensure that the parties involved would not have to spend too much time and cost to resolve their case. There are two ways to resolve business disputes, through litigation and non-litigation process. The non-litigation process mainly depends upon the agreement of the parties involved and does not have a formally binding force upon them. Although the non-litigation process is more preferred in resolving business disputes, sometimes it does not completely resolve the issue. A specific business dispute resolution procedure such as the mechanism of small claims court （an informal court） is required. The objectives of the small claims court are to settle cases in prompt and cost-effective manner, and to avoid lengthy and complex formal legal procedures. Although it is still a part of the litigation process, the small claims court applies simplified procedures that are different from those of conventional civil cases. Nonetheless, the judgment of the small claims court has the same legally binding force as that of general court. The small claims court is situated in the District Court, but the examination of cases is different from general procedures and until now the mechanism has not been widely known in Indonesia.