Cloning, characterization, and expression of Cytochrome b (Cytb)——a key mitochondrial gene from Prorocentrum donghaiense

Mitochondrial cytochrome b （Cytb）, one of the few proteins encoded by the mitochondrial DNA, plays an important role in transferring electrons. As a mitochondrial gene, it has been widely used for phylogenetic analysis. Previously, a 949-bp fragment of the coding gene and mRNA editing were characterized from Prorocentrum donghaiense, which might prove useful for resolving P. donghaiense from closely related species. However, the full-length coding region has not been characterized. Ih this study, we used rapid amplification of cDNA ends （RACE） to obtain full-length, 1 124 bp cDNA. Cytb transcript contained a standard initiation codon ATG, but did not have a recognizable stop codon. Homology comparison showed that the P. donghaiense Cytb had a high sequence identity to Cytb sequences from other dinoflagellate species. Phylogenetic analysis placed Cytb from P. donghaiense in the clade of dinoflagellates and it clustered together strongly with that from P. minimum. Based on the full-length sequence, we inferred 32 editing events at different positions, accounting for 2.93% of the Cytb gene. 34.4% （11） of the changes were A to G, 25% （8） were T to C, and 25% （8） were C to U, with smaller proportions of G to C and G to A edits （9.4% （3） and 6.2% （2）, respectively）. The expression level of the Cytb transcript was quantified by real-time PCR with a TaqMan probe at different times during the whole growth phase. The average Cytb transcript was present at 39.277.46 copies of cDNA per cell during the whole growth cycle, and the expression of Cytb was relatively stable over the different phases. These results deepen our understanding of the structure and characteristics of Cytb in P. donghaiense, and confirmed that Cytb in P. donghaiense is a candidate reference gene for studying the expression of other genes.

Identification of sika deer and red deer using partial cytochrome b and 12s ribosomal RNA genes

A study was conducted on the identifications of the degraded samples of sika deer （Cervus nippon） and red deer （Cervus elaphus） by phylogenetic and nucleotide distance analysis of partial Cytb and 12s rRNA genes sequences. 402 bp Cytb genes were achieved by PCR-sequencing using DNA extracted from 8 case samples, and contrasted with 27 sequences of Cytb gene downloaded from GenBank database. The values of three nucleotide distance between three suspected samples and sika deer were identical （0.026±0.006）, which was smaller than the smallest nucleotide distance between eastern red deer and sika deer （0.036）. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of sika deer and red deer indicated that the evidences located within the same cluster as sika deer. The evidences were sika deer materials. As the same way, other three suspected samples were derived from red deer. The results were further confirmed by phylogenetic and nucleotide distance analysis of 387 bp 12s rRNA gene. The method was powerful and less time-consuming and helpful to reduce the related cases with wildlife.

Phylogenetic Relationships and Status Quo of Colonies for Gayal Based on Analysis of Cytochrome b Gene Partial Sequences

Thirty-three mutations and four different haplotypes were found when cytochrome b（Cytb） gene partial sequences of 12 gayals were analyzed. Together with sequences of Bos indicus, Bos taurus, Bos grunniens, and Bos gaurus with Bubalus bubalis as the out group, the partial sequences of Cytb gene of gayals were aligned and base composition and nucleotide variation of Cytb gene were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by the NJ method and the MP method respectively, both supporting almost the same topology. Gayal is an independent species of Bos from Bos indicus, Bos taurus, and Bos gaurus. The results also indicate that a great proportion of gayal bloodline was invaded by other species, and the protection of gayal is facing a formidable situation.

Phylogeny of Apaturinae Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome OxidaseⅠ Gene

The phylogenetic relationships of genera in the subfamily Apaturinae were examined using mtDNA sequence data from 1,471 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ （COI）. The mitochondrial COI gene from a total of 16 species in 11 genera were sequenced to obtain mtDNA data, along with those of 4 species obtained from GenBank, to construct the MP and the NJ trees using Athyma jina, Penthema adelma, Polyura nepenthes, and Charaxes bernardus as outgroups. The transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were found saturated, but they were retained for analysis, because they contain the majority of the phylogenetic information. The impacts of equal weight assumptions for all characters in the parsimonious analysis were assessed by potential alternations in clades in response to different transition/transversion weighting schemes. The results indicated four distinct major groups in Apaturinae. Moreover, several well supported and stable clades were found in the Apaturinae. The study also identified undetermined taxon groups whose positions were weakly supported and were subject to changes under different weighting schemes. Within the Apaturinae, the clustering results are approximately identical to the classical morphological classification. The mtDNA data suggest the genus Mimathyma as a monophyletic group. Lelecella limenitoides and Dilipa fenestra have close relationship with very strong support in all phylogenetic trees. It also supports the taxonomic revision of removing several species from Apatura to other genera, namely Mimathyma schrenckii, M. chevana, M. nycteis, Chitoria subcaerulea, C. fasciola, C. pallas, and Helcyra subalba.

Phylogenetic Relationships of 11 Bumblebee Species (Hymenoptera:Apidae) Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene Sequences

Phylogenetic relationships of 11 bumblebee species,including 5 subgenera:Bombus (5 species),Thoracobombus (3 species),Mendacibombus (1 species),Fervidobombus (1 species) and Pyrobombus (1 species),were analyzed based on the 357?bp mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences.There are 65 singleton polymorphic sites and 71 parsimony informative polymorphic sites in this DNA segment,and 45 polymorphic sites within the total 119 translated amino acids segment.Both NJ tree and MP tree show that Mendacibombus (B.avinovielllus) is basal to others,followed by Fervidobombus (B.pensylvanicus);Pyrobombus (B.impatiens) and Bombus are sister subgenera;the subgenus of Bombus is monophyletic,in which B.ignitus diverged first.

赤水乌骨鸡线粒体Cytb基因全序列遗传和起源分析

【目的】探明赤水乌骨鸡品种群体的遗传多样性和起源进化特点,为赤水乌骨鸡的种质资源评估,遗传资源保护和利用提供理论依据。【方法】采用PCR扩增及测序技术对60只赤水乌骨鸡的Cytb基因进行全长序列研究,采用生物信息学方法进行遗传多样性及起源进化分析。【结果】赤水乌骨鸡Cytb基因序列全长为1143 bp,碱基T、C、A和G的平均占比分别是24.1%、36.4%、27.5%和12.0%。Cytb基因序列分析发现共有13个突变位点,均为颠换,单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.796,核苷酸多样性(Pi)是0.001 91,平均核苷酸差异(K)为2.180。单倍型网络图显示在赤水乌骨鸡Cytb基因序列的9种单倍型中Hap3和Hap2为优势单倍型。赤水乌骨鸡Cytb基因9种单倍型与红色原鸡5个亚种Cytb基因序列构建的系统发育树表明Hap1与GGS12聚为一类,Hap2与GGM1聚为一类,Hap6、Hap7和Hap3聚在一起,与GGM3形成一个小分支,Hap8和Hap9与GGS3、GGS4和GGM2聚在一起形成一个分支,Hap4和Hap5则是自成一支。【结论】赤水乌骨鸡群体遗传多样性较高,可能起源于原鸡滇南亚种(Gallus gallus spadiceus)和原鸡印度亚种(Gallus gallus murghi)。

Molecular Phylogeny of Slow Lorises (Nycticebus) Revealed by D-loop Sequences and Complete Cytochrome b Gene Sequences of Mitochondrial DNA

Partial sequences of the D-loop and the complete sequences of cytochrome b gene (1 140 bp) of the slow lorises (genus Nycticebus) were undertaken to investigate evolutionary relationships among species of Nycticebus.Sequence analysis results consistently provide new taxonomy evidence at the DNA level for supporting Ratajszczak and Groves’ viewpoint that N.intermedus is merely the adult of N.pygmaeus (Ratajszczak,1998;Groves,1971).Phylogenetic analysis was performed by means of the combined data and these two separate sequences data,respectively,by using various methods,supporting the same topology,in which genus Nycticebus was formed of two clusters.The first cluster was composed of N.pygmaeus,and the second cluster of N.coucang.It also could provide a new molecular genetic evidence to support the view that the genus comprises two species:N.coucang and N.pygmaeus.

Sequence Comparison of Partial Cytochrome b Genes of Two Coilia species

Sequence variation of partial cytochrome b genes between two Coilia species, C. ectenes and C. mystus, was in- vestigated. Of the 402 nucleotides, twenty-seven (6.72%) are polymorphic and all are synonymous substitutions. At the third positions of genetic condon of cytochrome b gene, the two species show an extreme anti-G bias (<4%) and a pronounced bias towards A and C (>68%). There is no amino acid sequence divergence between the partial cytochrome b genes of the two species, indicating a close genetic relationship between them. The k-2p genetic distance of partial cytochrome b segment of the two species is 0.072, suggesting that the species were separated 3.6 Ma ago, in the middle Pliocene. Our result reveals that the cytochrome b gene is an appropriate marker for studies of population genetic structures and phylogeographic pat- terns of the two species.

Phylogeny of Limenitidinae Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I Gene Sequences

The phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily Limenitidinae are performed based on 1 471 bp of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I （COI） gene sequence data which were obtained from 21 individuals spanning 9 genera, along with those of 17 species obtained from GenBank, using Apatura iris, Aglais urticae, and Polyura dolon as outgroup species. Although the transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were highly saturated, they were still retained for analysis as they contain the majority of the phylogenetic information, and thus, the maximum pasimony （MP） under different weighting schemes and maximum likelihood （ML） trees were reconstructed in this study. The results showed that within this subfamily, the results based on the COI gene sequences are approximately identical to the traditional classification results. However, the clustering of Lexias pardalis and Tanaecia julii within the genus Euthalia as well as the clustering of Phaedyma aspasia within the genus Neptis with weak support are different from that of the current classification scheme made by Chinese scholars. The genus Limenitis is splited into two subclusters in the trees constructed by using MP and ML methods. These results support one of the strongest hypotheses for the tribe relationships within Limenitidinae.

Cytochrome P450 2E1 genetic polymorphism and gastric cancer in Changle,Fujian Province

AIM: Genetic polymorphism in enzymes of carcinogen metabolism has been found to have the influence on the susceptibility to cancer. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is considered to play an important role in the metabolic activation of procarcinogens such as N-nitrosoamines and low molecular weight organic compounds. The purpose of this study is to determine whether CYP450 2E1 polymorphisms are associated with risks of gastric cancer. METHODS: We conducted a population based case-control study in Changle county, Fujian Province, a high-risk region of gastric cancer in China. Ninety-one incident gastric cancer patients and ninety-four healthy controls were included in our study. Datas including demographic characteristics, diet intake, and alcohol and tobacco consumption of individuals in our study were completed by a standardized questionnaire.PCR-RFLP revealed three genotypes:heterozygote (C1/C2) and two homozygotes (C1/C1 and C2/C2) in CYP2E1. RESULTS: The frequency of variant genotypes (C1/C2 and C2/C2) in gastric cancer cases and controls was 36.3% and 24.5%, respectively. The rare homozygous C2/C2 genotype was found in 6 individuals in gastric cancer group(6.6%), whereas there was only one in the control group (1.1%). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (two-tailed Fisher's exact test P=0.066). Individuals in gastric cancer group were more likely to carry genotype C1/C2 (odds ratio, OR=1.50) and C2/C2 (OR=7.34) than individuals in control group (chi(2) =4.597, for trend P=0.032). The frequencies of genotypes with the C2 allele (C1/C2 and C2/C2 genotypes) were compared with those of genotypes without C2 allele (C1/C1 genotype) among individuals in gastric cancer group and control group according to the pattern of gastric cancer risk factors. The results show that individuals who exposed to these gastric cancer risk factors and carry the C2 allele seemed to have a higher risk of developing gastric cancer. CONCLUSION: Polymorphism of CYP2E1 gene may have some effect in the development of gastric cancer in Changle county, Fujian Province.

DNA Barcode Screening and Preliminary Study on Phylogeny of Sea Snake Based on Genes COI and cytb

[Objectives]The most common gene fragment used in animal DNA barcode technology is COI,but it is not necessarily suitable for all species.This study was conducted to screen genes suitable for the DNA barcode of sea snakes.[Methods]All COI and cytb gene sequences on GenBank were searched and downloaded.After the comparison with Mega software,clustering trees of MrBayes system were established.[Results]Interspecies distances were greater than intraspecies distances for the two genes.The topological structures of their molecular hierarchical clustering trees were clear,and the support rates were high.[Conclusions]Therefore,it is concluded that not the DNA barcode of each species must be gene COI.Cytb is more suitable in terms of the mitochondrial gene of sea snakes.

Association between Maternal Drug Use and Cytochrome P450 Genetic Polymorphisms and the Risk of Congenital Heart Defects in Offspring

Objective This study aimed to assess the associations between maternal drug use,cytochrome P450(CYP450)genetic polymorphisms,and their interactions with the risk of congenital heart defects(CHDs)in offspring.Methods A case-control study involving 569 mothers of CHD cases and 652 controls was conducted from November 2017 to January 2020.Results After adjusting for potential confounding factors,the results show that mothers who used ovulatory drugs(adjusted odds ratio[a OR]=2.12;95% confidence interval[CI]:1.08-4.16),antidepressants(a OR=2.56;95%CI:1.36-4.82),antiabortifacients(a OR=1.55;95%CI:1.00-2.40),or traditional Chinese drugs(a OR=1.97;95%CI:1.26-3.09)during pregnancy were at a significantly higher risk of CHDs in offspring.Maternal CYP450 genetic polymorphisms at rs1065852(A/T vs.A/A:OR=1.53,95%CI:1.10-2.14;T/T vs.A/A:OR=1.57,95%CI:1.07-2.31)and rs16947(G/G vs.C/C:OR=3.41,95%CI:1.82-6.39)were also significantly associated with the risk of CHDs in offspring.Additionally,significant interactions were observed between the CYP450 genetic variants and drug use on the development of CHDs.Conclusions In those of Chinese descent,ovulatory drugs,antidepressants,antiabortifacients,and traditional Chinese medicines may be associated with the risk of CHDs in offspring.Maternal CYP450 genes may regulate the effects of maternal drug exposure on fetal heart development.

基于mtDNA Cytb基因对甘肃4个马群体遗传多样性和系统发育的研究

为了研究甘肃境内部分马群体的遗传多样性、遗传结构和母系起源,试验采用DNA测序技术对甘肃4个马群体(岔口驿马49匹、河曲马20匹、山丹马30匹和肃南马34匹)共133个个体血样的线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)中的细胞色素b(cytochrome b,Cytb)基因进行PCR扩增,并对4个马群体的Cytb基因序列特征、遗传多样性、遗传距离、遗传分化与变异进行了分析,结合其他马群体的Cytb基因序列构建了系统发育树单位型网络关系图。结果表明:4个马群体Cytb基因序列全长1140 bp,A+T含量(54.6%)大于G+C含量(45.4%),共检测到46个多态位点,33种单倍型;总单倍型多样度为0.9332±0.0100,总核苷酸多样度为0.00385±0.00017,总平均核苷酸差异为4.3714,平均Tajima's D值和Fu's Fs值分别为-1.0352和-13.057;4个马群体间的遗传距离、遗传变异系数和基因流的范围分别为0.0035~0.0042,0.01923~0.09132,4.975~25.504;4个马群体内的遗传变异(94.54%)远大于其群体间的遗传变异(5.46%);4个马群体的33种单倍型分散于6个支系(A~F)中。说明甘肃4个马群体间亲缘关系较近,都具有较高的遗传多样性且均为多母系起源。

Hippocampal mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase activity and gene expression in a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia

The present study established a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia using bilateral common carotid artery permanent ligation to analyze cytochrome C oxidase activity and mRNA expression in hippocampal mitochondria. Results showed significantly decreased cytochrome C oxidase activity and cytochrome C oxidase II mRNA expression with prolonged ischemia time. Further analysis revealed five mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase II gene mutations, two newly generated mutations, and four absent mutational sites at 1 month after cerebral ischemia, as well as three mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase III gene mutations, including two newly generating mutations, and one disappeared mutational site at 1 month after cerebral ischemia. Results demonstrated that decreased cytochrome C oxidase gene expression and mutations, as well as decreased cytochrome C oxidase activity, resulting in energy dysmetabolism, which has been shown to be involved in the DatholoQical Process of ischemic brain iniurv.

The benzo(a) pyrene-induced mRNA expression of aromatic hydrocarbon receptor and cytochrome P4501A1 genes in rat liver

Objective To study the benzo(a)pyrene(B[a]P)-induced mRNA expression of aromatic hydrocarbon receptor(AHR)and cytochrome P4501A1(CYP1A1)genes in rat liver.Methods Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 5,10 and 15mg/kg of B[a]P.The total RNAs were extracted from rat livers by RNA purification kit,and the mRNA expression of AHR and CYP1A1 genes was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).β-actin was used as the internal control.The mRNA expression of both AHR and CYP1A1 genes was measured at indicated time points(24,48 and 72h)after B[a]P treatment at three different concentrations(5,10 and 15mg/kg).Results The mRNA expression of AHR gene increased in a time-dependent manner at the concentration of 10mg/kg but not at 5 and 15mg/kg of B[a]P.The mRNA expression of CYP1A1 gene differed significantly at 48h and 24h in rat livers treated with 10 and 15mg/kg dosage of B[a]P.The mRNA expression of AHR and CYP1A1 genes increased with B[a]P treatment in a concentration-dependent manner.The time-dependent increase in mRNA expression was shown by AHR but not by CYP1A1 gene with B[a]P(10mg/kg)treatment.Conclusion This study demonstrates that toxic B[a]P increases the mRNA expression of both AHR and CYP1A1 genes in vivo,suggesting that B[a]P may play a role in cancer genesis by this way.

Intraspecific Relationship of Sheep Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene

[ Objective] To preliminarily explore the intraspecific relationship of sheep based on cytochrome b （ Cyt b） gene of mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA）. [Method] The Cyt b gene sequences in 112 sheep individuals of two local sheep breeds were amplified by PCR. Then the amplified products were digested with EcoR I and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP）. [ Result] As many as 56 samples from Tan sheep and 56 samples from Wadi sheep were detected. The results showed that the amplified Cyt b gene in 51 individuals of Tan sheep had one EcoR I restriction site and no EcoR I restriction site in other five individuals, thus the Cyt b gene in Tan sheep showed two restriction morphs; the Cyt b gene in all 56 individuals of Wadi sheep had one EcoR I restriction site and showed one restriction morph. [ Conclusion] The polymorphism of mitochondrial Cyt b gene in Tan sheep and Wadi sheep is poor, and the Cyt b gene in sheep breeds is very conservative. Therefore, using Cyt b gene as gene marker to study the intraspecific relationship of sheep has some limitations.

弱精症患者精子线粒体DNA CYTB基因突变的研究

目的:研究弱精症患者精子线粒体DNA CYTB基因的突变情况。方法:提取134例弱精症患者和129例健康对照者的精子细胞DNA,采用PCR法对线粒体DNA CYTB基因进行扩增,产物经测序后与剑桥标准序列(rCRS)比对,分析CYTB基因的突变情况。结果:线粒体DNA CYTB基因突变以同义突变和错义突变为主,弱精症组中15301G/A、15326A/G杂合突变明显增多,15535C/T杂合突变仅存在于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:精子线粒体DNA CYTB基因突变与弱精症相关,其中15301G/A和15326A/G可能是弱精症的风险因素,15535C/T突变可能降低弱精症的风险。

Relation of cytochrome P450 2C19 gene 681G>A single nucleotide polynmrphism to clopidogrel resistance after PCI in Chinese

Objectives Clopidogrel is a prodrug that has to be converted to an active metabolite by hepatic cytochrome P450(CYP) isoenzymes to inhibit platelet aggregation.Individualvariability of platelet inhibition by clopidogrel suggests a possibility for genetic factors having a significant influence on clopidogrel responsiveness.In this study,we sought to determine the association between the single nucleotide polymorphism of CYP 2C19 681G】A and the occurrence of clopidogrel resistance(CR) in Chinese.Methods The study enrolled 614 hospitalized patients who underwentsuccessful percutaneouscoronary intervention with drug-eluting stents were received the treatmentwith dual antiplatelet regimen(aspirin plus clopidogrel).All patients received loading doses of 600 mg clopidogrel and 300 mg aspirin.20μmol/L ADP-induced platelet aggregation ratio(PAR ) was assessed 24 h after clopi- dogrel administration.The maximum residual PAR≥70%was defined as CR.Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples according to standard protocols,the single nucleotide polymorphism of the CYP2C19 681G】A was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in all the patients.Results CR was found in 126 patients(20.5%).There was CYP2C19 681G】A polymorphism in the study population.The frequencies of the three kinds of genotypes(GG,GA,A A) in CR group and non-CR (NCR)group were 32.5%,47.6%,19.8%and 48.0%, 45.0%,7.0%,respectively.The frequency of AA genotype was significantly higher in NCR group than that in CR group (OR =3.03,95%CI:1.889～5.784,P=0.003).The A allele carriers were more likely to develop clopidogrel resistance compared with that of G allele carriers(OR=1.85,95%CI: 1.392～2.459,P=0.002).Conclusions CYP2C19 681G/A polymorphism is associated with the risk of CR,and the A allele carriers may be a possible genetic susceptibility factor for patients with CR.

大别山原矛头蝮线粒体Cytb基因生物信息学分析

基于NCBI数据库,对大别山原矛头蝮(Protobothrops dabieshanensis)Cytb基因进行生物信息学分析,研究其结构和功能。结果表明,大别山原矛头蝮Cytb长度为1 113 bp,共编码371个氨基酸,具有较强密码子偏好性,编码蛋白为稳定、疏水性蛋白质;具有3个N-糖基化和33个磷酸化修饰位点,存在10个跨膜结构域,二级、三级结构以α螺旋和无规卷曲为主,与多个线粒体呼吸链蛋白相互作用;大别山原矛头蝮与乡城原矛头蝮(Protobothrops xiangchengensis)、菜花原矛头蝮(Protobothrops jerdonii)可能由共同祖先演化而来。研究结果为进一步开展大别山原矛头蝮能量代谢及生物学进化研究提供参考。

基于mtDNA Cytb基因序列的新疆两个地方黄牛品种遗传多样性和系统发育研究

为了探讨新疆地方黄牛品种的遗传多样性和母系起源,试验以新疆2个地方黄牛品种(哈萨克牛72头和阿勒泰白头牛34头)为研究对象,利用PCR技术扩增其线粒体DNA(mtDNA)细胞色素b(Cytb)基因序列并进行多态位点、单倍型、核苷酸多样度(Pi)、单倍型多样度(Hd)及平均核苷酸差异(K)和中性检验分析,并与我国部分黄牛品种的mtDNA Cytb基因序列进行综合分析以探讨二者的母系起源。结果表明:哈萨克牛和阿勒泰白头牛Cytb基因序列全长为463 bp, A、T、C三种碱基含量均为32.3%、27.0%、 26.2%,G碱基含量分别为14.5%和14.6%;A+T含量均为59.3%,G+C含量分别为40.7%和40.8%,A+T含量高于G+C含量;共检测到19个多态位点,包含12个转换、4个颠换和3个颠换/转换,其中单一多态位点10个,简约信息位点9个,导致6个氨基酸发生错义突变;19个多态位点共定义了24种单倍型(即Hap-1~24),总单倍型多样度为0.701±0.046,总核苷酸多样度为0.003 45±0.000 46,平均核苷酸差异为1.598;72头哈萨克牛Cytb基因序列的单倍型多样度为0.674±0.059,核苷酸多样度为0.003 28±0.000 53,且中性检验结果不显著(0.050.10);哈萨克牛和阿勒泰白头牛的优势单倍型均为Hap-1、Hap-6、Hap-3,起源于德国普通牛和瘤牛两大混合母系,以德国普通牛血统为主。说明哈萨克牛和阿勒泰白头牛的遗传多样性较匮乏,且有两个共同的母系祖先。