Impact of Initial Soil Conditions on Soil Hydrothermal and Surface Energy Fluxes in the Permafrost Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Accurate initial soil conditions play a crucial role in simulating soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes in land surface process modeling.This study emphasized the influence of the initial soil temperature(ST)and soil moisture(SM)conditions on a land surface energy and water simulation in the permafrost region in the Tibetan Plateau(TP)using the Community Land Model version 5.0(CLM5.0).The results indicate that the default initial schemes for ST and SM in CLM5.0 were simplistic,and inaccurately represented the soil characteristics of permafrost in the TP which led to underestimating ST during the freezing period while overestimating ST and underestimating SLW during the thawing period at the XDT site.Applying the long-term spin-up method to obtain initial soil conditions has only led to limited improvement in simulating soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes.The modified initial soil schemes proposed in this study comprehensively incorporate the characteristics of permafrost,which coexists with soil liquid water(SLW),and soil ice(SI)when the ST is below freezing temperature,effectively enhancing the accuracy of the simulated soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes.Consequently,the modified initial soil schemes greatly improved upon the results achieved through the long-term spin-up method.Three modified initial soil schemes experiments resulted in a 64%,88%,and 77%reduction in the average mean bias error(MBE)of ST,and a 13%,21%,and 19%reduction in the average root-mean-square error(RMSE)of SLW compared to the default simulation results.Also,the average MBE of net radiation was reduced by 7%,22%,and 21%.

Multiparameter Numerical Investigation of Two Types of Moving Interactions Between the Deep-Sea Mining Vehicle Track Plate and Seabed Soil:Digging and Rotating Motions

To ensure the safe performance of deep-sea mining vehicles(DSMVs),it is necessary to study the mechanical characteristics of the interaction between the seabed soil and the track plate.The rotation and digging motions of the track plate are important links in the contact between the driving mechanism of the DSMV and seabed soil.In this study,a numerical simulation is conducted using the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian(CEL)large deformation numerical method to investigate the interaction between the track plate of the DSMV and the seabed soil under two working conditions:rotating condition and digging condition.First,a soil numerical model is established based on the elastoplastic mechanical characterization using the basic physical and mechanical properties of the seabed soil obtained by in situ sampling.Subsequently,the soil disturbance mechanism and the dynamic mechanical response of the track plate under rotating and digging conditions are obtained through the analysis of the sensitivity of the motion parameters,the grouser structure,the layered soil features and the soil heterogeneity.The results indicate that the above parameters remarkably influence the interaction between the DSMV and the seabed soil.Therefore,it is important to consider the rotating and digging motion of the DSMV in practical engineering to develop a detailed optimization design of the track plate.

Electro-Optical Model of Soiling Effects on Photovoltaic Panels and Performance Implications

In this paper,a detailed model of a photovoltaic(PV)panel is used to study the accumulation of dust on solar panels.The presence of dust diminishes the incident light intensity penetrating the panel’s cover glass,as it increases the reflection of light by particles.This phenomenon,commonly known as the“soiling effect”,presents a significant challenge to PV systems on a global scale.Two basic models of the equivalent circuits of a solar cell can be found,namely the single-diode model and the two-diode models.The limitation of efficiency data in manufacturers’datasheets has encouraged us to develop an equivalent electrical model that is efficient under dust conditions,integrated with optical transmittance considerations to investigate the soiling effect.The proposed approach is based on the use of experimental current-voltage(I-V)characteristics with simulated data using MATLAB/Simulink.Our research outcomes underscores the feasibility of accurately quantifying the reduction in energy production resulting from soiling by assessing the optical transmittance of accumulated dust on the surface of PV glass.

Damage constitutive model of lunar soil simulant geopolymer under impact loading

Lunar base construction is a crucial component of the lunar exploration program,and considering the dynamic characteristics of lunar soil is important for moon construction.Therefore,investigating the dynamic properties of lunar soil by establishing a constitutive relationship is critical for providing a theoretical basis for its damage evolution.In this paper,a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)device was used to perform three sets of impact tests under different pressures on a lunar soil simulant geopolymer(LSSG)with sodium silicate(Na_(2)SiO_(3))contents of 1%,3%,5%and 7%.The dynamic stressestrain curves,failure modes,and energy variation rules of LSSG under different pressures were obtained.The equation was modified based on the ZWT viscoelastic constitutive model and was combined with the damage variable.The damage element obeys the Weibull distribution and the constitutive equation that can describe the mechanical properties of LSSG under dynamic loading was obtained.The results demonstrate that the dynamic compressive strength of LSSG has a marked strain-rate strengthening effect.Na_(2)SiO_(3) has both strengthening and deterioration effects on the dynamic compressive strength of LSSG.As Na_(2)SiO_(3) grows,the dynamic compressive strength of LSSG first increases and then decreases.At a fixed air pressure,5%Na_(2)SiO_(3) had the largest dynamic compressive strength,the largest incident energy,the smallest absorbed energy,and the lightest damage.The ZWT equation was modified according to the stress response properties of LSSG and the range of the SHPB strain rate to obtain the constitutive equation of the LSSG,and the model’s correctness was confirmed.

Energy-based numerical models for assessment of soil liquefaction

This study presents promising variants of genetic programming （GP）, namely linear genetic programming （LGP） and multi expression programming （MEP） to evaluate the liquefaction resistance of san- dy soils. Generalized LGP and MEP-based relationships were developed between the strain energy density required to trigger liquefaction （capacity energy） and the factors affecting the liquefaction characteristics of sands. The correlations were established based on well established and widely dispersed experimental results obtained from the literature. To verify the applicability of the derived models, they were employed to estimate the capacity energy values of parts of the test results that were not included in the analysis. The external validation of the models was verified using statistical criteria recommended by researchers. Sensitivity and parametric analyses were performed for further verification of the correlations. The results indicate that the proposed correlations are effectively capable of capturing the liquefaction resistance of a number of sandy soils. The developed correlations provide a significantly better prediction performance than the models found in the literature. Furthermore, the best LGP and MEP models perform superior than the optimal traditional GP model. The verification phases confirm the efficiency of the derived correlations for their general application to the assessment of the strain energy at the onset of liquefaction.

The Impact of Soil Freezing/Thawing Processes on Water and Energy Balances

A frozen soil parameterization coupling of thermal and hydrological processes is used to investigate how frozen soil processes affect water and energy balances in seasonal frozen soil. Simulation results of soil liquid water content and temperature using soil model with and without the inclusion of freezing and thawing processes are evaluated against observations at the Rosemount field station. By comparing the simulated water and heat fluxes of the two cases, the role of phase change processes in the water and energy balances is analyzed. Soil freezing induces upward water flow towards the freezing front and increases soil water content in the upper soil layer. In particular, soil ice obviously prevents and delays the infiltration during rain at Rosemount. In addition, soil freezingthawing processes alter the partitioning of surface energy fluxes and lead the soil to release more sensible heat into the atmosphere during freezing periods.

Centrifuge experiment on the penetration test for evaluating undrained strength of deep-sea surface soils

Rapid advances in deep-sea mining engineering have created an urgent need for the accurate evaluation of the undrained strength of marine soils,especially surface soils.Significant achievements have been made using full-flow penetration penetrometers to evaluate marine soil strength in the deep penetration;however,a method considering the effect of ambient water on the surface penetration needs to be established urgently.In this study,penetrometers with multiple probes were developed and used to conduct centrifuge experiments on South China Sea soil and kaolin clay.First,the forces on the probes throughout the penetration process were systematically analyzed and quantified.Second,the spatial influence zone was determined by capturing the resistance changes and sample crack development,and the penetration depth for a sample to reach a stable failure mode was given.Third,the vane shear strength was used to invert the penetration resistance factor of the ball and determine the range of the penetration resistance factor values.Furthermore,a methodology to determine the penetration resistance factors for surface marine soils was established.Finally,the effect of the water cavity above various probes in the surface penetration was used to formulate an internal mechanism for variations in the penetration resistance factor.

Case Analyses and Numerical Simulation of Soil ThermalImpacts on Land Surface Energy Budget Based on anOff-Line Land Surface Model

The statistical relationship between soil thermal anomaly and short-term climate change is presented based on a typical case study. Furthermore, possible physical mechanisms behind the relationship are re-vealed through using an off-line land surface model with a reasonable soil thermal forcing at the bottom of the soil layer. In the first experiment, the given heat flux is 5 W m2 at the bottom of the soil layer (in depth of 6.3 m) for 3 months, while only a positive ground temperature anomaly of 0.06°C can be found compared to the control run. The anomaly, however, could reach 0.65°C if the soil thermal conductivity was one order of magnitude larger. It could be even as large as 0.81°C assuming the heat flux at bottom is 10 W m-2. Mean-while, an increase of about 10 W m−2 was detected both for heat flux in soil and sensible heat on land sur-face, which is not neglectable to the short-term climate change. The results show that considerable response in land surface energy budget could be expected when the soil thermal forcing reaches a certain spatial-tem-poral scale. Therefore, land surface models should not ignore the upward heat flux from the bottom of the soil layer. Moreover, integration for a longer period of time and coupled land-atmosphere model are also necessary for the better understanding of this issue.

Shear creep parameters of simulative soil for deep-sea sediment

Based on mineral component and in-situ vane shear strength of deep-sea sediment, four kinds of simulative soils were prepared by mixing different bentonites with water in order to find the best simulative soil for the deep-sea sediment collected from the Pacific C-C area. Shear creep characteristics of the simulative soil were studied by shear creep test and shear creep parameters were determined by Burgers creep model. Research results show that the shear creep curves of the simulative soil can be divided into transient creep, unstable creep and stable creep, where the unstable creep stage is very short due to its high water content. The shear creep parameters increase with compressive stress and change slightly or fluctuate to approach a constant value with shear stress, and thus average creep parameters under the same compressive stress are used as the creep parameters of the simulative soil. Traction of the deep-sea mining machine walking at a constant velocity can be calculated by the shear creep constitutive equation of the deep-sea simulative soil, which provides a theoretical basis for safe operation and optimal design of the deep-sea mining machine.

EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE-ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND MELTING-FREEZING PROCESSES ON SEASONAL SHIFT IN TIBETAN PLATEAU

As one of the major projects of GAME (GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment), the GAME\|Tibet aimed to mainly examine the energy and water cycle in Tibetan Plateau and its effects on Asian monsoon. In this paper, based on the in\|situ high\|resolution observation data of GAME\|Tibet, the soil energy\|moisture distribution and the melting\|freezing progresses and their effects on seasonal shift were preliminarily discussed.The soil energy\|water distribution and freezing\|melting processes varied at different sites in northern part of Tibetan Plateau. The temporal and spatial variation of the soil moisture content is more complex than that of temperature. The soil moisture content increased with depth in certain layers but decreased in other layers. The freezing and melting processes and the temperature distribution were largely influenced by the existence of higher soil moisture content layer. During summer monsoon, the soil moisture at 10cm at all sites is relatively high, but the spatial difference existed. Generally speaking, the shallow layers start to freeze in October and to melt from April at all sites, with about 6 months frozen period. However, the beginning time of freezing\|melting and frozen period varied at different sites.

Simulation of the Bare Soil Surface Energy Balance at the Tongyu Reference Site in Semiarid Area of North China

The performance of a I-D soil model in a semiarid area of North China was investigated using observational data from a cropland station at the Tongyu reference site of the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period （CEOP） during the non-growing period, when the ground surface was covered with bare soil. Comparisons between simulated and observed soil surface energy balance components as well as soil temperatures and water contents were conducted to validate the soil model. Results show that the soil model could produce good simulations of soil surface temperature, net radiation flux, and sensible heat flux against observed values with the RMSE of 1.54℃, 7.71 W m^-2, and 27.79 W m^-2, respectively. The simulated volumetric soil water content is close to the observed values at various depths with the maximal difference between them being 0.03. Simulated latent heat and ground heat fluxes have relatively larger errors in relative to net radiation and sensible heat flux. In conclusion, the soil model has good capacity to simulate the bare soil surface energy balance at the Tongyu cropland station and needs to be further tested in longer period and at more sites in semiarid areas.

Energy Analysis for the Compaction of Jerash Cohesive Soil

The aim of this research is to study the effect of compaction energy on Jerash cohesive soil. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of soil compaction energy with relation to unit weight and moisture content are conducted. These analyses spot the light on energy savings performed for soil compaction. The study shows that as the compaction energy increases;the unit weight of the Jerash cohesive soil increases and the optimum water content decreases. Generally, a soil with low moisture content is less vulnerable to compaction than a soil with high moisture content. But when the moisture content is too high, all the soil pores are filled with water, so that the soil becomes less compressible where the unit weight and strength characteristics decrease. The optimum energy value and optimum water content are thus of great concern. The effect of energy on soil unit weight is very large as the energy increases from 400 to 1400 KJ/m3 and after that level;the effect of energy on soil unit weight is very small. Consequently, optimal compaction energy ranges from 1200 up to value 1400 KJ/m3, where 50 to 60 blows can be applied and the optimal correlated water content is between 14% - 15%.

温度影响下能量桩-土接触面剪切特性试验研究

能量桩工作过程中,桩体受温度变化影响会产生热变形,进而引起桩周土体的循环剪切作用,弱化地基承载力,给桩基的正常使用带来风险。由于传统直剪仪无法模拟能量桩工作过程中的温度变化,因此对桩-土接触面力学特性受温度影响的变化规律研究较少。对传统直剪仪进行改造,使其可以改变剪切试样温度;所用土体从重庆某施工现场取样,开展不同温度变化下桩-土接触面的室内土工直剪试验,分析单次温度变化和循环温度变化对桩-土接触面力学性能的影响,并对温度影响下桩-土接触面力学特性与土体力学特性的差异进行比较。结果表明,能量桩-土接触面的抗剪强度受温度影响较大;随着温度的升高,能量桩-土界面摩擦角和黏聚力先减小后增大;低法向应力下温度循环对桩-土接触面力学特性影响较大,而高法向应力下温度循环对桩-土接触面力学特性影响不显著;土体的抗剪强度、黏聚力和摩擦角随温度变化规律与桩-土界面类似。

黄土地基中能量桩群桩承载变形性状模型试验

基于室内缩尺试验研究了含能量桩群桩在4次冷热循环过程中的桩身热力学特性及桩基承载变形特性变化规律,分析冷热循环对桩土温度、承台沉降、桩顶荷载及桩身摩阻力的影响。试验结果表明:冷热循环过程中能量桩较浅位置处桩身及桩侧土温度始终高于较深处,热循环过程中能量桩的传热效率高于冷循环过程。冷热循环会使承台顶面的工作荷载及群桩中各基桩的桩顶荷载发生往复变化,相应地引起承台发生往复倾斜,热循环引起的承台倾斜稍大于冷循环。热循环引起的能量桩桩身上部摩阻力为负,下部为正,冷循环时则相反。

矿渣复合物固化/稳定化铅污染沙土特性

为研究环保材料对铅污染土固化/稳定化效果,以干旱半干旱地区重金属铅污染及固体废弃物资源化利用为研究背景,使用固体废弃物高炉矿渣协同水泥制备新型固化材料地质聚合物,探讨其固化重金属铅的宏观力学表现及微观机理变化。基于水泥基固化重金属铅污染土,探究不同比例下地聚物-水泥的强度表现及毒性浸出表现,对性能突出组进行微观试验表征。试验结果表明:80%的矿渣地聚物协同水泥相比水泥基及其他分组拥有更好的固化/稳定化重金属铅的表现,污染程度③下抗压强度及毒性浸出结果显著优于其他分组;X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)等试验显示80%矿渣地聚物内部结构完整且连结密实,水泥固化体内部变化剧烈,水化反应受到重金属抑制,整体结构松散,存在密度低且不连续。

基于p阶线性模型的地埋管换热器流体温度分布研究

利用自主研发的分层热响应测试系统,获取沿深度方向上(竖向)管内流体温度实测数据,对比p阶线性分布模型计算结果和实测数据,研究两种典型工况条件下分层岩土介质中管内流体竖向分布规律和最佳p值。结果表明:恒热流工况时,p=-5阶线性分布模型能够准确预测管内流体温度分布;恒温工况时,最佳p值随流量的变化而变化,其关系为:|p|=7.361ln V+6.684。

桩顶荷载及温度循环对黄土地基中能量桩承载性状影响研究

为对比分析未经过温度循环的普通桩与能量桩竖向承载变形性状,开展黄土地基中能量桩温度循环试验。模型桩为现浇钢筋混凝土灌注桩,黄土为人工配制重塑黄土。研究结果表明:温度循环弱化黄土地基中能量桩桩身侧阻、增强能量桩桩底端阻,温度循环过程中桩顶工作荷载越大,桩侧阻的弱化作用及桩端阻的增强作用越大,这导致能量桩的竖向抗压承载力比普通桩有明显的提高。另外,根据模型试验结果,通过数据拟合建立桩土界面摩阻力-桩土相对位移及桩端土反力-桩端沉降双曲线函数模型,并确定模型参数,其函数计算结果与试验结果对比表明本文模型能合理反映温度循环及桩顶工作荷载大小对桩基承载力的影响。研究结果可为黄土地区能量桩的安全设计提供一定参考。

基于能量的振冲碎石桩加密效果评价方法

采用常规检测手段进行处理地基的工后质检存在时间滞后与空间局部的问题,不能及时反映处理地基的整体加固效果。提出了一种基于能量的碎石桩复合地基桩周土振动加密效果评价方法,为实现桩周土加密效果的准实时评价提供参考。首先,根据地基弹性波传播理论建立振冲施工过程中桩周土吸收波动能量的计算方法,通过不排水动三轴试验建立典型饱和粉砂土基于吸收能量的超静孔压模型,为进一步根据固结理论预测处理后复合地基桩周土密实度提供依据;其次,依托某工程水电站深厚坝基碎石桩处理工程实例,采用桩周土超静孔压峰值和处理后孔隙比两个关键物理量对方法进行了检验,发现与施工现场实测超静孔压和工后质检得到的孔隙比相比,方法的预测精度达到90%左右,说明基于能量的振冲碎石桩加密效果评价方法具有可行性。

地铁车站月平均气温随运营年限演化特性

建立了地铁车站空气热平衡理论模型,基于区间隧道空气温度和车站围岩土体蓄放热量,得到车站月平均气温在运营初期、中期和远期的逐年演化特性。研究结果表明:随着地铁车站运营年限的增长,月平均气温呈现逐年上升趋势,运营第15年较第1年,车站月平均气温在1月温升最低为3.1℃,8月温升最高为10.6℃;在现有地铁行车密度随运营年限增大的运行模式下,地铁车站运营初期行车密度仅为15对/h,夏季车站最高气温出现在第5年,为26.4℃,远低于夏季站厅站台空调设计温度平均值29℃,所以运营初期车站空调系统提供的冷量远大于车站的冷负荷需求,初期车站空调系统存在一定的节能空间。

岩土热物性对深埋管换热性能的影响

建立深度为2500m的地埋管-岩土耦合换热模型,对地埋管换热进行2880h(4个月)模拟计算,分析岩土导热系数和地温梯度对地埋管换热特性和岩土温度的影响,探究地埋管累计换热量与影响半径的关系。结果表明:岩土导热系数的增大会提升地埋管的换热能力,但随着导热系数的增大提升速率减缓,导热系数为1 W/(m·K)和4 W/(m·K)时,地埋管在2880h内的平均换热量分别为216.17kW和495.92kW;地温梯度增大同样可以提升地埋管换热能力,且提升速率基本不变,地温梯度为20℃/km和35℃/km时,地埋管在2880h内的平均换热量分别为310.15kW和485.55kW;在换热条件确定时,地埋管累计换热量与受到影响的岩土体积线性相关。