Electroencephalogram Signal Correlations between Default Mode Network and Attentional Functioning

Attentional issues may affect acquiring new information, task performance, and learning. Cortical network activities change during different functional brain states, including the default mode network (DMN) and attention network. We investigated the neural mechanisms underlying attentional functions and correlations between DMN connectivity and attentional function using the Trail-Making Test (TMT)-A and -B. Electroencephalography recordings were performed by placing 19 scalp electrodes per the 10 - 20 system. The mean power level was calculated for each rest and task condition. Non-parametric Spearman’s rank correlation was used to examine the correlation in power levels between the rest and TMT conditions. The most significant correlations during TMT-A were observed in the high gamma wave, followed by theta and beta waves, indicating that most correlations were in the parietal lobe, followed by the frontal, central, and temporal lobes. The most significant correlations during TMT-B were observed in the beta wave, followed by the high and low gamma waves, indicating that most correlations were in the temporal lobe, followed by the parietal, frontal, and central lobes. Frontoparietal beta and gamma waves in the DMN may represent attentional functions.

Factors Associated with Antiretroviral Therapy Defaulting among Adult Patients Receiving Care at Chikankata Mission Hospital, Chikankata District, Zambia

Background: Defaulting on antiretroviral therapy has been identified as the most important factor contributing to the antiretroviral therapy failure rate. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with defaulting on antiretroviral therapy among adult patients receiving care at Chikankata Mission Hospital antiretroviral therapy clinic. Method: Cross-sectional analytical study on 385 participants selected by a computer generated random numbers technique of simple random sampling from among the patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at Chikankata Mission Hospital. Data collected were processed and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 27. Univariate and backward multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with antiretroviral therapy defaulting. The level of significance was set at 5% with a confidence level of 95%. Results: Over half (58.4%) of the study participants defaulted on antiretroviral therapy. About 65.8% of study participants indicated improved health as the reason they defaulted on antiretroviral therapy. Most participants indicated that it was important to always go for antiretroviral therapy services (Adjusted Odds Ratio 1.95;95% Confidence Interval: [1.14 - 3.33], p = 0.015). Very few participants indicated poor family support for antiretroviral therapy services (Adjusted Odds Ratio 4.08;95% Confidence Interval: [2.02 - 8.23], p Conclusion: Defaulting on antiretroviral therapy continues to be a significant problem and needs to be addressed as a matter of priority. More counselling and awareness-raising programmes are required to improve knowledge and understanding on the importance of attending scheduled antiretroviral therapy clinics and services as well as the consequences of defaulting on antiretroviral therapy.

Adverse selection,loan access and default behavior in the Chilean consumer debt market

Why do households use different types of loans?Which factors cause borrowers to default?Using a comprehensive survey dataset from Chile,I estimate a partial information model of consumer debt access,lender choice,loan amount and default.The model consists of a first-stage multinomial logit that explains the choice across the five loan types,plus the options of no access to debt due to credit constraints and a no wish for consumer debt.In the second and third stages,the model assumes a log-linear regression of the debt amount and a logit regression of the default behavior,accounting for the loan type selection probability.Identification is obtained using factors measured at different time periods for the default and the loan type choices.I find that households choose different lenders based on income,education and labor risks.Higher income and education decrease the probability of credit constraints,while increasing bank lending and debt amounts.Unemployment risk and household size increase the chances of all the loan types;however,unemployment decreases the debt amount.Age and wage volatility reduce the probability of all loans.Default decreases with income,education and age,whereas it increases with indebtedness,unemployment,household size,health shocks,and paying previous loans.Counterfactual exercises demonstrate that pension reform,higher requirements for borrowers’capacities,and financial literacy programs could substantially reduce default risk.Financial literacy could greatly reduce arrears,households with credit constraints,the number of debtors and the aggregate debt amounts,especially for non-bank lending.Highlights Chilean borrowers present heterogeneous adverse selection across lender types.No Debt Access decreases with income,age,education,but it increases with risk.Default is associated with income,unemployment,indebtedness and demographics.Paying past loans and health needs are associated with indebtedness and default.Financial literacy programs may be a powerful policy to improve the debt market.

The default mode network is affected in the early stage of simian immunodeficiency virus infection:a longitudinal study

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome infection can lead to cognitive dysfunction represented by changes in the default mode network.Most recent studies have been cross-sectional and thus have not revealed dynamic changes in the default mode network following acquired immune deficiency syndrome infection and antiretroviral therapy.Specifically,when brain imaging data at only one time point are analyzed,determining the duration at which the default mode network is the most effective following antiretroviral therapy after the occurrence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome.However,because infection times and other factors are often uncertain,longitudinal studies cannot be conducted directly in the clinic.Therefore,in this study,we performed a longitudinal study on the dynamic changes in the default mode network over time in a rhesus monkey model of simian immunodeficiency virus infection.We found marked changes in default mode network connectivity in 11 pairs of regions of interest at baseline and 10 days and 4 weeks after virus inoculation.Significant interactions between treatment and time were observed in the default mode network connectivity of regions of interest pairs area 31/V6.R and area 8/frontal eye field(FEF).L,area 8/FEF.L and caudal temporal parietal occipital area(TPOC).R,and area 31/V6.R and TPOC.L.ART administered 4 weeks after infection not only interrupted the progress of simian immunodeficiency virus infection but also preserved brain function to a large extent.These findings suggest that the default mode network is affected in the early stage of simian immunodeficiency virus infection and that it may serve as a potential biomarker for early changes in brain function and an objective indicator for making early clinical intervention decisions.

一种DEFAULT密码算法抵抗差分故障攻击新方法

针对DEFAULT轻量级分组密码算法无法抵抗差分故障攻击的问题,利用横向混淆和线性码提出一种抵抗差分故障攻击的方法。该方法在算法实现冗余部分针对算法结构使用横向混淆(或纵向隐藏)的方式实现,并结合[10,4,6]线性码的1 bit纠错和4 bit检错能力对每个S盒进行防护。研究结果表明,该方法不仅提供了对算法半字节的纠错和所有比特位的检测能力,而且仅需要约25.08%的额外软件实现性能消耗。相较于已有的防护方法,该方法在通用性、故障检测效果及实现代价方面均有明显优势。

Supply-Side Structural Reform, Digital Economy and Corporate Default Risk

In recent years, a lot of corporate defaults have had an impact on the capital market. How to prevent corporate default risks has become an important topic of concern for the academic community, enterprises and the government. We took China’s A-share listed companies from 2012 to 2018 as a sample, and used the double difference method to analyze the impact of supply-side structural reforms on corporate default risks. We found that supply-side structural reforms have reduced the risk of corporate default, and the inhibitory effect has gradually increased. In the relationship between supply-side structural reforms and corporate default risks, corporate financing capabilities have played an intermediary role. Supply-side structural reforms can improve the company’s endogenous financing capabilities, thereby reducing the risk of corporate default. However, we also found that the mediating effect of a company’s exogenous financing capability is not significant. At the same time, the regression results show that the digital economy can play a regulatory role. It can not only actively regulate the relationship between supply-side structural reforms and corporate default risks, but also mediate the mediating effect of corporate endogenous financing capabilities. The results of this article provide some evidence for the synergy between supply-side structural reforms and the digital economy.

A model for dependent default with hyperbolic attenuation effect and valuation of credit default swap

A hyperbolic function is introduced to reflect the attenuation effect of one firm＇s default to its partner. If two firms are competitors （copartners）, the default intensity of one firm will decrease （increase） abruptly when the other firm defaults. As time goes on, the impact will decrease gradually until extinct. In this model, the joint distribution and marginal distributions of default times are derived by employing the change of measure, and the fair swap premium of a credit default swap （CDS） can be valued.

How does an individual’s default behavior on an online peer-to-peer lending platform influence an observer’s default intention?

Previous studies indicate that individuals’default behaviors on online peer-to-peer(P2P)lending platforms greatly influence other borrowers’default intentions.However,the mechanism of this impact is not clear.Moreover,there is scarce research in regard to which factors influence the relationship between an individual’s default behavior and an observer’s default intention.These important questions are yet to be resolved;hence,we conducted two experiments using the scenario-based research method,focusing on Chinese online P2P lending platforms.Our results indicate that an individual’s default behavior can trigger an observer’s default intention as a result of the imperfect punitive measures as they currently exist on Chinese online P2P lending platforms.Both the observer’s moral disengagement level and pragmatic self-activation level serve as mediating variables.In situations where an observer knows an individual’s default behavior,the level of intimacy between the defaulter and observer positively affects the relationship between their default behavior and intention.The intimacy level also positively influences the relationship between the individual’s default behavior and the two mediator variables.Based on the findings,we provide management suggestions in the context of online P2P lending.Our study sets a foundation for future research to utilize other methods to extend the present research findings to other regions and domains.

REPRESENTATION PROPERTIES OF ABSTRACT DEFAULT REASONING FRAMEWORKS

presented The conceptions of abstract default reasoning frameworks （ADRFs） and D-consequence relations are Based on representation properties of D-consequence relations, it proves that any cumulative nonmonotonic consequence relation with the connective-free form can be represented by ADRFs.

On translators paying attention to the culture default

In the relevance-theoretic framework,translation is an act of communication carried out between two cultures through the medium of language,which involves the cognition of three parts;the original writer,the translator,and the target reader.Since it is a culture-specific phenomenon and the cognitive environment of the original writer and the target reader are different,cultural default often results in misreading or incoherent understanding in cross-cultural communication.

对“default pathway”译法的一点建议

对于“default pathway” ,国内的一些资料译法不妥 ,本文拟对此作一些解释 .

Econometric Model to Estimate the Probability of Default and Loss Given Default in the EBA Stress Test in 2016

In this research,an econometric with panel data using Ordinary least squares OLS model is constructed following the guidelines recommended by the EBA stress test methodology for 2016.The findings indicate that macroeconomic factors affecting defaults are the expected ones in the Spanish credit institutions.However,loan impairments do not follow the patterns that a priori would be normal.Divergent is outcomes in defaults and impairments:the Non-Performing Loans(NPL)is pro-cyclical and impairment losses are counter-cyclical.

Research on the Debt Default Risk of Guangyi Technology

In the process of production and operation,the funds held by enterprises often do not meet the needs of the expanding production scale,so enterprises usually obtain the required funds by borrowing.However,the financing mode of enterprises is not only limited to borrowing from banks or other financial institutions.With the rapid economic development and the continuous activity of the capital market,the bond market has gradually become an important channel for enterprise financing⑴,In order to improve the layout of the industrial chain,Guangyi Technology has carried out continuous mergers and acquisitions(M&A)since 2013.Due to its limited funds,Guangyi Technology acquired a large amount of funds required for M&A by means of equity pledge.However,the copyright cloud project invested in M&A in the early stage did not achieve the expected results,leading to a frequent breach of equity pledge,which evolved into debt defaults.Therefore,this article takes Guangyi Technology as the research subject and puts forward relevant avoidance suggestions through the evaluation of its debt default risk.

Resting-state connectivity in the default mode network and insula during experimental low back pain

Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown that the insular cortex has a signif- icant role in pain identification and information integration, while the default mode network is associated with cognitive and memory-related aspects of pain perception. However, changes in the functional connectivity between the defauk mode network and insula during pain remain unclear. This study used 3.0 T functional magnetic resonance imaging scans in 12 healthy sub- jects aged 24.8 ± 3.3 years to compare the differences in the functional activity and connectivity of the insula and default mode network between the baseline and pain condition induced by intramuscular injection of hypertonic saline. Compared with the baseline, the insula was more functionally connected with the medial prefrontal and lateral temporal cortices, whereas there was lower connectivity with the posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and inferior parietal lobule in the pain condition. In addition, compared with baseline, the anterior cingulate cortex exhibited greater connectivity with the posterior insula, but lower connectivity with the anterior insula, during the pain condition. These data indicate that experimental low back pain led to dysfunction in the connectivity between the insula and default mode network resulting from an impairment of the regions of the brain related to cognition and emotion, suggesting the impor- tance of the interaction between these regions in pain processing.

Valuing Credit Default Swap under a double exponential jump diffusion model

This paper discusses the valuation of the Credit Default Swap based on a jump market, in which the asset price of a firm follows a double exponential jump diffusion process, the value of the debt is driven by a geometric Brownian motion, and the default barrier follows a continuous stochastic process. Using the Gaver-Stehfest algorithm and the non-arbitrage asset pricing theory, we give the default probability of the first passage time, and more, derive the price of the Credit Default Swap.

Risk factors of treatment default and death among tuberculosis patients in a resource-limited setting

Objective:To evaluate the rates,timing and determinants of default and death among adult tuberculosis patients in Nigeria.Methods:Routine surveillance data were used.A retrospective cohort study of adult tuberculosis patients treated during 2011 and 2012 in two large health facilities in Ebonyi State.Nigeria was conducted.Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to tdentify independent predictors for treatment default and death.Results:Of 1668 treated patients,the default rate was 157(9.4%),whilst 165(9.9%) died.Also,35.7%(56) of the treatment defaults and 151(91.5%) of deaths occurred during the intensive phase of treatment.Risk of default increased with increasing age(adjusted odds ratio(aOR) 1.2;95%confidence interval(CI)1.1-1.9).smear-negative TB case(aOR 2.3:CI 1.5-3.6).extrapulmonary TB case(aOR 2.7:CI 1.3-5.2).and patients who received the longer treatment regimen(aOR 1,6;1.1-2.2).Risk of death was highest in extrapulmonary TB(aOR 3.0:CI 1.4-6.1) and smear-negative TB cases(aOR 2.4:CI1.7-3.51.rural residents(aOR 1.7:CI 1.2-2.6),HIV co-infected(aOR 2.5:CI 1.7-3.6),not receiving antiretroviral therapy(aOR 1.6:CI 1.1-2.9),and not receiving cotrimoxazole prophylaxis(aOR 1.7:CI 1.2—2.6).Conclusions:Targeted interventions to improve treatment adherence for patients with the highest risk of default or death are urgently needed.This needs to he urgently addressed by the National Tuberculosis Programme.

A new research on auto-compatible default theory

On the basis of Reiter’s default theory and Zhang Mingyi’s auto compatible default theory, a research on the characters of clausal default theory, especially the closed auto compatible default theory, is carried out. First, the theorem of monotonicity with extension number is presented. Second, the proof theory of normal default theory on auto compatible default theory is extended. Some important results are proposed.

Changes in the default mode network in the prefrontal lobe, posterior cingulated cortex and hippocampus of heroin users

The default mode network is associated with senior cognitive functions in humans. In this study, we performed independent component analysis of blood oxygenation signals from 14 heroin users and 13 matched normal controls in the resting state through functional MRI scans. Results showed that the default mode network was significantly activated in the prefrontal lobe, posterior cingulated cortex and hippocampus of heroin users, and an enhanced activation signal was observed in the right inferior parietal Iobule （P 〈 0.05, corrected for false discovery rate）. Experimental findings indicate that the default mode network is altered in heroin users.

Altered amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations and default mode network connectivity in high myopia:a resting-state fMRI study

AIM:To analyze changes in amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations(ALFFs)and default mode network(DMN)connectivity in the brain,using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI),in high myopia(HM)patients.METHODS:Eleven patients with HM(HM group)and 15 age-and sex-matched non-HM controls(non-HM group)were recruited.ALFFs were calculated and compared between HM group and non-HM group.Independent component analysis(ICA)was conducted to identify DMN,and comparisons between DMNs of two groups were performed.Region-of-interest(ROI)-based analysis was performed to explore functional connectivity(FC)between DMN regions.RESULTS:Significantly increased ALFFs in left inferior temporal gyrus(ITG),bilateral rectus gyrus(REC),bilateral middle temporal gyrus(MTG),left superior temporal gyrus(STG),and left angular gyrus(ANG)were detected in HM group compared with non-HM group(all P<0.01).HM group showed increased FC in the posterior cingulate gyrus(PCC)/precuneus(preCUN)and decreased FC in the left medial prefrontal cortex(mPFG)within DMN compared with nonHM group(all P<0.01).Compared with non-HM group,HM group showed higher FC between mPFG and bilateral middle frontal gyrus(MFG),ANG,and MTG(all P<0.01).In addition,HM patients showed higher FC between PCC/(preCUN)and the right cerebellum,superior frontal gyrus(SFG),left pre CUN,superior frontal gyrus(SFG),and medial orbital of the superior frontal gyrus(ORB supmed;all P<0.01).CONCLUSION:HM patients show different ALFFs and DMNs compared with non-HM subjects,which may imply the cognitive alterations related to HM.

Assessment of Defaulting from Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS) and Its Determinants in Benin City, Nigeria

Background: Defaulting from Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS) is a big challenge to the effective control of TB. There are no published data on defaulting from DOTS in Benin City which necessitated this study to determine the rate of defaulting and identify factors that significantly contribute to defaulting in Benin City, Nigeria. Methods: This was a case control study from August to December 2011 of 1253 TB patients placed on DOTS in Benin City. The two DOTS centres used for the study were situated in University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) and Egor local government secretariat, both in Egor local government area (LGA) in Benin City. Out of 1253 patients registered on DOTS in the two study centres, 722 patients comprising of 172 defaulters and 550 non- defaulters were selected for the study using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine association between independent variables and defaulting. Results: The default rate was 23.8%. Defaulting was significantly associated with: male sex (OR 3.05;95%CI 1.60 - 5.80), being married (OR 3.06;95%CI 1.34 - 6.99), a history of travel (OR 6.87;95%CI 3.19 - 14.80) and concomitant drug use with TB drugs (OR 1.95;95%CI 1.02 - 3.73). Conclusion: The default rate from DOTS in Benin City and the factors significantly associated with defaulting have given us some information initially unavailable about defaulting from DOTS in Benin City. TB control programmes taking these factors into consideration need to be done to promote compliance to treatment.