Role of laser scan strategies in defect control,microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of steel matrix composites prepared by laser additive manufacturing

Steel matrix composites(SMCs)reinforced with WC particles were fabricated via selective laser melting(SLM)by employing various laser scan strategies.A detailed relationship between the SLM strategies,defect formation,microstructural evolution,and mechanical properties of SMCs was established.The laser scan strategies can be manipulated to deliberately alter the thermal history of SMC during SLM processing.Particularly,the involved thermal cycling,which encompassed multiple layers,strongly affected the processing quality of SMCs.Sshaped scan sequence combined with interlayer offset and orthogonal stagger mode can effectively eliminate the metallurgical defects and retained austenite within the produced SMCs.However,due to large thermal stress,microcracks that were perpendicular to the building direction formed within the SMCs.By employing the checkerboard filling(CBF)hatching mode,the thermal stress arising during SLM can be significantly reduced,thus preventing the evolution of interlayer microcracks.The compressive properties of fabricated SMCs can be tailored at a high compressive strength(~3031.5 MPa)and fracture strain(~24.8%)by adopting the CBF hatching mode combined with the optimized scan sequence and stagger mode.This study demonstrates great feasibility in tuning the mechanical properties of SLM-fabricated SMCs without varying the set energy input,e.g.,laser power and scanning speed.

Band structure engineering and defect control of oxides for energy applications

Metal oxides play an essential role in modern optoelectronic devices because they have many unique physical properties such as structure diversity, superb stability in solution, good catalytic activity, and simultaneous high electron conductivity and optical transmission. Therefore, they are widely used in energy-related optoelectronic applications such as photovoltaics and photoelectrochemical（PEC） fuel generation. In this review, we mainly discuss the structure engineering and defect control of oxides for energy applications, especially for transparent conducting oxides（TCOs） and oxide catalysts used for water splitting. We will review our current understanding with an emphasis on the contributions of our previous theoretical modeling, primarily based on density functional theory. In particular, we highlight our previous work：（i） the fundamental principles governing the crystal structures and the electrical and optical behaviors of TCOs;（ii） band structures and defect properties for n-type TCOs;（iii） why p-type TCOs are difficult to achieve;（iv） how to modify the band structure to achieve p-type TCOs or even bipolarly dopable TCOs;（v） the origin of the high-performance of amorphous TCOs; and（vi） band structure engineering of bulk and nano oxides for PEC water splitting. Based on the understanding above, we hope to clarify the key issues and the challenges facing the rational design of novel oxides and propose new and feasible strategies or models to improve the performance of existing oxides or design new oxides that are critical for the development of next-generation energy-related applications.

Stretch bending defect control of L-section SUS301L stainless-steel components with variable contour curvatures

The stretch bending of L-section variable-curvature SUS301L stainless-steel roof bending beams for metro vehicles was numerically simulated.The causes of defects such as wrinkling,section distortion,and poor contour accuracy were analysed,and the corresponding control methods were proposed.The simulation results demonstrated that wrinkling in the small-arc segment could be eliminated by setting the die clearance and adjusting the elongation reasonably.Owing to the sidewall shrinkage of the profile in the process of stretch bending,the die groove depth was correspondingly reduced.Each section of the profile was effectively supported by the bottom of the die groove,and the section distortion could be controlled.Springback was the main reason for the poor contour accuracy,which could be compensated by modifying the die surface based on the springback value.Using the above defect control methods,forming experiments were performed on a new type of stretch bending die with variable die clearance and groove depth developed in this work.Finally,high-quality components were obtained,which verified the efficacy of the defect control methods.

Dynamic Control of Defective Gap Mode Through Defect Location

A one dimensional model is developed for defective gap mode（DGM）with two types of boundary conditions：conducting mesh and conducting sleeve.For a periodically modulated system without defect,the normalized width of spectral gaps equals to the modulation factor,which is consistent with previous studies.For a periodic system with local defects introduced by the boundary conditions,it shows that the conducting-mesh-induced DGM is always well confined by spectral gaps while the conducting-sleeve-induced DGM is not.The defect location can be a useful tool to dynamically control the frequency and spatial periodicity of DGM inside spectral gaps.This controllability can be potentially applied to the interaction between gap eigenmodes and energetic particles in fusion plasmas,and optical microcavities and waveguides in photonic crystals.

The Formation Mechanism and Control Methods of High Temperature Infrared Radiant Coating Defects

Using high aluminum refractory material as substrate at 1400℃, we studied the connections between several oxides such as Fe203, MnOv CuO, and the formation of defects such as coating crack, exfoliation, blistering, erosion, and fading away appeared in the application of high temperature infrared radiation coating. Analyses showed that thermal stress formed during the heating process due to the thermal expansion coefficient differential between the coating and the substrate, and volume effect caused by the crystal transferred when the temperature changed, which resulted in the coating crack and exfoliation. The gas produced by the reactions between components and binder or the components themselves during the heating process caused the coating blistering. The EMPA and XRD analyses show that oxides with low melting point in the penetrating area of the substrate may form eutectic with low melting point and produced thermal defects, which leads to the erosion by penetrating to the substrate. The valent changes of Fe2O3 and MnO2 during the heating process cause the volatilization of the oxides or the pulverization of the coatings, resulting in the coating fades away easily at high temperature for a long time.

Risk Factors for Birth Defects: A Conditional LogisticRegression Analysis of a Case-Control Study in Guang-dong Province of China

Information was obtained from the same questionnaire (23 risk factors listed) of cases and controls. We used a multivariate logistic model, which described variables significantly increased risk of birth defects. The risk factors included maternal educational levels, medicine taken during pregnancy and antenatal care. It was suggested to strengthen antenatal care was the main preventive measure against birth defects.

钛网上CdS纳米微球的制备及可见光下产氢性能研究

为了提高催化剂的光催化产氢能力,本文采用简单的水热法,在处理后的钛网表面生长了CdS纳米微球。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试手段对样品的成分、结构、形貌进行了表征,并研究了其光电化学性能及可见光下光催化性能。结果表明,钛网上生长的CdS微球由纳米棒组装而成,通过缺陷调控,Cd/S物质的量之比为1∶1(CdS-1)的样品具有良好的光电响应,在零偏压下最大光电流约为140μA,可见光下的产氢率可达212.6μmol·h^(-1)·cm^(-2),并且方便回收,是一种理想的光催化产氢材料。

Strengthening strategy for high-performance friction stir lap welded joints based on 5083 Al alloy

During aircraft,ship,and automobile manufacturing,lap structures are frequently produced among Al alloy skins,wall panels,and stiffeners.The occurrence of welding defects severely decreases mechanical properties during friction stir lap welding(FSLW).This study focuses on investigating the effects of rotation rate,multipass welding,and cooling methods on lap defect formation,microstructural evolution,and mechanical properties.Hook defects were eliminated by decreasing welding speed,applying two-pass FLSW with a small welding tool,and introducing additional water cooling,thus leading to a remarkable increase in effective sheet thickness and lap width.This above strategy yielded defect-free joints with an ultrafine-grained microstructure and increased tensile shear force from 298 to 551 N/mm.The fracture behavior of FSLW joints was systematically studied,and a fracture factor of lap joints was proposed to predict their fracture mode.By reducing the rotation rate,using two-pass welding,and employing additional water cooling strategies,an enlarged,strengthened,and defect-free lap zone with refined ultrafine grains was achieved with a quality comparable to that of lap welds based on 7xxx Al alloys.Importantly,this study provides a valuable FSLW method for eliminating hook defects and improving joint performance.

Selection of dopants and doping sites in semiconductors:the case of AlN

The choices of proper dopants and doping sites significantly influence the doping efficiency.In this work,using doping in Al N as an example,we discuss how to choose dopants and doping sites in semiconductors to create shallow defect levels.By comparing the defect properties of C_(N),O_(N),Mg_(Al),and Si_(Al)in AlN and analyzing the pros and cons of different doping approaches from the aspects of size mismatch between dopant and host elements,electronegativity difference and perturbation to the band edge states after the substitution,we propose that Mg_(Al)and Si_(Al)should be the best dopants and doping sites for p-type and n-type doping,respectively.Further first-principles calculations verify our predictions as these defects present lower formation energies and shallower defect levels.The defect charge distributions also show that the band edge states,which mainly consist of N-s and p orbitals,are less perturbed when Al is substituted,therefore,the derived defect states turn out to be delocalized,opposite to the situation when N is substituted.This approach of analyzing the band structure of the host material and choosing dopants and doping sites to minimize the perturbation on the host band structure is general and can provide reliable estimations for finding shallow defect levels in semiconductors.

根因分析法3C护理对消毒供应中心护理质控成效的影响

目的探讨消毒供应中心在开展护理管理过程中运用根因分析法3C护理模式对降低护理缺陷事件发生率以及质控成效的影响。方法福建省立医院消毒供应中心2022年6月1日开始运用根因分析法进行3C护理,分析实施前后各1年(2021年6月—2023年6月)消毒供应中心护理管理工作质量。结果评估实施前后各护理管理质量,实施后环境管理(93.01±3.11)分、安全管理(94.15±1.86)分、物品管理(92.11±1.86)分、检查管理(93.46±1.58)分,均明显高于管理前的(82.14±2.34)分、(81.45±1.86)分、(83.45±1.45)分、(80.05±2.34)分(P<0.05)。随机抽选两观察时间段患者500例,实施后护理缺陷事件发生率为0.20%,低于实施前的5.00%(P<0.05)。实施后院内感染率为1.00%,低于实施前的9.40%(P<0.05)。实施后对消毒供应中心护理工作满意度为98.00%,高于实施前的92.00%(P<0.05)。结论消毒供应中心在开展日常护理管理过程中将根因分析法3C护理进行运用,可以降低护理缺陷事件发生率,提升质量控制效果,对于提升消毒供应中心护理工作质量有重要作用。

滑坡在役防治工程缺陷分类和健康评价方法

为快速评估常见在役滑坡防治工程的运行状态并采取科学有效的维护手段,笔者在三峡库区、汶川震区和川东地区实地调查了160余处抗滑挡墙、抗滑桩和格构锚固工程,获取了上述三类滑坡防治工程表征损伤的第一手资料,总结分析了其变形破坏模式及特征,定义了滑坡防治工程缺陷的概念,定性地提出了缺陷程度分级标准。在统计分析滑坡防治工程损伤特征基础上,选取了墙身滑移距离、墙身沉陷位移、墙身倾斜程度、墙身裂缝密度、桩体倾斜程度、桩体剪切程度、桩体裂缝密度、格梁最大裂缝宽度、单根格构梁裂缝率和受损格构变形区比例等10个控制指标作为其缺陷分类指标,结合多元线性回归法,对单体工程结构进行综合量化评分评定,进而建立了半定量的滑坡防治工程健康评价方法。

Development of Technology and Equipment for Non-destructive Testing of Defects in Sewing Mandrels of a Three-roll Screw Mill 30-80

The conditions of heating and cooling of piercing mandrels made of 4X5MFS steel of a three-roll screw mill 30-80 in the production of a closed cavity of steel vessels of small volume are determined.It is established that multiple cycles of heating up to 600℃ and cooling with water up to 80℃ for about 7 seconds/1 cycle lead to the formation of ridges,shells and cracks on the surface and in the volume of the tool.The loss of structural strength of the material leads to the breakdown of the mandrel during the stitching process.The technique and equipment of magnetic powder control have been developed to establish the dynamics of the growth of internal and external defects of mandrels.An equation is obtained that allows determining the increase in the number of defects in the sewing tool of a screw rolling mill.The technology of non-destructive testing made it possible to develop a rational plan for replacing the sewing mandrels,which allows for predicting the appearance of defects leading to a complex breakdown of the deforming tool at the NPO Pribor machine-building enterprise.

DRG联合住院病案首页标准化控制对普外科病案缺陷的影响

目的:探究DRG条件下联合住院病案首页标准化控制对普外科缺陷指标的影响。方法:选取吕梁市人民医院DRG联合住院病案首页标准化控制前后住院病案各1200份,对比分析DRG联合住院病案首页标准化控制前后普外科病例缺陷变化情况。结果:DRG分组下病案首页标准化控制后,普外科病案首页缺陷率为4.83%,DRG分组下病案首页标准化控制前缺陷率为20.25%,两组对比差异显著(P<0.05);对两组7项主要缺陷类型进行对比,标准化控制后各缺陷类型发生率均较标准化控制前更低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);标准化控制后患者病案首页基本信息、住院过程和诊疗信息产生数据错误的概率明显降低(P<0.05)。结论:DRG与住院病案首页标准化控制相结合,可显著改善普外科病案首页填写质量以及病案管理水平,为病案首页质控提供依据,可推广应用。

布料采购的质量控制优化研究

现如今制造企业的竞争愈发激烈,若要保持稳定的市场竞争力,做好产品的质量控制非常重要。本文以某纺织厂采购的布料为研究对象,分析现阶段布料采购的质量控制现状,运用质量管理和质量控制的思想和方法,找出在质量控制中存在缺少科学的评估体制、检测过程中存在漏洞、信息管理不完善等问题,并利用文献分析法、调查分析法给出相应的解决方案。对工厂布料采购的质量控制进行改进研究,对提高其质量管理能力,寻找利润增长空间,提高企业竞争力具有指导意义,该方法对同类企业质量控制也有相应的借鉴价值。

激光熔覆熔池动态演化及缺陷工艺调控研究进展

激光熔覆是一种高能束增材修复技术,具有热影响区小、组织性能可控性强、材料选择范围广等系列优势,目前已广泛应用于能源动力等领域关键金属构件的增材制造成形与受损零部件的修复再制造中。激光熔覆是以“激光”为热源的能量沉积技术,包括高能激光束冲击、表面熔池熔化快凝及熔覆表面层形成等多种物理、化学过程,其中熔池内金属热流体动力演化行为与熔覆层缺陷及表层组织性能调控密切相关。金属熔池具有“急热骤冷”的凝固特征,其内部对流、传热和传质等行为决定了熔覆层中温度及应力分布状态,是诱导熔覆层内气孔、裂纹等组织内部缺陷形成的关键因素。从激光熔覆过程中熔池内部对流、传热与传质的动态物理特性出发,论述了激光热源的理论模型设计、动态熔池中“流场+温度场+应力场”的多物理场数值模拟等方面的相关研究。在此基础上,分析了激光熔覆层典型缺陷-裂纹和气孔的形成机理及特征,总结了“材料-工艺-熔凝行为-涂层缺陷”的内在关联机制。同时,针对单一工艺方式调控熔池内熔凝过程的局限性,概述了多种复合能量场调控技术对熔覆层内部缺陷的作用机制与调控效果。最后,总结了当前激光熔覆层缺陷动态形成过程中存在的问题,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。

油库建设工程质量缺陷及运行风险的防控

以某新建油库为例,分析了油库建设工程中质量缺陷形成的运行风险,指出质量缺陷存在于施工图设计、设备选型、安装施工和竣工资料交付等多个阶段,运行风险则表现为工艺安全、油品质量、环境污染、资料丢失等几种类型,总结了质量缺陷形成的原因是设计能力或设计经验不足、图纸会审和技术交底不细、施工及监理质量控制不严、质量信息反馈意识不强、有关管理规定解读过度等,提出了质量缺陷运行风险的防控措施,为油库建设工程的全面质量管理提供了借鉴。

空位缺陷调控策略构筑高能量密度六方孔洞MXene水系超级电容器

利用碳空位缺陷有序化策略构筑了多层六方孔洞MXene电极材料,在软包超级电容器中实现了高比容量和高能量密度水系钾离子存储。该电极材料具有较大比表面积的三维六方孔洞结构,为储钾提供了更多的活性位点。结合六方孔洞内壁新暴露的钛原子的化合价变化引起的赝电容效应,阐明了多层六方孔洞MXene水系钾离子超级电容器比容量提高的内在原因。通过密度泛函理论计算多层六方孔洞MXene对钾离子的吸附能,并结合电化学储钾性能实验及动力学分析,确定了钾离子被吸附的最佳位置,得出了钾离子的吸附规律。通过定量分析多层六方孔洞MXene中电子的能带结构和差分电荷密度等电子传输规律,揭示了其水系钾离子超级电容器具有高电导率和良好倍率性能的内在机理。

高成材率钢锭缺陷控制技术及其研究进展

钢锭凝固过程中将不可避免地产生各类缺陷,严重制约了钢锭成材率,直接影响后续加工工艺和最终产品质量。抑制缺陷形成、探索创新并有效改进模铸工艺对提高钢锭成材率具有重要意义。通过探讨和分析关于提高钢锭成材率的研究现状和最新进展,包括锭型设计、工艺参数优化、先进铸造技术等,展望了多相流动控制、微观结构调控和冷却速率精准管理等未来模铸与凝固技术研究发展方向,为实现高成材率钢锭的稳定生产提供了合理化建议。

封闭条件下温度对气隙放电影响的模拟研究

气隙缺陷往往导致局部放电(PD)现象,局放的发展过程与放电条件密切相关,通过放电的宏观表征来分析判断放电条件,是实现绝缘条件评估的重要途径。以温度对气隙缺陷下局放过程的影响为例,通过建立温度条件对放电过程的参数控制模型,研究了不同温度对其微观发展过程的影响,得到了不同温度条件下的宏观表征。仿真研究表明,在封闭条件下,温度的升高会影响放电过程中的电子密度分布以及电场分布。在303、323和343 K的条件下模拟放电过程,其电流峰值依次为0.479、0.356和0.261 A,随温度升高逐渐下降;此外其电流脉冲持续时间依次为19.261、15.516和13.438 ns,随温度升高逐渐变短。最后,实地测量了不同温度下的放电电流,获得了与仿真模型一致的结果。

高能束增材制造铝合金及其复合材料缺陷形成与控制机理

增材制造技术的快速发展为高性能铝合金及其复合材料的设计制备与应用带来了机遇。本文介绍了增材制造技术在铝合金及其复合材料中的应用现状与未来趋势,并分析了增材制造工艺参数对铝合金及其复合材料显微组织及力学性能的影响。在此基础上,以激光增材制造技术为主,综述了铝合金及其复合材料在增材制造过程中的缺陷形成机理与缺陷控制策略。其中,铝合金的宽半固态区间、高热导率、对激光的高反射率、激光增材制造本身特有的大升降温速率,以及高温度梯度等特性共同导致了打印复合材料组织粗大、孔洞、微裂纹缺陷的产生。通过引入纳米颗粒以提高形核率、稳定熔池或提高铝合金对激光的吸收率,可显著减少增材制造铝合金及其复合材料缺陷数量。未来,应对新型增材制造技术的缺陷形成与控制机理、增材制造专用铝合金粉体研发及增强体分布调控方法等开展相关研究。本文将为高性能铝合金及其复合材料的增材制造开发与应用提供参考。