Synthesis of accelerograms compatible with the Chinese GB 50011-2001 design spectrum via harmonic wavelets: artifi cial and historic records

A versatile approach is employed to generate artificial accelerograms which satisfy the compatibility criteria prescribed by the Chinese aseismic code provisions GB 50011-2001. In particular, a frequency dependent peak factor derived by means of appropriate Monte Carlo analyses is introduced to relate the GB 50011-2001 design spectrum to a parametrically defined evolutionary power spectrum （EPS）. Special attention is given to the definition of the frequency content of the EPS in order to accommodate the mathematical form of the aforementioned design spectrum. Further, a one-to-one relationship is established between the parameter controlling the time-varying intensity of the EPS and the effective strong ground motion duration. Subsequently, an efficient auto-regressive moving-average （ARMA） filtering technique is utilized to generate ensembles of non-stationary artificial accelerograms whose average response spectrum is in a close agreement with the considered design spectrum. Furthermore, a harmonic wavelet based iterative scheme is adopted to modify these artificial signals so that a close matching of the signals＇ response spectra with the GB 50011-2001 design spectrum is achieved on an individual basis. This is also done for field recorded accelerograms pertaining to the May, 2008 Wenchuan seismic event. In the process, zero-phase high-pass filtering is performed to accomplish proper baseline correction of the acquired spectrum compatible artificial and field accelerograms. Numerical results are given in a tabulated format to expedite their use in practice.

Seismic design or retrofit of buildings with metallic structural fuses by the damage-reduction spectrum

Recently, the structural fuse has become an important issue in the field of earthquake engineering. Due to the trilinearity of the pushover curve of buildings with metallic structural fuses, the mechanism of the structural fuse is investigated through the ductility equation of a single-degree-of-freedom system, and the corresponding damage-reduction spectrum is proposed to design and retrofit buildings. Furthermore, the controlling parameters, the stiffness ratio between the main frame and structural fuse and the ductility factor of the main frame, are parametrically studied, and it is shown that the structural fuse concept can be achieved by specific combinations of the controlling parameters based on the proposed damage-reduction spectrum. Finally, a design example and a retrofit example, variations of real engineering projects after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design procedures using buckling restrained braces as the structural fuses.

Response spectrum of seismic design code for zones lack of near-fault strong earthquake records

It was shown from the study on the recently near-fault earthquake ground motions that the near-fault effects were seldom considered in the existing Chinese seismic code. Referring to the UBC97 design concept for near-fault factors, based on the collected world-widely free-site records of near-fault earthquakes ground motions classified by earthquake magnitude and site condition, the attenuation relationship expressions of the acceleration spectrum demand at the key points within the long period and moderate period were established in term of the earthquake magnitude and the site condition. Furthermore, the near-fault factors＇ expressions about the earthquake magnitude and the fault distance were deduced for the area lack of near-fault strong earthquake records. Based on the current Chinese Building Seismic Design Code, the near-fault effect factors and the modified design spectral curves, which were valuable for the seismic design, were proposed to analyze the seismic response of structures.

Characteristic Period Value of the Seismic Design Response Spectrum of UHV Electrical Equipment

Characteristic period is an important parameter of the seismic design response spectrum. There is important theoretical significance and engineering application value to the study of the characteristic period of seismic design response spectrum of ultra high voltage （UHV） electrical equipment. In this paper, 1448 horizontal earthquake records within the world scope including the United States and Japan for Site Class m were analyzed. Results show that both magnitude and epicentral distance have great influence on the characteristic period. About 80 % of characteristic periods of strong earthquake records are about 0. 9s. Statistical analysis was conducted on the seismic hazard assessment results of 312 projects of China in recent years, and it is found that about 70 % of characteristic periods are about 0. 9s. Combined with the related code comparison and analysis, it is suggested that the characteristic period of the seismic design response spectrmn of UHV electrical equipment should select 0. 9s in order to effectively guarantee the seismic safety of UHV electrical equipment.

Newmark design spectra considering earthquake magnitudes and site categories

Newmark design spectra have been implemented in many building codes, especially in building codes for critical structures. Previous studies show that Newmark design spectra exhibit lower amplitudes at high frequencies and larger amplitudes at low frequencies in comparison with spectra developed by statistical methods. To resolve this problem, this study considers three suites of ground motions recorded at three types of sites. Using these ground motions, influences of the shear-wave velocity, earthquake magnitudes, source-to-site distances on the ratios of ground motion parameters are studied, and spectrum amplification factors are statistically calculated. Spectral bounds for combinations of three site categories and two cases of earthquake magnitudes are estimated. Site design spectrum coefficients for the three site categories considering earthquake magnitudes are established. The problems of Newmark design spectra could be resolved by using the site design spectrum coefficients to modify the spectral values of Newmark design spectra in the acceleration sensitive, velocity sensitive, and displacement sensitive regions.

Statistical Analysis on the Corner Period of Site-Related Design Spectra

According to the results of site seismic hazard analysis accomplished in the past decades, 96 site-related design spectra are selected as samples in this study. The result shows that the value of the corner period (T g) of the design spectrum in GBJ11-89 (China Seismic Building Code, issued in 1989) is lower than the value obtained by site seismic hazard analysis. The same situation exists when we compare the design spectra of the Codes to the spectra according to the earthquake records. The value in current seismic design code, GBJ50011-2001 issued in 2001, is greater than that in GBJ11-89, but still less than the value obtained by site seismic hazard analysis. If we accept the value got by site seismic hazard analysis, we have a suspicion that 2/3 of buildings built according to GBJ11-89 will not be safe when an earthquake with 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years occurs.

Design spectra including effect of rupture directivity in near-fault region

In order to propose a seismic design spectrum that includes the effect of rupture directivity in the near-fault region, this study investigates the application of equivalent pulses to the parameter attenuation relationships developed for near-fault, forward-directivity motions. Near-fault ground motions are represented by equivalent pulses with different waveforms defined by a small number of parameters （peak acceleration, A, and velocity V; and pulse period, Tv）. Dimensionless ratios between these parameters （e.g., ATv/V, VTv/D） and response spectral shapes and amplitudes are examined for different pulses to gain insight on their dependence on basic pulse waveforms. Ratios of ATv/V, VTv/D, and the ratio of pulse period to the period for peak spectral velocity （Tv-p） are utilized to quantify the difference between rock and soil sites for near-fault forward-directivity ground motions. The ATv/Vratio of recorded near-fault motions is substantially larger for rock sites than that for soil sites, while Tvp/Tv ratios are smaller at rock sites than at soil sites. Furthermore, using simple pulses and available predictive relationships for the pulse parameters, a preliminary model for the design acceleration response spectra for the near-fault region that includes the dependence on magnitude, rupture distance, and local site conditions are developed.

Consecutive combined response spectrum

Appropriate estimates of earthquake response spectrum are essential for design of new structures, or seismic safety evaluation of existing structures. This paper presents an alternative procedure to construct design spectrum from a combined normalized response spectrum （NRSc） which is obtained from pseudo-velocity spectrum with the ordinate scaled by different peak ground amplitudes （PGA, PGV, PGD） in different period regions. And a consecutive function./（/） used to normalize the ordinates is defined. Based on a comprehensive study of 220 strong ground motions recorded during recent eleven large worldwide earthquakes, the features of the NRSc are discussed and compared with the traditional normalized acceleration, velocity and displacement response spectra （NRSA, NRSv, NRSD）. And the relationships between ground amplitudes are evaluated by using a weighted mean method instead of the arithmetic mean. Then the NRSc is used to define the design spectrum with given peak ground amplitudes. At last, the smooth spectrum is compared with those derived by the former approaches, and the accuracy of the proposed spectrum is tested through an analysis of the dispersion of ground motion response spectra.

Study on neutronics design of ordered-pebble-bed fluoride-salt- cooled high-temperature experimental reactor

This paper presents a neutronics design of a 10 MW ordered-pebble-bed fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature experimental reactor. Through delicate layout, a core with ordered arranged pebble bed can be formed,which can keep core stability and meet the space requirements for thermal hydraulics and neutronics measurements.Overall, objectives of the core include inherent safety and sufficient excess reactivity providing 120 effective full power days for experiments. Considering the requirements above, the reactive control system is designed to consist of 16 control rods distributed in the graphite reflector. Combining the large control rods worth about 18000–20000 pcm, molten salt drain supplementary means(-6980 to -3651 pcm) and negative temperature coefficient(-6.32 to -3.80 pcm/K) feedback of the whole core, the reactor can realize sufficient shutdown margin and safety under steady state. Besides, some main physical properties, such as reactivity control, neutron spectrum and flux, power density distribution, and reactivity coefficient,have been calculated and analyzed in this study. In addition, some special problems in molten salt coolant are also considered, including ~6Li depletion and tritium production.

A Comparison of Saudi Building Code with 1997 UBC for Provisions of Modal Response Spectrum Analysis Using a Real Building

The study uses an actual building to compare the modal response spectrum analysis results of Saudi Building Code (SBC) and the 1997 Uniform Building Code (UBC) used in Saudi Arabia before the introduction of SBC. A sample of four buildings with reported analysis of comparison between IBC and UBC is taken for confirming the comparison. Eight sample places from SBC map for Saudi Arabia together with two sample places of high seismic activity in USA were taken for the comparisons. The study used software package ETABS in this study for modeling and analysis. The results are dissimilar from the comparisons reported for test places of USA. It is concluded that at most places SBC base shear is higher for both ELFP and MRSA. However, the results cannot be generalized and considered always right. The same is factual for overturning moments. Consequently, we cannot report that SBC is more conservative than UBC for all scenarios.

FORCE SPECTRUM ON HORIZONTAL CYLINDER UNDER WAVE CURRENT ACTIONS

Based on the modified Morison equation, the wave-current force correlation function and spectral density function on horizontal cylinders are studied. In calculation, the drag part is linearized and a transfer function method for calculating the wave-current force spectrum is established. The spectra calculated by this method are compared with experimental results. Finally, some results from calculations are shown.

考虑脉冲效应的近断层地震动能量谱研究

基于能量的设计方法被广泛应用于结构抗震设计与性能评估,而确定结构能量耗散需求是设计过程中需解决的首要问题。目前针对近断层脉冲型地震动能量谱特征的研究仍然不够充分,很可能低估其对结构的破坏作用。为此,从PEER(Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center)强震数据库中选取了789条近断层地震动作为输入,并从中识别出192条脉冲型地震动,重点分析了近断层脉冲型地震动与无脉冲地震动的能量谱差异,研究了地震动特征参数及恢复力模型参数对能量谱的影响,并建立了考虑脉冲效应的近断层地震动实用设计能量谱。结果表明:(1)场地越软,近断层地震动能量谱谱值越大,且各类场地下脉冲型地震动能量谱平均谱的谱值明显大于无脉冲地震动;(2)阻尼比ξ增大对输入能量谱具有削峰作用,并减缓其长周期段的衰减速度,延性比μ增大会提高输入能量谱及阻尼耗能谱峰值,并降低滞回耗能谱峰值,屈服后刚度比α对能量谱影响较小,可近似忽略其影响;(3)脉冲型地震动的输入能量设计谱平台段长度远大于无脉冲地震动,所建立的设计能量谱可为近断层区域基于能量的抗震设计提供参考。

基于黑龙江经验场地模型的地震动放大效应研究

局部场地效应是抗震设计规范中的重要内容,以场地类别为基础的场地效应划分结果较为粗略。为解决这一问题,以黑龙江地区土层分布及其剪切波速、土动力特性和密度等资料为基础,统计出场地土参数随深度的变化特征,利用统计结果建立深度从10~80 m不等的15个经验场地模型。以黑龙江地区典型基岩加速度反应谱为目标谱,人工合成地震动作为输入,为了消除随机相位的影响,每一目标谱合成400条地震动加速度时程。分别计算这15个经验场地模型的地震反应,得到不同超越概率水准下地表峰值加速度统计值以及加速度反应谱标定谱的动力放大系数统计值。计算结果表明:随着场地厚度的增加,场地周期在逐渐增加,场地峰值地面加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)放大倍数呈现减小的趋势;随输入地震动强度的增加,场地PGA放大倍数减小的趋势呈现出非线性,动力放大系数随场地覆盖层变厚呈现先减小后增大的趋势;随着地震动强度的增加,动力放大系数逐渐减小且随土层厚度的变化趋势趋于平缓。动力放大系数结果不是定值2.5,场地较薄并且地震动较小的情况下,动力放大系数远超2.5;场地较厚并且地震动较强时,动力放大系数大多趋于2.5。

基于航空高光谱和伽马能谱的铀矿勘查集成软件开发与应用

航空高光谱和航空伽马能谱是当前铀矿勘查领域两类重要的数据源,由于其异构且海量的特性,使数据的处理难度大,处理效率低,协同应用效果不足。在这种情况下开发一款面向航空高光谱和伽马能谱的铀矿勘查集成软件显得尤为重要。文章根据航空高光谱和航空伽马能谱数据的类型及处理方法,开展了针对两种数据应用的集成软件系统的设计。研究引入虚拟总线结构,实现了对不同数据处理模块的调用,并以Visual Basic为主要开发语言,对前台主系统进行搭建。最终利用搭建好的系统,以银根地区的航空高光谱和伽马能谱数据为数据源,完成软件的应用测试。测试结果发现,利用GS融合算法可以较好地保留地表纹理信息,同时丰富图像颜色,从而为铀矿赋矿围岩岩性的准确识别与划分提供参考。

10 MW级海上风电新型浮式基础结构强度分析

针对应用于50 m水深海域的10 MW海上风力机,设计由三浮筒及三立柱组成的新型浮式基础,建立带有骨材结构的有限元分析模型。对于有关此新型浮式基础的设计波参数,一般选用随机性设计波的方法来确定,对波浪载荷工况下的整体结构。重点研究浮筒的骨材尺寸以及骨材间距对新型浮式基础强度的影响规律,并得到纵横骨材尺寸组合对新型浮式基础整体强度的影响规律。研究表明,新型浮式基础结构高应力区域位于3个浮筒连接处,浮筒板单元应力水平受骨材尺寸和骨材间距的共同影响,采用合适的尺寸间距组合可在应力水平相当的情况下显著降低用钢量。

Structural Design Optimization of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Seismic Qualification and Lightweight

Recently, there is a growing interest in seismic qualification of ridges, buildings and mechanical equipment worldwide due to increase of accidents caused by earthquake. Severe earthquake can bring serious problems in the wind turbines and eventually lead to an interruption to their electric power supply. To overcome and prevent these undesirable problems, structural design optimization of a small vertical axis wind turbine has performed, in this study, for seismic qualification and lightweight by using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) subject to some design constraints such as the maximum stress limit, maximum deformation limit, and seismic acceleration gain limit. Also, the structural design optimizations were conducted for the four different initial design variable sets to confirm robustness of the optimization algorithm used. As a result, all the optimization results for the 4 different initial designs showed good agreement with each other properly. Thus the structural design optimization of a small vertical-axis wind turbine could be successfully accomplished.

A comparison of IBC with 1997 UBC for modal response spectrum analysis in standard-occupancy buildings

This paper presents a comparison of the seismic forces generated from a Modal Response Spectrum Analysis （MRSA） by applying the provisions of two building codes, the 1997 Uniform Building Code （UBC） and the 2000-2009 International Building Code （IBC）, to the most common ordinary residential buildings of standard occupancy. Considering IBC as the state of the art benchmark code, the primary concern is the safety of buildings designed using the UBC as compared to those designed using the IBC. A sample of four buildings with different layouts and heights was used for this comparison. Each of these buildings was assumed to be located at four different geographical sample locations arbitrarily selected to represent various earthquake zones on a seismic map of the USA, and was subjected to code-compliant response spectrum analyses for all sample locations and for five different soil types at each location. Response spectrum analysis was performed using the ETABS software package. For all the cases investigated, the UBC was found to be significantly more conservative than the IBC. The UBC design response spectra have higher spectral accelerations, and as a result, the response spectrum analysis provided a much higher base shear and moment in the structural members as compared to the IBC. The conclusion is that ordinary office and residential buildings designed using UBC 1997 are considered to be overdesigned, and therefore they are quite safe even according to the IBC provisions.

基于B/S和SOA架构的LIMS系统设计与研究

为提升水质检测业务的专业化、智能化、系统化、自动化水平,针对新发展阶段下水利高质量发展对水质信息管理的需求,研究并开发基于B/S系统架构和SOA设计架构的新型综合性水质信息管理系统(LIMS),运用仪器谱图识别及数据提取、PHP与MySQL融合、仪器谱图与原始记录自动关联等技术,在一定程度上提高水质数据的电子化无纸化获取、处理、传输及应用等方面的管理水平,实现水质检测业务流程与资源的动态关联和闭环追溯,提升水质监测评价工作的管理效率和质量管理能力。基于B/S和SOA架构的LIMS在前沿高新技术中的应用研究,为水质检测和管理的各项活动提供智能、高效的数据支持平台,也为水利行业信息系统管理建设及水域功能监测监管提供技术支撑。

匹配不同目标谱对RC框架结构易损性和抗倒塌能力的影响

选取合适的目标谱进行地震动记录的选择与调整是结构易损性分析的基础。首先,基于条件均值谱不同的参数设定,选取3组地震动记录;其次,运用谱匹配方法分别对设计谱和条件均值谱进行匹配。输入匹配前后共9组地震动记录对5层钢筋混凝土框架结构进行多重地震动强度水平的增量动力分析,提取工程需求参数如最大层间位移角和最大残余层间位移角,进而分析谱匹配效果的偏差指标以及不同损伤状态下的易损性分析和结构抗倒塌安全储备系数(CMR)。分析结果表明:谱匹配方法可以有效减小结构易损性的离散性;地震动记录的选择与谱匹配的目标谱相同时,各损伤状态下50%超越概率对应的S_(a)(T_(1),5%)值和CMR都未发生明显偏差;而当地震动记录的选择与谱匹配的目标谱不同时,各损伤状态下50%超越概率对应的S_(a)(T 1,5%)值和CMR作为两个指标可能会得到不同的偏差结果。

基于谱效关联分析和网络药理学研究连蒲双清散药效物质及作用靶点

[目的]基于试验设计构建连蒲双清散抗炎抑菌的谱效关联分析,并结合网络药理及体内外试验揭示其药效物质基础及作用机制。[方法]选取黄连蒲公英比例、提取酸浓度、乙醇浓度为影响因素针对性设计L 9(34)正交试验,得到9种连蒲双清散提取物,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法建立连蒲双清散不同提取物的指纹图谱;以脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞炎症指标和对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径作为药效学评价指标,开展连蒲双清散的体外药效学研究;采用灰色关联度分析法及偏最小二乘回归分析法建立谱效关系,筛选出其发挥抗炎药效和对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑菌效果的药效物质。通过网络药理手段从另一个层面筛选药效成分和靶点,并通过体内试验对谱效分析和网络药理学的结果进行验证。[结果]HPLC指纹图谱识别出9个共有峰,并鉴定出4种组分(菊苣酸、黄连碱、表小檗碱和巴马汀)。正交试验结果显示,黄连中的成分对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果起主导作用,而蒲公英对抗炎药效的发挥作用更明显。谱效分析筛选出表小檗碱和黄连碱是连蒲双清散的部分药效物质基础。网络药理学挖掘出表小檗碱、巴马汀、黄连碱、木犀草素和咖啡酸是网络中权重最高的5个成分,白细胞介素-6(IL6)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)是其中2个主要的作用靶点;分子对接结果显示,5个化合物与2个靶点蛋白结合能均低于-5 kJ/mol,对接良好。小鼠急性肠炎模型中,病理切片显示,经连蒲双清散治疗后的小鼠结肠中炎症细胞浸润病变面积明显减少;ELISA检测结果显示,药物组与模型组小鼠结肠中炎症因子表达量具有显著差异(P<0.05)。[结论]基于试验设计的谱效关联分析结合网络药理学有效挖掘出连蒲双清散发挥抗炎作用和对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑菌效果的主要药效物质是表小檗碱和黄连碱,主要作用靶点是IL6和TNF。本研究为探讨复方中药的药效物质基础及作用靶点提供了有意义的尝试。