Response characteristics of PWR primary circuit under SBLOCAs considering steam bypass discharging

Small-break superposed station blackout(SBO)accidents are the basic design accidents of nuclear power plants.Under the condition of a small break in the cold leg,SBO further increases the severity of the accident,and the steam bypass discharg-ing system(GCT)in the second circuit can play an important role in guaranteeing core safety.To explore the influence of the GCT on the thermal-hydraulic characteristics of the primary circuit,RELAP5 software was used to establish a numerical model based on a typical pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant.Five different small breaks in the cold-leg super-posed SBO were selected,and the impact of the GCT operation on the transient response characteristics of the primary and secondary circuit systems was analyzed.The results show that the GCT plays an indispensable role in core heat removal during an accident;otherwise,core safety cannot be guaranteed.The GCT was used in conjunction with the primary safety injection system during the placement process.When the break diameter was greater than a certain critical value,the core cooling rate could not be guaranteed to be less than 100 K/h;however,the core remained in a safe state.

Numerical Simulation and Optimization of the Gas-Solid Coupled Flow Field and Discharging Performance of Straw Crushers

The quality of crushing,power consumption,and discharging performance of a straw crusher are greatly influenced by the characteristics of its internalflowfield.To enhance the straw crusher’sflowfield properties and improve the efficiency with which crushed material is discharged,first,the main structural parameters influencing the airflow in the crusher are discussed.Then,the coupled gas-solidflowfield in the straw crusher is numerically calculated through solution of the Navier-Stokes equations and application of the discrete element method(DEM).Finally,the discharge performance index of the crusher is examined through detailed analysis of the crushed material dynamics.Additionally,a multi-island genetic algorithm is used to optimize the structure and operational factors that have significant effects on the discharge performance.With optimization,the accumulation rate of crushed materials in the bottom region of the straw crusher decreases by 20.08%,and the massflow rate at the discharge outlet increases by 11.63%.

Discharging patients home from the intensive care unit:A new trend

Discharging patients directly to home from the intensive care unit(ICU)is becoming a new trend.This review examines the feasibility,benefits,challenges,and considerations of directly discharging ICU patients.By analyzing available evidence and healthcare professionals'experiences,the review explores the potential impacts on patient outcomes and healthcare systems.The practice of direct discharge from the ICU presents both opportunities and complexities.While it can potentially reduce costs,enhance patient comfort,and mitigate complications linked to extended hospitalization,it necessitates meticulous patient selection and robust post-discharge support mechanisms.Implementing this strategy successfully mandates the availability of home-based care services and a careful assessment of the patient's readiness for the transition.Through critical evaluation of existing literature,this review underscores the significance of tailored patient selection criteria and comprehensive post-discharge support systems to ensure patient safety and optimal recovery.The insights provided contribute evidence-based recommendations for refining the direct discharge approach,fostering improved patient outcomes,heightened satisfaction,and streamlined healthcare processes.Ultimately,the review seeks to balance patientcentered care and effective resource utilization within ICU discharge strategies.

Research on Volume Identification with the Method of Discharging at the Velocity of Sound

The method of volume identification in pneumatics was studied through theoretical analysis and experimental investigation. Regarding discharging from a container as a thermodynamic process with invariable index the dependence of the container’s volume on the pressure in the container and the index, during discharging at the velocity of sound, is deduced. Then through a lot of experiments, the value of index n of the process is found with a given precision and a specified volume range. Furthermore, the feasibility and practicability of this method are verified by experiments.

Ecological Design of Flood Discharging Canals in Shijiazhuang City

From the perspective of ecological conservation and satisfaction of people's visual and psychological demands,existing problems in the urban revetment were analyzed,and the connotation of ecological revetment as well as the selection of different ecological revetments according to different types of river ways was discussed.

Optimization of reluctance accelerator efficiency by an improved discharging circuit

In this paper,an improved discharging circuit was proposed to quicken the decay of the current in the drive coil in a reluctance accelerator when the armature reaches the center of the coil.The aim of this is to prevent the suck-back effect caused by the residual current in drive coil.The method is adding a reverse charging branch with a small capacitor in the traditional pulsed discharging circuit.The results under the traditional circuit and the improved circuit were compared in a simulation.The experiment then verified the simulations and they had good agreement.Simulation and experiment both demonstrated the improved circuit can effectively prevent the suck-back effect and increase the efficiency.At the voltage of 800 V,an efficiency increase of 36.34% was obtained.

Hydrochemical and isotope characteristics of spring water discharging from Qiushe Loess Section in Lingtai, northwestern China and their implication to groundwater recharge

The loess plateau in northwestern China with an area of 640 000km^2, which has developed the loess deposits with a thickness up to 200m in typical areas, is regarded as a huge carbon stock like the karst area in southwestern China, and plays an important role in regional(even global) carbon cycle. But the spring discharging from loess is poorly known compared with karst spring so far. The objective of this study is to ascertain the characteristics and origin of spring at Qiushe Village, Lingtai County, Gansu Province by hydro-chemical and isotopic methods. The results show that the springs including LGQ, HMQ, YYQ and CZQ are the depression spring and belong to the same shallow aquifer with the well water JZJ. There are not distinct seasonal/diurnal-scale variations on the hydro-chemical characteristics of the spring water(LGQ, HMQ, YYQ, CZQ) and groundwater(JZJ). The hydro-chemical type of groundwater is Ca·Mg-HCO_3. The D and O isotope ratios indicate that the precipitation is the main recharge source of groundwater in study area. And the results of tritium(TU) and Cl concentration suggest that the recharge cycle of groundwater may be more than 60 yrs. Our study shows that the water cycle in loess plateau including rainfall, infiltration, recharge and discharge exerts a continuous impact on carbon stock in loess, which should be paid more attention to in future research on the quantitative reconstruction of paleoclimate.

DISCHARGING FUNCTION AND THE THREE COLOUR PROBLEM

由于Ｇｒｏｔｚｓｃｈ，下面的构形是三色可约的：一个五边形连接４个３度的顶点．在Ｇｒｏｔｚｓｃｈ三色定理和Ｇｒｕｎｂａｕｍ三色定理的证明过程中，证明上述构形的存在性是关键的一步．本文运用ｄｉｓｃｈａｒｇｉｎｇ函数加以证明．

The Effects of Annealing and Discharging on the Characteristics of MgO Thin Films Prepared by Ion Beam-Assisted Deposition as a Protective Layer of AC-PDP

This study investigated the effects of annealing and discharging on the characteristics of MgO thin films prepared by ion beam-assisted deposition as a protective layer of AC-PDP. By an annealing process at a temperature of 450 ℃ for more than three hours, the crystallinity of the deposited MgO films was improved, but the surface of the （200）-oriented MgO thin films in the vicinity of the discharge electrodes, especially on the inner sides of the electrodes, was subjected to crack formation to the compressive stress of The failure mechanism of the MgO films plus the additional （200）-oriented MgO films was due compressive stress induced by the differences in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the electrode and the dielectric layer. In the discharging process, all MgO films were eroded unevenly, and the serious erosion occurred near the edges of the discharge electrodes. ATM（atomic force microscopy） images show that the eroded surface of the （200）-oriented MgO thin film is smoother than that of the （111）-oriented fihn. Also, the （200）-oriented MgO thin film shows an improved ability to resist ion erosion compared to the （111）-oriented film.

A Numerical Model for Mixing Areas of Pollutant Discharging into Tidal Flows

A combined numerical model for computing mixing areas of pollution vertical jet discharging into tidal flows has been developed. This numerical model is composed of a 2-D depth-averaged dynamic far-field numerical model and a 2-D vertical dynamic near-field numerical model. The former uses finite node method to compute velocity, and improved finite node method to compute pollutant concentration distribution; the latter is a k-e turbulence model, and uses SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations) method to compute velocity. At the same time, the former provides boundary conditions for the latter. This model can simulate both far- field pollutant concentration distribution and near-field vertical recirculation quickly and precisely. This model has been verified by measured data of pollutant F of the Dachang reach of the Changjing River and test data presented by Chen el al. (1992). On the basis of verification, the authors use a designed hydrograph to compute this mixing area for a certain amount of wastewater discharging into the river.

Monitoring of Sewage Discharging in Piggery

The rapid development of large-scale livestock and poultry breeding industry causes a large number of slurry and waste, which bdngs great pressure on the surrounding environment and has become an important factor for environmental pollution. To further ascertain the pollution emissions of livestock and poultry breeding industry, protect people＇s health and successfully complete the first national census of pollution sources, a large-scale piggery and a breeding field were selected for monitoring. The results revealed that monitoring indicators in pollution sources of livestock and poultry breeding industry showed significantly positive correlation with breeding size and nutritional level, but negative correlation with animal breeding age. Monitoring indicators in summer and autumn were higher than those in spring and winter, and monitoring indicators of sewage in the piggery reduced significantly through sedimentation process.

Electrochemical discharging performance of 3D porous magnesium electrode in organic electrolyte

A novel type of porous magnesium electrode with a stable 3D copper foam as current collectors for the organic magnesium-air battery was prepared by both amperostatic and pulsed electrodeposition of magnesium on copper foam substrates in an electrolyte of 1 mol/L EtMgBr/THF solution, respectively. Optimal parameters of the pulsed electrodeposition were obtained using a bending cathode at the right angle. The surface morphology of the porous electrode was investigated by SEM, and the discharging performance of the porous magnesium electrode was detected by the chronoamperometric measurement. The electrochemical stability of 3D copper foam current collectors was examined by cyclic voltammetry, SEM and ICP-OES analyses. The results show that the rate capability of the porous magnesium electrode with a stable 3D copper foam as a current collector is better than that of the planar magnesium electrode, and the rate capability of the porous magnesium electrode prepared by the pulsed electrodeposition is superior to that of the porous magnesium electrode prepared by the amperostatic electrodeposition. The 3D structure of copper foam current collectors of the porous magnesium electrode could keep stable during the discharging process.

Optimal Scheduling of PEV Charging/Discharging in Microgrids with Combined Objectives

While renewable power generation and vehicle electrification are promising solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it faces great challenges to effectively integrate them in a power grid. The weather-dependent power generation of renewable energy sources, such as Photovoltaic (PV) arrays, could introduce significant intermittency to a power grid. Meanwhile, uncontrolled PEV charging may cause load surge in a power grid. This paper studies the optimization of PEV charging/discharging scheduling to reduce customer cost and improve grid performance. Optimization algorithms are developed for three cases: 1) minimize cost, 2) minimize power deviation from a pre-defined power profile, and 3) combine objective functions in 1) and 2). A Microgrid with PV arrays, bi-directional PEV charging stations, and a commercial building is used in this study. The bi-directional power from/to PEVs provides the opportunity of using PEVs to reduce the intermittency of PV power generation and the peak load of the Microgrid. Simulation has been performed for all three cases and the simulation results show that the presented optimization algorithms can meet defined objectives.

APPLICATION OF FUZZY CONTROL METHOD WITH SELF-TUNING FACTOR IN JIGGER'S DISCHARGING

Adopting the strategy of fuzzy control with self tuning factor within whole universe of discourse, a kind of fuzzy control method for jigger discharging is put forward. This method has many advantages over the conventional PID controller in terms of response speed, stability and robustness. It is effective to restrain the jig bed from over thick or empty, and the stability of the bed is markedly improved. The good results are obtained in factory tests.

Research on Discharging Mechanism of Powder Mixed EDM

This paper presents investigations on discharging mechanism in powder mixed EDM.By analyzing the inception, growth of electrical tree and the ignition of discharges in liquid filled gap,the whole discharging process is proposed.It is explored that the reason of modification of ignition behaves by adding fine particle powders of metal or semiconductor to the working liquid.

Mesoporous molecular sieve confined phase change materials with high absorption,enhanced thermal conductivity,and cooling energy charging/discharging capacity

The biggest challenge for organic phase change materials(PCMs)used in cold energy storage is to maintain high heat storage capacity while reducing the leakage risk of PCMs during the phase transition process.This is crucial for expanding their applications in the more demanding cold storage field.In this study,novel formstable low-temperature composite PCMs are prepared with mesoporous materials,namely SBA-15 and CMK-3(which are prepared using the template method),as supporting matrices and dodecane as the PCM.Owing to the combined effects of capillary forces within mesoporous materials and interactions among dodecane molecules,both dodecane/SBA-15 and dodecane/CMK-3 exhibit outstanding shape stability and thermal cycling stability even after 200 heating/cooling cycles.In comparison to those of dodecane/SBA-15,dodecane/CMK-3 exhibits superior cold storage performance and higher thermal conductivity.Specifically,the phase transition temperature of dodecane/CMK-3 is-8.81℃ with a latent heat of 122.4 J·g^(-1).Additionally,it has a thermal conductivity of 1.21 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),which is 9.45 times that of dodecane alone.All these highlight its significant potential for applications in the area of cold energy storage.

Dynamic discharging characteristics of absorption thermal battery under different capacity regulation strategies

Thermal battery plays an important role in renewable energy utilization towards carbon neutrality.The novel absorption thermal battery(ATB)has excellent performance but suffers from serious capacity attenuation.To address this problem,two capacity regulation methods,i.e.,variable solution flow and variable cooling water flow,are proposed to achieve a demanded discharging rate.The effects of the two regulation strategies on the dynamic discharging characteristics and overall storage performance are comparatively investigated.To demon-strate the adjustability of the output capacity,several stable discharging rates are successfully maintained by the proposed methods.To maintain a higher discharging rate,the stable discharging time has to be sacrificed.As the demanded output increased from 0.5 kW to 6.0 kW,the stable discharging time decreased from 781.8 min to 27.9 min under variable solution flow and from 769.9 min to 30.7 min under variable cooling water flow.With the increase of solution or water flow rate,the energy storage density is improved,while the energy storage efficiency is slightly increased first and decreased later.The regulation method of variable water flow shows relatively lower energy storage efficiency due to the larger pump power.This study could facilitate reasonable development and application of ATB cycles.

Design Strategies for Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries with High Zinc Utilization: From Metal Anodes to Anode-Free Structures

Aqueous zinc metal batteries(AZMBs)are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage due to the excellent safety, environmental friendliness, natural abundance, high theoretical specific capacity, and low redox potential of zinc(Zn) metal. However,several issues such as dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution, corrosion, and passivation of Zn metal anodes cause irreversible loss of the active materials. To solve these issues, researchers often use large amounts of excess Zn to ensure a continuous supply of active materials for Zn anodes. This leads to the ultralow utilization of Zn anodes and squanders the high energy density of AZMBs. Herein, the design strategies for AZMBs with high Zn utilization are discussed in depth, from utilizing thinner Zn foils to constructing anode-free structures with theoretical Zn utilization of 100%, which provides comprehensive guidelines for further research. Representative methods for calculating the depth of discharge of Zn anodes with different structures are first summarized. The reasonable modification strategies of Zn foil anodes, current collectors with pre-deposited Zn, and anode-free aqueous Zn metal batteries(AF-AZMBs) to improve Zn utilization are then detailed. In particular, the working mechanism of AF-AZMBs is systematically introduced. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for constructing high-utilization Zn anodes are presented.

Climate change drives flooding risk increases in the Yellow River Basin

The Yellow River Basin(YRB)has experienced severe floods and continuous riverbed elevation throughout history.Global climate change has been suggested to be driving a worldwide increase in flooding risk.However,owing to insufficient evidence,the quantitative correlation between flooding and climate change remains illdefined.We present a long time series of maximum flood discharge in the YRB dating back to 1843 compiled from historical documents and instrument measurements.Variations in yearly maximum flood discharge show distinct periods:a dramatic decreasing period from 1843 to 1950,and an oscillating gentle decreasing from 1950 to 2021,with the latter period also showing increasing more extreme floods.A Mann-Kendall test analysis suggests that the latter period can be further split into two distinct sub-periods:an oscillating gentle decreasing period from 1950 to 2000,and a clear recent increasing period from 2000 to 2021.We further predict that climate change will cause an ongoing remarkable increase in future flooding risk and an∼44.4 billion US dollars loss of floods in the YRB in 2100.

A fast and efficient coordinated vehicle-to-grid discharging control scheme for peak shaving in power distribution system

This study focuses on the potential role of plugin electric vehicles(PEVs) as a distributed energy storage unit to provide peak demand minimization in power distribution systems. Vehicle-to-grid(V2 G) power and currently available information transfer technology enables utility companies to use this stored energy. The V2 G process is first formulated as an optimal control problem.Then, a two-stage V2 G discharging control scheme is proposed. In the first stage, a desired level for peak shaving and duration for V2 G service are determined off-line based on forecasted loading profile and PEV mobility model. In the second stage, the discharging rates of PEVs are dynamically adjusted in real time by considering the actual grid load and the characteristics of PEVs connected to the grid. The optimal and proposed V2 G algorithms are tested using a real residential distribution transformer and PEV mobility data collected from field with different battery and charger ratings for heuristic user case scenarios. The peak shaving performance is assessed in terms of peak shaving index and peak load reduction. Proposed solution is shown to be competitive with the optimal solution while avoiding high computational loads. The impact of the V2 G management strategy on the system loading at night is also analyzed by implementing an off-line charging scheduling algorithm.