Application of Ice Pigging in a Drinking Water Distribution System:Impacts on Pipes and Bulk Water Quality

Ice pigging is an emerging technique for pipe cleaning in drinking water distribution systems.However,substantial confusion and controversy exist on the potential impacts of ice pigging on bulk water quality.This study monitored the microstructural features and composition of sediments and microbial community structures in bulk water in eight multimaterial Chinese networks.Chloride concentration analysis demonstrated that separate cleaning of pipes with different materials in complex networks could mitigate the risk of losing ice pigs and degrading water quality.The microstructural and trace element characterization results showed that ice pigs would scarcely disturb the inner surfaces of long-used pipes.The bacterial richness and diversity of bulk water decreased significantly after ice pigging.Furthermore,correlations were established between pipe service age,temperature,and chloride and total iron concentrations,and the 15 most abundant taxa in bulk water,which could be used to guide practical ice pigging operations.

Power Quality Improvement Using ANN Controller For Hybrid Power Distribution Systems

In this work,an Artificial Neural Network(ANN)based technique is suggested for classifying the faults which occur in hybrid power distribution systems.Power,which is generated by the solar and wind energy-based hybrid system,is given to the grid at the Point of Common Coupling(PCC).A boost converter along with perturb and observe(P&O)algorithm is utilized in this system to obtain a constant link voltage.In contrast,the link voltage of the wind energy conversion system(WECS)is retained with the assistance of a Proportional Integral(PI)controller.The grid synchronization is tainted with the assis-tance of the d-q theory.For the analysis of faults like islanding,line-ground,and line-line fault,the ANN is utilized.The voltage signal is observed at the PCC,and the Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT)is employed to obtain different features.Based on the collected features,the ANN classifies the faults in an effi-cient manner.The simulation is done in MATLAB and the results are also validated through the hardware implementation.Detailed fault analysis is carried out and the results are compared with the existing techniques.Finally,the Total harmonic distortion(THD)is lessened by 4.3%by using the proposed methodology.

Power Distribution System Regulation (A Review)

This article presents a framework and a comprehensive model to optimize the regulation of the electricity distribution system.The regulatory requirements of the electricity distribution system and research gaps in this field are among the important outputs of this review article.In each of the presented parts of the framework,it has reviewed,introduced and listed the regulatory studies of the electricity distribution system.In order to calculate the PDSR(regulation of power distribution system)framework,governance first presents,its goals,and its development plan in the distribution sector,and discusses the regulatory position in it.After that,in the electricity distribution system,it describes the role of the regulator in the goals and plans of the electricity distribution system,and introduces the types of regulation of the electricity distribution system,and finally,discusses about the place of data in the regulation and its requirements,and the effects of regulation in the evolution and stability of the electricity distribution system.

Hound:a parallel image distribution system for cluster based on Docker

Current applications,consisting of multiple replicas,are packaged into lightweight containers with their execution dependencies.Considering the dominant impact of distribution efficiency of gigantic images on container startup(e.g.,distributed deep learning application),the image“warm-up”technique which prefetches images of these replicas to destination nodes in the cluster is proposed.However,the current image“warm-up”technique solely focuses on identical image distribution,which fails to take effect when distributing different images to destination nodes.To address this problem,this paper proposes Hound,a simple but efficient cluster image distribution system based on Docker.To support diverse image distribution requests of cluster nodes,Hound additionally adopts node-level parallelism(i.e.,downloading images to destination nodes in parallel)to further improve the efficiency of image distribution.The experimental results demonstrate Hound outperforms Docker,kubernetes container runtime interface(CRI-O),and Docker-compose in terms of image distribution performance when cluster nodes request different images.Moreover,the high scalability of Hound is evaluated in the scenario of ten nodes.

Similarity matching method of power distribution system operating data based on neural information retrieval

Operation control of power systems has become challenging with an increase in the scale and complexity of power distribution systems and extensive access to renewable energy.Therefore,improvement of the ability of data-driven operation management,intelligent analysis,and mining is urgently required.To investigate and explore similar regularities of the historical operating section of the power distribution system and assist the power grid in obtaining high-value historical operation,maintenance experience,and knowledge by rule and line,a neural information retrieval model with an attention mechanism is proposed based on graph data computing technology.Based on the processing flow of the operating data of the power distribution system,a technical framework of neural information retrieval is established.Combined with the natural graph characteristics of the power distribution system,a unified graph data structure and a data fusion method of data access,data complement,and multi-source data are constructed.Further,a graph node feature-embedding representation learning algorithm and a neural information retrieval algorithm model are constructed.The neural information retrieval algorithm model is trained and tested using the generated graph node feature representation vector set.The model is verified on the operating section of the power distribution system of a provincial grid area.The results show that the proposed method demonstrates high accuracy in the similarity matching of historical operation characteristics and effectively supports intelligent fault diagnosis and elimination in power distribution systems.

Identification of Type of a Fault in Distribution System Using Shallow Neural Network with Distributed Generation

A distributed generation system(DG)has several benefits over a traditional centralized power system.However,the protection area in the case of the distributed generator requires special attention as it encounters stability loss,failure re-closure,fluctuations in voltage,etc.And thereby,it demands immediate attention in identifying the location&type of a fault without delay especially when occurred in a small,distributed generation system,as it would adversely affect the overall system and its operation.In the past,several methods were proposed for classification and localisation of a fault in a distributed generation system.Many of those methods were accurate in identifying location,but the accuracy in identifying the type of fault was not up to the acceptable mark.The proposed work here uses a shallow artificial neural network(sANN)model for identifying a particular type of fault that could happen in a specific distribution network when used in conjunction with distributed generators.Firstly,a distribution network consisting of two similar distributed generators(DG1 and DG2),one grid,and a 100 Km distribution line is modeled.Thereafter,different voltages and currents corresponding to various faults(line to line,line to ground)at different locations are tabulated,resulting in a matrix of 500×18 inputs.Secondly,the sANN is formulated for identifying the types of faults in the system in which the above-obtained data is used to train,validate,and test the neural network.The overall result shows an unprecedented almost zero percent error in identifying the type of the faults.

Stability Analysis and Control of DC Distribution System with Electric Vehicles

The DC distribution network system equipped with a large number of power electronic equipment exhibits weak damping characteristics and is prone to low-frequency and high-frequency unstable oscillations.The current interpretation of the oscillation mechanism has not been unified.Firstly,this paper established the complete statespace model of the distribution system consisting of a large number of electric vehicles,characteristic equation of the distribution network system is derived by establishing a state-space model,and simplified reduced-order equations describing the low-frequency oscillation and the high-frequency oscillation are obtained.Secondly,based on eigenvalue analysis,the oscillation modes and the influence of the key system parameters on the oscillation mode are studied.Besides,impacts of key factors,such as distribution network connection topology and number of dynamic loads,have been discussed to suppress oscillatory instability caused by inappropriate design or dynamic interactions.Finally,using the DC distribution example system,through model calculation and time-domain simulation analysis,the correctness of the aforementioned analysis is verified.

NOVEL AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM BASED ON DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER

As a matured technique used in many fields,the distributed computer system is still a new management method for the aeronautical electrical power distribution system in our country. In this paper, a novel aircraft electrical power distribution system based on the distributed computer system is proposed. The principles, features and structure of the aircraft electrical power distribution system and the distributed computer system named electrical load management system (ELMS) are studied. The ELMS composed of four electrical load management centers (ELMCs) and two power source processors (PSPs) operates in the 1553B buses. Principles of the ELMCs and the PSPs are introduced. With the application of the distributed computer system, the aircraft electrical power distribution system is simple, adaptable and flexible.

An Augmented Jacobian Method for Power Flow Analysis of Weakly Looped Distribution Systems with PV Buses

A power flow analysis method for weakly looped distribution systems with PV buses is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is computationally more efficient and more robust compared with the conventional compensation methods. The robustness is achieved by embedding the boundary conditions of loops and PV buses into the Jacobian matrix. The computational efficiency is achieved by the carefully designed factorization of Jacobian matrix. Test results on a 33 bus system are presented.

Distributed generator-based distribution system service restoration strategy and model-free control methods

The rapid growth of distributed generator(DG)capacities has introduced additional controllable assets to improve the performance of distribution systems in terms of service restoration.Renewable DGs are of particular interest to utility companies,but the stochastic nature of intermittent renewable DGs could have a negative impact on the electric grid if they are not properly handled.In this study,we investigate distribution system service restoration using DGs as the primary power source,and we develop an effective approach to handle the uncertainty of renewable DGs under extreme conditions.The distribution system service restoration problem can be described as a mixed-integer second-order cone programming model by modifying the radial topology constraints and power flow equations.The uncertainty of renewable DGs will be modeled using a chance-constrained approach.Furthermore,the forecast errors and noises in real-time operation are solved using a novel model-free control algorithm that can automatically track the trajectory of real-time DG output.The proposed service restoration strategy and model-free control algorithm are validated using an IEEE 123-bus test system.

Modeling of residual chlorine in water distribution system

Water quality within water distribution system may vary with both location and time. Water quality models are used to predict the spatial and temporal variation of water quality throughout water system. A model of residual chlorine decay in water pipe has been developed, given the consumption of chlorine in reactions with chemicals in bulk water, bio films on pipe wall, in corrosion process, and the mass transport of chlorine from bulk water to pipe wall. Analytical methods of the flow path from water sources to the observed point and the water age of every observed node were proposed. Model is used to predict the decay of residual chlorine in an actual distribution system. Good agreement between calculated and measured values was obtained.

Online location of seismic damage to a water distribution system

As one of the most important urban lifeline systems,a water distribution system can be damaged under a strong earthquake,and the damage cannot easily be located,especially immediately after the event.This often causes tremendous difficulties to post-earthquake emergency response and recovery activities.This paper proposes a methodology to locate seismic damage to a water distribution system by monitoring water head online at some nodes in the water distribution system.An artificial neural network-based inverse analysis method is developed to estimate the water head variations at all nodes that are not monitored based on the water head variations at the nodes that are monitored.The methodology provides a quick,effective,and practical way to locate seismic damage to a water distribution system.

Key technologies for medium and low voltage DC distribution system

Development of the medium and low voltage DC distribution system is of great significance to a regional transmission of electric energy,increasing a penetration rate of new energy,and enhancing a safety of the operation of the AC/DC interconnected grid.This paper first summarizes the medium and low voltage DC distribution system schemes and plans put forward by many countries,and then elaborate status of under-construction medium and low voltage DC distribution system project cases in China.Based on these project cases,this paper analyzes key issues involved in the medium and low voltage DC distribution system topologies,equipment,operation control technologies and DC fault protections,in order to provide theoretical and technical reference for future medium and low voltage DC distribution system-related projects.Finally,this paper combines a current China research status to summarize and give a prediction about the future research direction of medium and low voltage DC distribution system,which can provide reference for the research of medium and low voltage DC distribution system.

Bacterial graphical user interface oriented by particle swarm optimization strategy for optimization of multiple type DFACTS for power quality enhancement in distribution system

This study proposes a graphical user interface(GUI) based on an enhanced bacterial foraging optimization(EBFO) to find the optimal locations and sizing parameters of multi-type DFACTS in large-scale distribution systems.The proposed GUI based toolbox,allows the user to choose between single and multiple DFACTS allocations,followed by the type and number of them to be allocated.The EBFO is then applied to obtain optimal locations and ratings of the single and multiple DFACTS.This is found to be faster and provides more accurate results compared to the usual PSO and BFO.Results obtained with MATLAB/Simulink simulations are compared with PSO,BFO and enhanced BFO.It reveals that enhanced BFO shows quick convergence to reach the desired solution there by yielding superior solution quality.Simulation results concluded that the EBFO based multiple DFACTS allocation using DSSSC,APC and DSTATCOM is preferable to reduce power losses,improve load balancing and enhance voltage deviation index to 70%,38% and 132% respectively and also it can improve loading factor without additional power loss.

New reclosing scheme of distribution system for utilization of BESS using wavelet transform

This paper proposed the reclosing method in distribution system with battery energy storage system(BESS)using wavelet transform(WT).The proposed method performs the WT of load current and then calculates the absolute value of slope of detail coefficient.The mother wavelet used is db4of level6.The fault clearing is detected using the rapid increase of this value.After the detection of fault clearing,the reclosing is performed.To verify the proposed method,various simulations according to the fault clearing times,fault resistances,and fault lengths are performed using EMTP.The simulation results show that fault clearing can be detected using proposed absolute value of slope of detail coefficient and hence the reclosing can be performed successfully.

Iron stability in drinking water distribution systems in a city of China

A field study on the estimation and analysis of iron stability in drinking water distribution system was carried out in a city of China. The stability of iron ion was estimated by pC-pH figure. It was found that iron ion was unstable, with a high Fe （OH）3 precipitation tendency and obvious increase in turbidity. The outer layer of the corrosion scale was compact, while the inner core was porous. The main composition of the scale was iron, and the possible compound constitutes of the outer scale were α-FeOH, γ-FeOOH, α-Fe2O3, γ-F2O3, FeCl3, while the inner were Fe3O4, FeCl2, FeCO3. According to the characteristics of the corrosion scale, it was thought that the main reason for iron instability was iron release from corrosion scale. Many factors such as pipe materials, dissolved oxygen and chlorine residual affect iron release. Generally, higher iron release occurred with lower dissolved oxygen or chlorine residual concentration, while lower iron release occurred with higher dissolved oxygen or chlorine residual concentration. The reason was considered that the passivated out layer of scale of ferric oxide was broken down by reductive reaction in a condition of low oxidants concentration, which would result more rapid corrosion of the nine and red water phenomenon.

Seismic Reliability and Rehabilitation Decision of Water Distribution System

In order to evaluate the seismic reliability of water distribution system and make rehabilitation decisions correspondingly, it is necessary to assess pipelines damage states and conduct functional analysis based on pipe leakage model. When an earthquake occurred, the water distribution system kept serving with leakage. By adding a virtual node at the centre of the pipeline with leakage, an efficient approach to pressure-driven analysis was developed for simulating a variety of low relative scenarios, and a hydraulic leakage model was also built to perform hydraulic analysis of the water supply network with seismic damage. Then the mean-first-order-second-moment method was used to analyse the seismic serviceability of the water distribution system. According to the assessment analysis, pipes that were destroyed or in heavy leakage were isolated and repaired emergently, which improved the water supply capability of the network and would constitute the basis for enhancing seismic reliability of the system. The proposed approach to seismic reliability and rehabilitation decision analysis on water distribution system is demonstrated effective through a case study.

Power flow calculation for a distribution system with multi-port PETs:an improved AC-DC decoupling iterative method

Recently,power electronic transformers(PETs)have received widespread attention owing to their flexible networking,diverse operating modes,and abundant control objects.In this study,we established a steady-state model of PETs and applied it to the power flow calculation of AC-DC hybrid systems with PETs,considering the topology,power balance,loss,and control characteristics of multi-port PETs.To address new problems caused by the introduction of the PET port and control equations to the power flow calculation,this study proposes an iterative method of AC-DC mixed power flow decoupling based on step optimization,which can achieve AC-DC decoupling and effectively improve convergence.The results show that the proposed algorithm improves the iterative method and overcomes the overcorrection and initial value sensitivity problems of conventional iterative algorithms.

Leak Detection in Water Distribution Systems Using Bayesian Theory and Fisher’s Law

A leak detection method based on Bayesian theory and Fisher’s law was developed for water distribution systems. A hydraulic model was associated with the parameters of leaks (location, extent). The randomness of parameter values was quantified by probability density function and updated by Bayesian theory. Values of the parameters were estimated based on Fisher’s law. The amount of leaks was estimated by back propagation neural network. Based on flow characteristics in water distribution systems, the location of leaks can be estimated. The effectiveness of the proposed method was illustrated by simulated leak data of node pressure head and flow rate of pipelines in a test pipe network, and the leaks were spotted accurately and renovated on time.

Partial Least Squares Regression Model to Predict Water Quality in Urban Water Distribution Systems

The water distribution system of one residential district in Tianjin is taken as an example to analyze the changes of water quality.Partial least squares(PLS) regression model,in which the turbidity and Fe are regarded as control objectives,is used to establish the statistical model.The experimental results indicate that the PLS regression model has good predicted results of water quality compared with the monitored data.The percentages of absolute relative error(below 15%,20%,30%) are 44.4%,66.7%,100%(turbidity) and 33.3%,44.4%,77.8%(Fe) on the 4th sampling point;77.8%,88.9%,88.9%(turbidity) and 44.4%,55.6%,66.7%(Fe) on the 5th sampling point.