Application of subsurface wastewater infiltration system to on-site treatment of domestic sewage under high hydraulic loading rate

In order to enhance the hydraulic loading rate （HLR） of a subsurface wastewater infiltration system （SWIS） used in treating domestic sewage, the intermittent operation mode was employed in the SWIS. The results show that the intermittent operation mode contributes to the improvement of the HLR and the pollutant removal rate. When the wetting-drying ratio （RwD） was 1.0, the pollutant removal rate increased by （13.6 ± 0.3）% for NH3-N, （20.7 ± 1.1）% for TN, （18.6± 0.4）% for TP, （12.2 ± 0.5）% for BOD, （10.1 ± 0.3）% for COD, and （36.2 ± 1.2）% for SS, compared with pollutant removal rates under the continuous operation mode. The pollutant removal rate declined with the increase of the HLR. The effluent quality met The Reuse of Urban Recycling Water - Water Quality Standard for Scenic Environment Use （GB/T 18921-2002） even when the HLR was as high as 10 cm/d. Hydraulic conductivity, oxidation reduction potential （ORP）, the quantity of nitrifying bacteria, and the pollutant removal rate of NH3-N increased with the decrease of the RWD. For the pollutant removal rates of TP, BOD, and COD, there were no significant difference （p 〈 0.05） under different RwDS. The suggested RWD was 1.0. Relative contribution of the pretreatment and SWlS to the pollutant removal was examined, and more than 80% removal of NH3-N, TN, TP, COD, and BOD occurred in the SWIS.

Estimation of the Optimal Tax Rate of Domestic Sewage in Binzhou City

The optimal tax rate of COD and ammonia nitrogen was estimated based on the estimated economic loss caused by domestic sewage and the determined tax base in Binzhou City.The results show that due to the pollution of COD and ammonia nitrogen,the average economic loss of domestic sewage in Binzhou City from 2010 to 2017 was 167.292 million and 178.040 million yuan respectively.The average pollution equivalent amount of COD and ammonia nitrogen in domestic sewage in Binzhou City was 43435 and 3900 t respectively,and the average optimal tax rate of COD and ammonia nitrogen was 3.85 and 45.65 yuan/kg respectively.That is,residents should pay a pollution tax of 3.85 yuan for every 1 kg of COD discharged and a pollution tax of 45.65 yuan for every 1 kg of ammonia nitrogen discharged.

Outdoor Domestication Cultivation and Survival Mechanism for Tissue Culture Seedlings of Paeonia suffruticosa

In order to reveal the differences between different peony varieties and facilities,thousands of tissue culture seedlings of 21 Itoh peony varieties imported from abroad were used as test materials,and the peony domestication cultivation method used in the past was used as a control. The technical measures and mechanisms for the outdoor domestication of seedlings and the survival of field transplantation were studied. The results indicate that the main factors and measures for effectively protecting the outdoor transplanting of tissue culture seedlings include cultivating sound and strong seedlings,transplanting in proper period of spring,and providing good ventilating places and facilities,removing leaves,keeping buds and releasing dormancy before transplantation,planting depth should meet the requirement of exposing to the root neck,changing the pots according to the size of seedlings,the substrate should be loose and permeable,seriously disinfected and sterilized,scientific management,and prevention and control of diseases and insect pests. In addition,the survival mechanism was also analyzed,and the reasons and countermeasures for the successful application of peony tissue culture in China were found. Finally,the differences in survival rates between different varieties and facilities were summarized.

Export Value-Added of China’s Manufacturing Sector:Estimation and Mechanism Analysis

Estimation of domestic and overseas value-added of manufacturing sector is an important and difficult subject for the science-based evaluation of a country＇s trade interests under global value chain. Traditional HIY approach overestimates the domestic value- added of export. Although Koopman＇s method made certain improvements, it cannot utilize traditional I/O matrix and direct input coefficient matrix under the condition of incomplete information. By creating GAMS model, this paper addresses the above-mentioned problems and employs an improved model for the estimation of variations in domestic and overseas value-added of Chinese exports between 2002 and 2012. Our results indicate that by neglecting the export of processing trade, HIY approach overestimates the domestic value- added ratio of Chinese exports. As more imported intermediate inputs have been used in the export of processing trade, the estimation result of this paper have corrected deviations in the forecast of overseas value-added ratio and its tendencies based on HIY method Further analysis of specific factors of domestic value-added of export led to the discovery that the domestic value-added of export of processing trade and mixed trade is highly vulnerable to the impact of international capital inflow. It can be seen that the improved method for the estimation of value-added has indeed corrected the deviations in the estimation of China＇s value-added. In conclusion, China should accelerate the development of export of non- processing trade and trade in high-end services, and balance the relationship of export between local firms and foreign-funded firms, with a view to improving trade dependence and increasing the trade status of Chinese manufaeturing firms in global value chain.

Influences of Different Habitats on Asexual Propagation of Wild Gastrodia elata f. glauca being Domesticated in Ganzi

[Objective] The influences of different habitats on asexual propagation of wild Geg(abbreviation for Gastrodia elata Bl. f. glauca S. Chow) being domesticated in Ganzi prefecture was studied. [Method] The research trial was carried out in the following three kinds of habitats at the same time: the plastic greenhouses, the birch forest of shady slope and the shrubbery of sunny slope, and the results were analyzed with group data average hypothesis test method. [Result] The overall tuber(the juvenile tuber, the immature tuber and the mature tuber) yield and the mature tuber yield were both very significantly higher in the plastic greenhouses than in the other two types of habitats, and respectively reached 9.52 and 6.70 kg/m2; the mature tuber drying rate was dramatically or very dramatically lower in the plastic greenhouses than in the other two types of habitats, and was 23.84%; the stabilities of the overall tuber yield, the mature tuber yield and the drying rate were all reduced in the order of greenhouses, birch forest and shrubbery; and the dry mature tuber yield of the plastic greenhouses was the highest in the three kinds of habitats, and was 1.60 kg/m2. [Conclusion] A good habitat had to be created or chosen in the domesticating cultivation of the wild Geg in Ganzi prefecture. The preferred choice was the plastic greenhouse, the alternative one was the deciduous broadleaved forest of shady slope. The imitating wild planting of the wild Geg should be done in the warm moist deciduous broad-leaved forest of shady slope.

China's economic growth pushed by domestic demand and relevant measures

By contrast to a slowdown in the world economy, China kept up a rapid growth rate, a relatively high quality of growth and low inflation for the year 2001. This is mainly due to the result of proactive fiscal policies that the Chinese Government adopted to stimulate domestic demand. Domestic demand can be divided into investment demand and consumption demand,

对103家三级公立医院医疗设备配置现状的调查与分析

目的:调查103家三级公立医院医疗设备配置现状,分析比对我国不同区域医院的医疗设备占比,为科学合理地配置医疗设备提供依据。方法:采用文献研究和专家咨询法设计调查问卷,通过“中国医学装备”公众号和“好医工”平台发布电子问卷进行调查,分析医疗设备配置数量、国产占比与医院所在区域及医院床位数的相关性。结果:共回收有效问卷103份,涉及华东、华北、华中、华南、西南、西北和东北的103家三级公立医院,其中华北占18%,华东占37%,华南占19%。华北、华南和华东3个样本区域三级公立医院医疗设备配置的平均台件数为9785台/家、9245台/家和8153台/家,甲乙类设备配置数量较少,与床位数无相关性;华北与华东在床位数、每百张床设备台件数以及每百张床设备金额上差异有统计学意义(t=-2.582、2.939、4.653,P<0.05);生命支持类设备配置数量均与床位数有显著正相关,国产占有率尤其是生命支持类设备的国产占有率有所提高。结论:分析我国公立医院医疗设备配置情况,可为医院更好地适应新版甲乙类大型医用设备目录的调整提供数据支撑,为三级医院在大型医用设备配置和国产化的示范推广提供参考依据,为相关卫生管理部门提供借鉴。

生活垃圾分类处理资金多元化来源制度体系构建

我国的生活垃圾强制分类改革并未取得预期成效,重要原因之一是未建立有效的生活垃圾收费制度导致回收处理资金严重短缺。基于庇古税的理论逻辑、“污染者付费原则”的法律依据和部分发达国家的成功实践经验,我国有必要构建生活垃圾分类回收和实现“三化”治理目标的多元化资金筹措路径。在生活垃圾收费政策设计上,应以多元化的计量收费制为主、定量收费制为辅作为过渡方案;待政策环境成熟后,可全部实行多元化的计量收费制,包括随袋征收计量收费制、粗大型垃圾计量收费制、差别计量收费制、累进计量收费制、计件计量收费制等多种收费体系。能否有效实施生活垃圾计量收费,有赖于系统性地改革我国长期存在的废品回收模式,运用激励性和约束性并存的经济手段,规范引导生活垃圾排放行为,实现生活垃圾分类回收和“三化”治理目标。

环境规制对我国出口国内附加值率的影响研究

在“双碳”目标和经济高质量发展的要求下,我国出口面临着更大的环境压力,如何利用合理的环境规制政策来实现贸易高质量发展值得关注。本文从理论和实证两个层面阐述并检验了环境规制对我国出口国内附加值率的影响及其机制。结果显示,环境规制和我国出口国内附加值率呈现非线性的“U”型关系,即:环境规制政策实施初期,在成本效应的影响下,环境规制对出口国内附加值率具有明显的负外部性,而随着政策效应的延续,环境规制政策可以倒逼企业开展创新活动、改善能源结构和资源配置,对出口国内附加值率又会呈现明显的正外部性。为此,国家层面,政府应把握好环境规制强度,加强环境规制政策的顶层设计;行业层面,政府应依据行业特点制定差异化政策,积极发挥行业协会在环境规制中的作用;企业层面,企业应积极利用环境规制政策的正外部性,融入全球绿色技术创新网络。

不同降雨规模对城镇污水处理厂进水水质水量影响分析

以江苏省中部某城镇污水处理厂2021年进水数据为依据,利用夏波洛-威尔克(S-W)检验法、三角形法等方法,分析城镇污水处理厂进水水质分布;结合2021年降雨量数据,研究不同降雨规模下污水处理厂可生化性、雨水混入比例及生活污水收集率变化,以期为优化污水处理厂雨天运行管理提供数据和科学支撑。结果表明:污水处理厂进水COD服从正态分布,氨氮、总氮和总磷呈正偏态分布;随着降雨规模的增大,雨水混入率由11.1%提高至19.7%,污水处理厂设计规模宜考虑乘以1.2的安全系数;中雨时,污水处理厂进水水质处于较好状态的天数占比最高,大雨时可生化性最差;降雨量越大,生活污水收集率越低,汛期(6-8月)生活污水收集率比枯水期(12月-次年2月)降低20个百分点,应强化汛期6-8月生活污水的收集处理,降低生活污染物排放。

稳健外交关系如何影响企业出口国内增加值率

本文利用2000~2013年中国工业企业数据库与海关贸易数据库的合并数据测度了企业出口国内增加值率,在此基础上研究双边外交关系发展对中国企业出口国内增加值率的影响。研究发现,双边外交关系发展会提高企业出口国内增加值率,该结果经过变量替换、更换回归方法等稳健性检验后依旧成立。机制检验表明,双边外交关系发展对企业出口国内增加值率的影响主要通过降低国内外中间品相对价格和提高企业加成率两条途径实现。异质性分析发现,双边外交关系发展会显著提高低技术企业出口国内增加值率,但对高技术企业出口国内增加值率却表现为抑制作用;与“一带一路”沿线国家相比,双边外交关系发展对企业出口国内增加值率的提升作用在非“一带一路”沿线国家更大。进一步分析表明,金融危机、加征关税和经济政策不确定性会削弱双边外交关系发展对企业出口国内增加值率的提升作用。

四倍体资阳香橙快繁体系的建立研究

以四倍体资阳香橙幼芽和茎段为外植体,通过微扦插技术,对不同植物激素组合进行了优化,以期建立高效的快速繁殖体系。结果表明:以幼芽为外植体,添加1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L KT的MT培养基,诱导芽效果最佳,45 d时诱导率高达91.67%,增殖系数为1.82;以茎段为外植体,添加1.0 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L KT的MT培养基,腋芽分化效果最佳,45 d时腋芽分化率为76.67%,增殖系数为1.22;而2.0 mg/L NAA+0.2%AC(活性炭)的1/2MT培养基,诱导生根的效果最佳,60 d时生根率达92.59%;对获得的46株组培苗进行移栽驯化,存活率为95.7%。经根尖染色体压片计数法鉴定,获得的组培苗均为四倍体资阳香橙。该研究建立了高效的四倍体资阳香橙无性繁殖体系,可为后续多倍体研究和生产实践提供材料。

关于城市生活污水集中收集率核算方法的研究

阐述了核算城市生活污水集中收集率的必要性及该指标对管网精准排查的指导作用。在探讨原有城市生活污水集中收集率核算方法局限性的基础上,综述了现有国内对城市生活污水收集处理设施质效的研究和评估,对比了不同的研究思路和核算方法,提出更为科学、准确的核算方式。基于优化核算参数的需求,综述了运用监测和模拟技术分析管网内部复杂运行状态、量化影响管网水量、水质变化因素的研究。对广泛运用智慧水务进行全流域一体化动态监测及实时水量水质平衡分析的前景提出了展望。

江苏盐城盐都区域生活饮用水微生物检测分析

目的分析江苏盐城区域生活饮用水微生物检测结果。方法选取2021年1月—2023年12月盐城市盐都区疾病预防控制中心的953份饮用水样本为研究对象,严格根据相关要求,完成所有饮用水样本的微生物检测工作,并统计检测不合格情况。结果953份饮用水样本中,微生物检测不合格率为9.50%。不同年度不合格率比较,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。相较枯水期,丰水期水质不合格率(7.33%)更高,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=9.590,P<0.05)。相比出厂水与末梢水,二次供水检测不合格率更高,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论盐城市盐都区域生活饮用水微生物检测不合格率比较低,丰水期水质和二次供水水质略差,需加强水质管理,严格消毒处理,保证生活饮用水质量。

基质及植物对人工湿地处理农村生活污水的影响

用菖蒲、芦苇2种植物和石英砂、活性炭、煤矸石3种基质构建了6套人工湿地系统,分别命名为装置1#,2#,3#,4#,5#,6#,探究了植物、基质及水力停留时间对处理农村生活污水效果的影响。结果表明,随着水力停留时间的增加,6套装置系统对各污染物的去除效果均越来越好,当水力停留时间为48 h时,6套装置系统对各污染物的去除效果达到最佳。菖蒲-活性炭3#装置在48 h水力停留时间下,化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)、氨氮(ammonia nitrogen,NH_(4)^(+)-N)、全磷(total phosphorus,TP)的去除率分别为97.34%,92.19%,79.50%,出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级B标准及以上,说明该系统可用于农村生活污水处理。

海拔对生活污水处理厂生化池曝气量影响探讨

我国地域广阔,平均海拔跨度大,海拔越高氧气越稀薄、气压越低,对污水处理厂标准传氧速率和曝气量具有明显影响。本文结合相关工程实例,对0、500、1000、1500、2000、2500、3000、3500、4000、4500、5000 m海拔下生化池实际需氧量、标准传氧速率和曝气量相关参数进行计算和校核。结果表明,考虑氧分压修正工况下曝气量与未考虑修正工况下差值随着海拔增加逐渐增大;实际需氧量不受海拔影响;标准传氧速率、供气量与海拔呈现一定指数关系,高海拔地区标准传氧速率和曝气量成倍增长,与平原地区差距显著。该研究结果也可为相关高原地区生化池曝气量的计算和设备选型提供参考。

外部市场需求规模对企业出口国内附加值率的影响研究——基于企业生命周期视角

企业作为贸易活动的主体,详细考察外部市场需求规模对企业出口国内附加值率的影响有助于更好地理解国际市场需求环境变化会如何影响企业出口贸易水平。基于理论层面的分析和相应研究假说,以2000—2013年中国工业出口企业为样本数据,探讨外部市场需求规模变化对企业出口国内附加值率的影响和作用机制,并着重从企业生命周期异质性视角对该影响与机制进行详细研究发现:外部市场需求增加能够提升企业出口国内附加值率,机制检验表明出口规模效应的促进作用占主导,缓解了竞争效应的抑制作用;由于这两种效应对不同生命周期阶段企业出口国内附加值率的影响存在差异,进而外部市场需求冲击对企业出口国内附加值率的提升作用程度依次为成熟期企业、成长期企业、衰退期企业,这个结论在一系列稳健性检验下依然成立;同时,外部市场需求增加对低技术、加工贸易以及出口到发达国家或地区的企业的出口国内附加值率会产生更明显的积极影响。