Evolution of cavity size and energy conversion due to droplet impact on a water surface

The deformation characteristics of the cavity due to droplet impact on a water surface are experimentally investigated.Dimensional analysis shows that the characteristic values of time,depth,and horizontal diameter can be taken as 10^(-3)times the ratio of surface tension to the product of viscosity coefficient and gravitational acceleration,the maximum depth,and the maximum horizontal diameter,respectively.The evolutions of the dimensionless cavity sizes for different values of Weber number(We)coincide for 220<We<686.A partial-sphere model of cavity is established based on experimental observations.Energy models are then derived,and the energy conversions are calculated to identify the relationship between these conversions and cavity deformation.It is found that the kinetic energy model established under the hypothesis proposed by Leng is no longer applicable when the dimensionless time t^(*)<3.5,owing to deviations from the geometric model.

Numerical Study on Hydrodynamic Forces for Micro Particle Detachment by Droplet Impact

This paper presents the results of a numerical investigation of micro-sized particle removal by droplet impact. Computational fluid dynamics simulation is used to calculate the flow distribution of droplet impact on a flat surface. The hydrodynamic forces exerted on the particle are then computed. Key factors controlling particle removal are discussed. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces are considered. The flow distributions,especially the front edge expanding upon impact at microscale,strongly depend on surface wettability. The associated hydrodynamic forces on the particles vary accordingly. In addition, the impact on a dry surface can produce higher removal efficiency than that on a wet surface. Under the same impact conditions, the drag force exerted on a particle residing on a dry surface can be three orders of magnitudes larger than on a wet surface. Improving droplet impact velocity is more effective than improving droplet size.

Simulation of Droplet Impact onto Horizontal and Inclined Solid Surfaces with Lattice-Boltzmann Method

In this paper, the lattice-Bohzmann method is used to investigate the droplet dynamics after impact on horizontal and inclined solid surface. The two-phase interparticle potential model is employed. The model is found to possess a linear relation between the macroscopic properties （ surface tension σ and contact angle α） and microscopic parameters （ G, G, ）. The flow state of the droplet on the surface is analyzed in detail, and the effects of surface characteristic, impact velocity, impact angle, the viscosity and surface tension of the liquid are investigated, respectively. It is shown that the lattice-Bohzmann method can not only track exactly and automatically the interface, but also the simulation results have a good qualitative agreement with ones of the previous experimental and numerical studies.

Droplet impact on wetted structured surfaces

In this study,we numerically investigate the droplet impact onto a thin liquid film deposited on a structured surface with square pillars and cavities.The time evolution of crown geometry is strongly affected by the surface structure.When the thickness of the liquid film is larger than the structure height,the expanding speed of the crown base radius is independent of the structure width.However,if the liquid film thickness is equal to the structure height,the crown base expands slower as the structure width increases.Surface structures have strong effects on the crown height and radius,and can prevent ejected filament from breaking into satellite droplets for certain cases.For the liquid film with the thickness equal to the pillar height,both the crown height and the radius exhibit non-monotonic behaviors as the pillar width increases.There exists one pillar width which produces the smallest crown height and the largest crown radius.

Crown evolution kinematics of a camellia oil droplet impacting on a liquid layer

The phenomenon of droplet impact on an immiscible liquid is encountered in a variety of scenarios in nature and industrial production. Despite exhaustive research, it is not fully clear how the immiscibility of the liquid on which a droplet impacts affects the crown evolution. The present work experimentally investigates the evolution kinematics of a crown formed by the normal impact of a camellia oil droplet on an immiscible water layer. Based on discussion of dynamic impact behaviors for three critical Weber numbers(We), the radius of the crown and its average spreading velocity are compared with those of previous theoretical models to discuss their applicability to the immiscible liquid. The evolution kinematics(morphology and velocity) are analyzed by considering the effects of the We and layer thickness. Furthermore,the ability of crown expansion in radial and vertical directions is characterized by a velocity ratio. The results show that our experimental crown radius still follows a square-root function of evolution time, which agrees with the theoretical predictions. The dimensionless average spreading velocity decreases with We and follows a multivariate power law, while the dimensionless average rising velocity remains constant. The velocity ratio is shown to linearly increase with We,demonstrating that the rising movement in crown evolution gradually enhances with We. These results are helpful for further investigation on the droplet impact on an immiscible liquid layer.

Effect of the liquid temperature on the interaction behavior for single water droplet impacting on the immiscible liquid

The interaction of single water droplet impacting on immiscible liquid surface was focused with the temperature varying from 50℃ to 210℃.The impact behavior is recorded with a high-speed camera running at 2000 frames per second.It is found that droplet diameter,oil temperature,andWeber number have important influences on impact behaviors.Three typical phenomena,including penetration,crater-jet,and crater-jet–secondary jet,were observed.Penetration only occurs when the Weber number is below 105.With Weber number increasing to 302,the jet begins to appear.Moreover,to gain deeper physical insight into the crater formation and jet formation,the energy of droplet impingement onto the liquid pool surface was estimated.The oil temperature has a significant effect on the energy conversion efficiency.High temperature is beneficial to improve energy conversion efficiency.

SPH Modeling of Droplet Impact on Solid Boundary

A droplet undergoes spreading,rebounding or splashing when it impacts solid boundary,which is a typical phenomenon of free surface flow that exists widely in modern industry.Smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)method is applied to numerically study the dynamical behaviors of the droplet impacting solid boundary,and both the spreading and rebounding phenomena of the droplet are reproduced in the simulation.The droplet deformation,flow fields and pressure fields inside the droplet at different moments are analyzed.Two important factors,the initial velocity and diameter,are discussed in determining the maximum spreading factor,revealing that the maximum spreading factor increases with the increase of the impact velocity and droplet diameter respectively.

Droplet impact on regular micro-grooved surfaces

We have investigated experimentally the process of a droplet impact on a regular micro-grooved surface. The target surfaces are patterned such that micro-scale spokes radiate from the center, concentric circles, and parallel lines on the polishing copper plate, using Quasi-LIGA molding technology. The dynamic behavior of water droplets impacting on these structured surfaces is examined using a high-speed camera, including the drop impact processes, the maximum spreading diameters, and the lengths and numbers of fingers at different values of Weber number. Experimental results validate that the spreading processes are arrested on all target surfaces at low velocity. Also, the experimental results at higher impact velocity demonstrate that the spreading process is conducted on the surface parallel to the micro-grooves, but is arrested in the direction perpendicular to the micro-grooves. Besides, the lengths of fingers increase observably, even when they are ejected out as tiny droplets along the groove direction, at the same time the drop recoil velocity is reduced by micro-grooves which are parallel to the spreading direction, but not by micro-grooves which are vertical to the spreading direction.

Rapid surface texturing to achieve robust superhydrophobicity,controllable droplet impact,and anti-frosting performances

Robust superhydrophobic surfaces with excellent capacities of repelling water and anti-frosting are of importance for many mechanical components.In this work,wear-resistant superhydrophobic surfaces were fabricated by curing a mixture of polyurethane acrylate(PUA)coating and 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane(HFTCS)on titanium alloy(TC4)surfaces decorated with micropillars pattern,thus,composite functional surfaces with PUA coating in the valleys around the micropillars pattern of TC4 were achieved.Apparent contact angle on fabricated surfaces could reach 167°.Influences of the geometric parameters of micropillars pattern on the apparent contact angle were investigated,and the corresponding wear-resistant property was compared.Droplet impact and anti-frosting performances on the prepared surfaces were highlighted.An optimized design of surface texture with robust superhydrophobicity,controllable droplet impact,and anti-frosting performances was proposed.This design principle is of promising prospects for fabricating superhydrophobic surfaces in traditional mechanical systems.

Numerical simulation of droplet impacting liquid surface by SPH

Droplet impacting liquid surface is not only the extremely prevalent phenomenon in the nature and industrial production but also the extremely complicated problem of strong non-linear transient impact and free-surface flow. On the basis of the two-dimensional viscous incompressible N-S equations, this paper conducts a study of numerical simulation on the problem of droplet impacting liquid surface （water beads） of water container in certain initial velocity by the method of SPH （smoothed particle hydrodynamics）. The effect of surface tension is considered between surface particles by searching the free surface particles in the course of study; the effect of initial impact has been solved by use of artificial viscosity; at the same time, the side-wall virtual particles and image virtual particles are both introduced to deal with the boundary condition, which has solved the boundary defects quite well and eliminated the instability of real particles dropped to the comer of container. The calculated results form the distribution chart of particles, flow field chart, pressure chart and the displacement and velocity variation curve of different particles. The comparison between simulated results and experimental photos shows that the simulation is effective. This paper compares the variational curves for fluctuations of liquid surface qualitatively through adopting the methods of level-set, BEM and SPH, respectively at last. The simulated results show that it will produce strong non-linear phenomena, such as the splash of liquid, discrete liquid surface, and strong wave of free liquid surface, when the droplet impacts liquid surface; in the course of impacting, the movement of liquid particles exhibits the characteristic of oscillation; the method of SPH has certain advantages of dealing with the large deformation problem of free surface.

Effect of Feather Elasticity of Kingfisher Wing on Droplet Impact Dynamics

We experimentally studied droplet impact dynamics onto wing feathers of kingfishers. Distilled water droplets with a fixed diameter of 2.06 mm were used as drop liquid and the initial impact velocities of droplets varied from 0.28 m· s^-1 to 1.60 m·s^-1. Two high-speed cameras were utilized to capture the impact process of water droplets onto the wing feather surface from both horizontal and vertical directions. Two states of the feathers （elastic and inelastic） were considered to study the influence of elasticity. At the entire impact ve- locity range we studied, regular rebound, bubble trapping and jetting, partial pinning and partial rebound of droplets on inelastic wing feather surface were observed as the initial impact velocity increased. However, only one dynamic behavior （regular rebound） was found on the elastic wing feather surface. The elasticity plays a more important role in the direction difference of droplet spreading than wing feather microstructure. The contact time of water droplets on the elastic wing feather surface was less than that on the inelastic surface within the range of Web numbers from 1.06 to 36 under test conditions.

Numerical simulation on the mechanism of the normal impact of two droplets onto a thin film

The normal impingement process of two water droplets upon a thin film on the solid surface was numerically investigated. The numerical treatment was based on the finite volume solution of the Navier-Stokes （N-S） equations combined with the volume of fluid method （VOF）. Physically reasonable results for the process of two droplets impacting on the thin film were obtained. The effects of the droplet velocity, the fihn thickness and the spacing between the two droplets on the splash and spread process of the impact were examined.

Numerical simulation on partial coalescence of a droplet with different impact velocities

Partial coalescence is a complicated flow phenomenon.In the present study,the coalescence process is simulated with the volume of fluid(VOF)method.The numerical results reveal that a downward high-velocity region plays a significant role in partial coalescence.The high-velocity region pulls the droplet downward continuously which is an important factor for the droplet turning into a prolate shape and the final pinch-off.The shift from partial coalescence to full coalescence is explained based on the droplet shape before the pinch-off.With the droplet impact velocity increasing,the droplet shape will get close to a sphere before the pinch-off.When the shape gets close enough to a sphere,the partial coalescence shifts to full coalescence.The effect of film thickness on the coalescence process is also investigated.With large film thickness,partial coalescence happens,while with small film thickness,full coalescence happens.In addition,the results indicate that the critical droplet impact velocity increases with the increase of surface tension coefficient but decreases with the increase of viscosity and initial droplet diameter.And there is a maximum critical Weber number with the increase of surface tension coefficient and initial droplet diameter.

Investigations on the Droplet Impact onto a Spherical Surface with a High Density Ratio Multi-Relaxation Time Lattice-Boltzmann Model

In the current study,a two-dimensional multi-relaxation time(MRT)lattice Boltzmann model which can tolerate high density ratios and low viscosity is employed to simulate the liquid droplet impact onto a curved target.The temporal variation of the film thickness at the north pole of the target surface is investigated.Three different temporal phases of the dynamics behavior,namely,the initial drop deformation phase,the inertia dominated phase and the viscosity dominated phase are reproduced and studied.The effect of the Reynolds number,Weber number and Galilei number on the film flow dynamics is investigated.In addition,the dynamic behavior of the droplet impact onto the side of the curved target is shown,and the effect of the contact angle,the Reynolds number and the Weber number are investigated.

TRACKING METHODS FOR FREE SURFACE AND SIMULATION OF A LIQUID DROPLET IMPACTING ON A SOLID SURFACE BASED ON SPH

With some popular tracking methods for free surface, simulations of several typical examples are carried out under various flow field conditions. The results show that the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics （SPH） method is very suitable in simulating the flow problems with a free surface. A viscous liquid droplet with an initial velocity impacting on a solid surface is simulated based on the SPH method, and the surface tension is considered by searching the free surface particles, the initial impact effect is considered by using the artificial viscosity method, boundary virtual particles and image virtual particles are introduced to deal with the boundary problem, and the boundary defect can be identified quite well. The comparisons of simulated results and experimental photographs show that the SPH method can not only exactly simulate the spreading process and the rebound process of a liquid droplet impacting on a solid surface but also accurately track the free surface particles, simulate the free-surface flow and determine the shape of the free surface due to its particle nature.

Study on Nonlinear Coupling Wave Model for Liquid Droplet-Solid Impact

In order to investigate the material corrosion by liquid droplet solid impact, a nonlinear coupling wave model adopted to analyze the impact between the spherical liquid droplet and an elastic solid plane has been developed. Many usable results such as the dimensionless pressure in the contact plane of liquid solid and inside the liquid droplet, the equivalent stress distribution inside the solid, the effect of solid elasticity on the impact, and the locations of the maximum equivalent stress in different...

乙醇液滴冲击过冷水平壁面的铺展行为实验研究

为探究表面张力对液滴冲击过冷水平壁面铺展动力学行为的影响,搭建了可视化实验系统,探究了乙醇液滴冲击过冷水平壁面的铺展动力学行为,分析了水平壁面过冷度对低表面张力液滴冲击铺展动力学行为的影响。实验中,采用亲水硅水平壁面及较小的冲击速度以观测乙醇液滴冲击过冷水平壁面的铺展动力学行为。此外,还比较了不同的最大铺展因子和最大铺展时间的典型模型对乙醇液滴冲击过冷水平壁面铺展动力学因子的适用性。结果表明:乙醇液滴冲击过冷亲水水平壁面的铺展动力学行为分为飞溅、铺展、稳定3个阶段;最大铺展时间随水平壁面过冷度的增大而减小;水平壁面过冷度对最大铺展因子的影响是非单调的,在水平壁面过冷度较低时,最大内部铺展因子减小起主要作用,在水平壁面过冷度较高时,由于瑞利-泰勒不稳定性的增强,无量纲手指状突起增大起主要作用,二者共同作用造成了非单调变化;现有模型对于最大铺展时间的预测效果较好,相对平均偏差为6.05%,而对最大铺展因子的预测效果较差。

抑尘液滴对煤表面动态润湿特征模拟评估方法

在煤体表面喷洒抑尘液是涉煤工业企业常用抑尘手段,而抑尘液滴撞击煤表面的润湿过程对抑尘效果具有重要意义。为研究抑尘液滴在煤表面动态润湿过程以及进一步评估液滴润湿性能,提出了液滴撞击煤表面过程中动态润湿指标,基于CLSVOF数值模拟法研究了液滴在煤表面动态润湿过程;利用无量纲润湿长度和无量纲润湿面积评价该过程中体现的润湿性能,并得出最大无量纲润湿长度与最大无量纲润湿面积相关理论表达,同时与表面张力的润湿性评估能力进行了比较。结果表明:CLSVOF方法能够较好地模拟液滴在煤表面的撞击以及动态润湿过程,可用来评估液滴对煤的动态润湿能力。液滴滴落在煤表面上,首先展铺为圆盘状,达到最大展铺时,圆盘边缘与中心存在速度差。当速度差较小时,液滴回缩汇聚成为一个液滴;当速度差较大时,液滴出现断裂行为,形成许多微小液滴。液滴粒径越大,断裂行为越早出现、现象越明显。一旦液滴在煤表面发生破裂,无量纲润湿长度与无量纲润湿面积并不是保持着一致性变化趋势,无量纲润湿面积评估能力更佳。液滴粒径相同时,撞击煤表面的韦伯数越大,润湿能力越好;相同速度下增加粒径对液滴润湿能力影响较小。与表面张力相比,无量纲润湿长度和无量纲润湿面积具有更好的液滴润湿性评估能力,体现出在润湿剂评价、优选中的潜在应用价值。

油滴与高温固体壁面碰撞的流动与传热及飞溅特性

考虑油滴(油膜)/固体壁面接触角动态变化和油液热力学特征参数受温度影响,基于流体体积法建立了油滴与高温固体壁面碰撞的三维流动与传热数值计算模型,通过试验验证了数值计算模型的正确性。基于数值计算模型,分析了油滴碰撞高温固体壁面后的流动与传热及飞溅特性,以试验和数值计算结果为基础,建立了描述油膜铺展/飞溅临界判据。结果表明:油滴碰撞高温固体壁面后的状态与碰撞条件有关,破碎、飞溅有利于油膜的铺展流动;二次油滴是油膜边缘破碎产生的油带断裂而成,大直径二次油滴分裂为小直径油滴;随油膜铺展进程,壁面平均热流密度增大,而油膜的径向热流密度则逐渐减小;增大碰撞速度、油滴直径和润滑油温度,有利于油膜的破碎与飞溅,二次油滴数量和下飞溅角均随之增大。

Marangoni流动对液滴撞击过热液池影响的数值模拟

对液滴撞击过热液池的动态过程进行数值模拟,着重关注由液池表面不均匀温度引起的马兰戈尼效应(Marangoni effect)对液池内的流场和温度场演化过程的影响。当乙醇液滴落入过热油池后,液池表面温度随着液滴的靠近而迅速下降,从而在径向上产生很大的温度梯度。由此引发的沿径向向内的Marangoni力会与沿径向向外的蒸汽剪切应力相抗衡,进而在蒸汽层最薄的位置形成一个“热射流”结构。随着时间的推进,占据主导地位的Marangoni力逐渐将“热射流”向内推动,直至在液滴下方形成下沉羽流。此外,随着液池黏度的增加,液池内由表面蒸汽应力引起的流动将被抑制,进而导致界面附近的换热效率大幅下降。