Applying an Improved Dung Beetle Optimizer Algorithm to Network Traffic Identification

Network traffic identification is critical for maintaining network security and further meeting various demands of network applications.However,network traffic data typically possesses high dimensionality and complexity,leading to practical problems in traffic identification data analytics.Since the original Dung Beetle Optimizer(DBO)algorithm,Grey Wolf Optimization(GWO)algorithm,Whale Optimization Algorithm(WOA),and Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)algorithm have the shortcomings of slow convergence and easily fall into the local optimal solution,an Improved Dung Beetle Optimizer(IDBO)algorithm is proposed for network traffic identification.Firstly,the Sobol sequence is utilized to initialize the dung beetle population,laying the foundation for finding the global optimal solution.Next,an integration of levy flight and golden sine strategy is suggested to give dung beetles a greater probability of exploring unvisited areas,escaping from the local optimal solution,and converging more effectively towards a global optimal solution.Finally,an adaptive weight factor is utilized to enhance the search capabilities of the original DBO algorithm and accelerate convergence.With the improvements above,the proposed IDBO algorithm is then applied to traffic identification data analytics and feature selection,as so to find the optimal subset for K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN)classification.The simulation experiments use the CICIDS2017 dataset to verify the effectiveness of the proposed IDBO algorithm and compare it with the original DBO,GWO,WOA,and PSO algorithms.The experimental results show that,compared with other algorithms,the accuracy and recall are improved by 1.53%and 0.88%in binary classification,and the Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)class identification is the most effective in multi-classification,with an improvement of 5.80%and 0.33%for accuracy and recall,respectively.Therefore,the proposed IDBO algorithm is effective in increasing the efficiency of traffic identification and solving the problem of the original DBO algorithm that converges slowly and falls into the local optimal solution when dealing with high-dimensional data analytics and feature selection for network traffic identification.

A Feature Selection Method Based on Hybrid Dung Beetle Optimization Algorithm and Slap Swarm Algorithm

Feature Selection(FS)is a key pre-processing step in pattern recognition and data mining tasks,which can effectively avoid the impact of irrelevant and redundant features on the performance of classification models.In recent years,meta-heuristic algorithms have been widely used in FS problems,so a Hybrid Binary Chaotic Salp Swarm Dung Beetle Optimization(HBCSSDBO)algorithm is proposed in this paper to improve the effect of FS.In this hybrid algorithm,the original continuous optimization algorithm is converted into binary form by the S-type transfer function and applied to the FS problem.By combining the K nearest neighbor(KNN)classifier,the comparative experiments for FS are carried out between the proposed method and four advanced meta-heuristic algorithms on 16 UCI(University of California,Irvine)datasets.Seven evaluation metrics such as average adaptation,average prediction accuracy,and average running time are chosen to judge and compare the algorithms.The selected dataset is also discussed by categorizing it into three dimensions:high,medium,and low dimensions.Experimental results show that the HBCSSDBO feature selection method has the ability to obtain a good subset of features while maintaining high classification accuracy,shows better optimization performance.In addition,the results of statistical tests confirm the significant validity of the method.

Rapid Determination of Hemicellulose Content in Corn Stalks by Near-infrared Spectroscopy Based on Dung Beetle Optimizer

Corn stalks are a kind of common organic fertilizer and feed material in agriculture in China,as well as an important source of modern biomass energy and new materials.Hemicellulose is an important component in corn stalks,and it is very important to determine its content in corn stalks.In this paper,the feasibility of near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)combined with chemometrics for rapid detection of hemicellulose content in corn stalks was studied.In order to improve the accuracy of NIRS detection,a new intelligent optimization algorithm,dung beetle optimizer(DBO),was applied to select characteristic wavelengths of NIRS.Its modeling performance was compared with that based on characteristic wavelength selection using genetic algorithm(GA)and binary particle swarm optimization(BPSO),and it was found that the characteristic wavelength selection performance of DBO was excellent,and the regression accuracy of hemicellulose quantitative detection model established by its preferred characteristic wavelengths was better than the above two intelligent optimization algorithms.

A Biogas Production Model from the Combination of Pig Manure and Cow Dung in N’Zérékoré City, Republic of Guine

This present research work focuses on the valorization of pig droppings for production of biogas in mono digestion and co-digestion with proportions of cow dung from the urban commune of N’Zérékoré. It was carried out in December 2020 in the Physics laboratory of the University of N’Zérékoré. The anaerobic digestion process took 25 days in an almost constant ambient temperature of 25˚C. Five digesters were loaded on 12/06/2020, two of which with 1 kg of pig dung and 1 kg of cow dung both in mono-digestion. The 3 other digesters in co-digestion with different proportions of pig manure and cow dung. The substrate in each digester is diluted in 2 liters of water, with a proportion of (1/2). The main results obtained are: 1) the evolution of the temperature and pH during digestion process, 2) the average biogas productions 0.61 liters for (D1);1.20 liter for (D2);1.65 liter for (D3);1.51 liter for (D4) and 1.31 liter for (D5). The cumulative amounts of biogas are respectively: D1 (7.95 liters), D2 (15.60 liters), D3 (21.50 liters), D4 (19.65 liters) and D5 (17.05 liters). The total cumulative production is 81.75 liters at the end of the process. The originality of this research work is that the proposed model examines the relation between the daily biogas production and the variation of temperature, pH and pressure. The combustibility test showed the biogas produced during the first week was no combustible (contains less than 50% methane). Combustion started from the biogas produced from the 15th day and it is from the 20th day that a significant amount of stable yellow/blue flame was observed. The results of this study show the combination of pig manure and cow dung presents advantages for optimal biogas production.

Study of the Optimal Conditions for Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Dung in Households in Cote d’Ivoire

This paper investigates the optimal conditions for methanisation applied to cow dung. Four experimental 25 liters digesters were used in this work. The best biogas yield is obtained when the digester is installed in a metal box and exposed to sunlight. The temperature in this digester varied between 25˚C and 37˚C. The dry matter content of the collected cow dung was 15.5%. The digester was fed with 9 kg of cow dung mixed with 8.5 litres of water, one litre of cassava effluent and 200 ml of human urine. After a retention period of 22 days, the biogas obtained was 67% methane and 21% carbon dioxide. The use of human urine and cassava effluent improved the quality of the biogas.

Effects of Enzyme on Material Transformation of Cow Dung Compost

[Objective] The aim was to study change of the composition of cow dung compost by adding complex enzyme.[Method] 2.0% enzyme treatment group,1.5% enzyme treatment group and control group were set to analyze temperature,moisture,pH value,crude fiber,TOC,TN,GI during composting.[Result] The results showed that adding complex enzymes could accelerate degradation of organic matter in pre-composting period.Crude fiber of 2.0%,.1.5% enzyme treatment group and control group decreased 49.6%,47% and 29.1% respectively,TOC decreased 41.7%,35.3% and 21.1%,TN decreased 32.6%,26.8% and 19.2%.2.0%,1.5% enzyme treatment groups could reach basic maturity degree at 30 d.[Conclusion] Composting cycle be shortened by adding complex enzymes,which was useful for maturity of cow dung compost.

Study on dung beetles(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae:Scarabaeinae) of northern Pakistan with a new record from Pakistan

This study investigates the dung beetle fauna in northern Pakistan, including Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Gilgit-Baltistan（formerly known as the Northern Areas of Pakistan）, and Federally Administered Tribal Areas, based on collections and determined specimens. The area is diverse and contains a variety of flora and fauna pertaining to different habitats. We conducted surveys in the Alpine Zone, Montane Temperate Forest and Tropical Deciduous Forest. Three genera and five species, Digitonthophagus gazelle,Digitonthophagus bonasus, Heliocopris midas, Heliocopris bucephalus and Gymnopleurus flagellates were collected. Identification keys and distribution notes are provided. Heliocopris bucephalus was found to be a new country record to Pakistan.

Design Biogas Production from Mixed Napier Pak Chong I/Food Waste at Thermophilic Temperature by Anaerobic Digestion in Cow Dung and Chicken Dung

AD （anaerobic digestion） is a beneficial and efficient technique for the treatment of agricultural wastes, food wastes and wastes water to produce renewable energy. Solid agricultural are potential renewable energy resoures. Biogas production by co-digestion of mixed Napier Pak Chong I and food waste at thermophilic temperature using anaerobic digestion in cow dung and chicken dung as the seed inoculums were investigated. The total reactor volume of the co-digester reactor was 7.94 m^3, which was equipped with pump, and it was operated continuously for the 20 days as a pilot scale at 50 ℃. The Napier Pak Chong I was cut into 2 mm sections, and the initial VS （volatile solids） was 30%. The initial VS of food waste were 70%. Two pilot-scale digesters filled with Napier Pak Chong I and food waste, which both digesters contained 476 kg of Napier Pak Chong I mixed 305 L of food waste, and 1305 L of water. There were carried out to investigate the optimum C/N （carbon to nitrogen） ratio for effective biogas production. The slurry raw materials provided sufficient buffering capacity to maintain appropriate pH values （between 7.0 and 8.0）. Digester I was designed for 1.98 m^3 of cow dung as the seed inoculum while digester II was designed to establish 1.98 m^3 of chicken dung as the seed inoculum. Gas detector performs analysis gas production. The m^3/day in digester I and 1.86 m^3/day from digester II, resulting in added, respectively. Biogas production in digester I was directly experimental results indicate that total biogas production was 2.19 specific methane yields of 1.26 m^3 CH4/kgVS and 1.07 m^3 CH4/kgVS correlated with temperature.

Restudies on Body Surface of Dung Beetle and Application of Its Bionics Flexible Technique

A scanning electron microscope was used to observe the structures of the setae on the surface of a dung beetle Copris ochus, Motschulsky. There are lots of setae on the body surface, especially on the ventral part surface and lateral to the legs which are different in size, arrangement and shape. These setae have different lengths and many thorns on the whole seta. The top ends of these setae stand up without furcations which direct uprightly towards the surface of the touched soil. By the method of removing these setae, getting the insect weight before and after digging into the dung we affirm farther that the setae on the beetle body surface form the anti-stick and non-adherent gentle interface. The soil machines and components made by imitating the gentle body surface of beetles have favorable non-adherent results.

Factors impacting nanoindentation testing results of the cuticle of dung beetle Copris ochus Motschulsky

The cuticle of dung beetle is a layered composite material in micro- or nano-scale. Dung beetle can fly, walk and dig. It can shovel and compact dung of mammals into balls. It use foreleg to walk, midleg and hindleg to hold and impel dung ball. Its two foreleges as digging legs are developed. The factors impacting the nanoindentation testing results of the femur cuticle of forelegs of dung beetle Copris ochus Motschulsky were examined. The nanomechanical test instrument used for the tests was Hysitron nanomechanical system. The results shown that the holding time and loading time are important factors im- pacting the accuracy of such indentation properties as reduced modulus (Er) and the harness ( H ) of the femur cuticle of the forelegs of dung beetle Copris ochus Motschulsky in nanoscale. There exists a threshold holding time of 20 s for the reduced modulus of the femur cuticle. The tests of nanoindentation creep property and the regression analysis of relationship between the depth increment at the maximum load and the time further confirmed the correction of the above threshold holding time. There exist visco-elastic-plastic behaviour and creep phenomenon in the femur cuticle during indenting. Its creep property during the holding procedure at maximum load can be regressed by a general logarithmic equation. The equation fitted by the testing data is ? h = 54.83452 ln(0.00723t +1.00486), where, ? h is the depth increment at the maximum load and t is the time.

Microbial safety control of compost material with cow dung by heat treatment

Various kinds of pathogenic bacteria derived from the intestinal tract of animals exist in compost material like cow dung. In order to sterilize the pathogenic bacteria completely in compost material, the cow dung was put into a heat treatment machine in pilot plan, and harmless condition in short time was examined. The results indicated, pathogenic indicator bacteria such as coliform bacteria, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli and salmonella were all 106 cfu/g dw at the beginning, died rapidly when cow dung temperature rose to above 50~C, and not detected at 54-68~C for 6-24 h heat treatment. Coliform bacteria and salmonella in heated cow dung were not detected by re-growth culture and enrichment culture examination. Moreover, it was hardly influenced on the fermentation ability of composting microbe, organic decomposition bacteria. During heat treatment, the mesophile decreased rapidly and the thermophile stabilized or increased, and the most of composting microbe were bacillus in cow dung by fluorescence microscope, this indicated that bacillus was dominator and composting microbe in composting process.

Levels of Germinable Seed in Topsoil and Yak Dung on an Alpine Meadow on the North-East Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

In order to clarify the interactive mechanism between grazing yak and alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,our study assessed seed density（by species） in the topsoil of alpine meadow with different grazing intensities in the Tianzhu area,north-eastern margins of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their rates of occurrence in yak dung.Seed density in the topsoil of the lightly grazed,moderately grazed,heavily grazed and extremely grazed alpine meadows in November,2010 were 1 551,1 692,2 660 and 1 830 grains m-2,while in the same meadows in April,2011 densities were 1 530,2 404,2 530 and 2 692 grains m-2,respectively.In the cold season pasture,mean seed density in yak dung from November to April in the lightly grazed,moderately grazed,heavily grazed and extremely grazed sites were 121,127,187,and 120 grains kg-1of dry yak dung.The proportion of total seed numbers in yak dung to soil seed bank in lightly grazed,moderately grazed,heavily grazed and extremely grazed alpine meadow was 1.40,2.62,0.69,and 0.90%.12 species out of the 47 were not found in topsoil but were found in yak dung,10 species out of 45 were not found in yak dung but were found in the topsoil.Endozoochorous dispersal by yaks is therefore very important for soil seed bank and plant biodiversity and population dynamics in alpine meadows.

Detection of tyrosine,trace metals and nutrients in cow dung:the environmental significance in soil and water environments

This study examined the dissolved organic matter(DOM) components of cow dung using a combination of fluorescence(excitation–emission matrix,EEM)spectroscopy and parallel factor(PARAFAC) modelling along with eleven trace metals using ICP-MS and nutrients(NH_4^+ and NO_3^-) using an AA3 auto analyser. EEM–PARAFAC analysis demonstrated that cow dung predominantly contained only one fluorescent DOM component with two fluorescence peaks(Ex/Em=275/311 nm and Ex/Em=220/311 nm),which could be denoted as tyrosine by comparison with its standard. Occurrence of tyrosine can be further confirmed by the FTIR spectra. Trace metals analysis revealed that Na,K and Mg were significantly higher than Ca,Fe,Mn,Zn Sr,Cu,Ni and Co. The NH_4^+ concentrations were substantially higher than NO_3^-.These results thus indicate that the dissolved components of the cow dung could be useful for better understanding its future uses in various important purposes.

The Induction of Root Formation by Urea,IBA and Sheep Dung in Young Apple Tree

The effect of plant growth substance and fertilizer on root formation was studied in a newly planted apple tree (Malm pumila Mill / Malus hupenensis Rhed). The results indicated that urea and IBA ( indole butyric acid) and sheep dung all increased the total number and activity of new roots and changed the ratio of absorbing root to extensive roots obviously. Urea increased the number of extensive root and decreased the ratio of the root to shoot mostly. IBA lengthened the extensive root and increased the ratio of root to shoot obviously. Sheep dung increased the nu mber of absorbing root and increased the ratio of absorbing root to extensive root, divided new root into many branches, increased the fresh weight of the root and thickened the extensive root. The fresh weight of root increased and the ratio of root to shoot declined after urea was added to sheep dung. Both the ratio of absorbing root to extensive root and root fresh weight was increased after IBA was added to sheep dung, then the ratio of root to shoot had no change obviously.

Effects of rock fragments on yak dung greenhouse gas emissions on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Dung deposition is an important pathway of nutrient return and redistribution in alpine grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.To date,information on the greenhouse gas emissions of yak dung on alpine grasslands,especially where there are large amounts of rock fragments,is limited.Our aim,therefore,was to evaluate variations in N_2O,CH_4,and CO_2 emissions from yak dung(CCD),and compare it to dung placed on rock fragments(RCD),alpine steppe soil(CSD),and a soil and rock fragment mixture(RSD) over a 30-day incubation period.The results showed that the total N_2O emissions from treatments without soil were significantly(P < 0.05) lower than those from treatments with soil.The highest total CH_4 emissions were detected in the CSD treatment,while CH_4 losses from treatments without rock fragments were significantly(P < 0.05) greater than those with rock fragments.The total CO_2 emissions from the RSD treatment was 6.30%–12.0% lower than those in the other three treatments.The soil beneath yak dung pats elevated the globalwarming potential(GWP),while the addition of rock fragments to the soil significantly(P < 0.05) decreased the GWP by reducing emissions of the three greenhouse gases.We therefore suggest that interactions between rock fragments and alpine steppe soil are effective in decreasing yak dung greenhouse gas emissions.This finding indicates that rock fragments are an effective medium for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from dung pats,and more attention should therefore be paid to evaluate its ecological impact in future studies.These results should help guide scientific assessments of regional GHG budgets in agricultural ecosystems where the addition of livestock manure to soils with large amounts of rock fragments is common.

Evaluation on Feed Factors Affecting the Dung Pollutants of Livestock and Poultry

The 30 pairs of feed and dung samples from the livestock and poultry farms with different scales were checked and analyzed. The results showed： a great linear relation existed between the feed factors and 7 pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, iron, arsenic, mercury, cadmium in livestock and poultry＇s dung. The main affecting factors of feed were respectively nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, and arsenic, which were totally feed ingredient elements. And it indicated that the dung pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, iron, arsenic, mercury, and cadmium could be regulated by controlling the feed ingredients. But the dung nitrogen did not have a linear relation with the feed factors. Reducing the nitrogen in feed did not mean the relative decrease of the dung nitrogen content. Feed consumption rate of unit weight did not have notable performances, and it did not show curve model after curve fitting method. The pollutant index of ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, and arsenic of the group whose feed consumption rate of unit weight was less than 20 g/kg·d was extremely remarkably lower than those of the 20 -30 g/kg·d group. The pollutant index of mercury, chromium, and cadmium showed the opposite performance. With the increase of feed consumption rate, each pollutant did not act in an increasing trend, of which the pollutant index of ammonia nitrogen and the general phosphorus presented a quadratic model trend. The feed consumption level of unit weight had an extremely remarkable effect on the pollution level rate and the eady warning level rate, showing the thrice model trend, of which the 20 -30 g/kg. d group was the maximal, respectively for 16.67% and 50%, which was the same with the above-mentioned law.

Assessment on Potential of Cow Dung Manure in <i>Zea mays</i>Production at Kiwere Village in Iringa Rural District, Tanzania

An assessment on potentiality of Cow dung manure in Zea mays production at Kiwere village in Iringa Rural District (7°37'17.3"S, 35°37'48.1"E) was conducted from December 2019 to June 2020. The idea of this assessment was influenced by soil fertility depletion and the fall of Maize production in Iringa region from 1990’s. A total of 10 farms, 5 farms for Cow dung manured and 5 for non-manured in which Maize growth was monitored for 6 months. Various parameters as height, width and weight of both Maize plants and Maize fruits were recorded. Soil qualities both chemical and physical characteristics were analysed and recorded but also weather (Temperature, humidity) together with soil pH were recorded throughout the assessment period. The p-value of <0.0001 (1.03702E-07) and <0.0001 (2.45684E-05) for height and width and the highest mineral chemical values in the Cow manured 10 plots indicated that Cow manure not only increase Maize production significantly but also supports the production of soil microbial and hence renewals the soil minerals and soil fertility as well. This is why the soil physical values in the Cow dung manured plots Organic matter, porosity, soil aeration and others were found to be higher and the soil comprised of Sandy Clay Loam. Farmers are strongly advised to use this multipurpose and potential manure in their unfertile soil. Cow manures are easily available in their environment and cheaper. -

Changes in Bacterial Density, CO₂Evolution and Enzyme Activities in Poultry Dung Amended Soil

The utilization of cattle and poultry manure as organic fertilizer improves soil productivity, but arsenic contaminated poultry dung may interfere in soil metabolism and soil fertility. The study was conducted to assess the effects of poultry dung as well as arsenic contamination on soil properties in 1%, 3% and 5% poultry dung amended soil and 1, 5 and 10 ppm sodium arsenite contaminated soil. pH and conductivity were found to be increasing with increase in poultry dung in soil. Other chemical parameters like nitrate, phosphate and organic carbon were found higher in poultry dung amended soil than that of arsenic contaminated soil. Soil bacteria, CO2 evolution and enzymatic activities like amylase, invertase and dehydrogenase were also found higher in poultry dung amended soil suggesting the effectiveness of poultry dung in enhancing soil productivity, even if it was contaminated by As through feed additive.

Amelioration of Saline Soil by the Application of Gypsum, Calcium Chloride, Rice Husk and Cow Dung

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of cow dung, rice husks, calcium chloride and gypsum on soil reclamation and compare the effect of organic and inorganic amendments on soil reclamation during the period of 5th March to 20th April, 2017. The experiment was laid to fit a completely randomized design (CRD) with seven treatments [Reference soil (T0), Cow dung (T1), Rice husk (T2), Gypsum (T3), Calcium chloride (T4), Cow dung + Rice husk (T5) and Gypsum + Calcium chloride (T6)] each having three replications for this experiment. After incubation (45 days), the laboratory investigation was carried out in the Soil, Water and Environment Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh. Results indicate that the individual or combined effect of gypsum (T3) was more effective in changing EC and SAR. Gypsum application in combination with calcium chloride (T6) improved the soil chemical properties by reducing the EC. Among the treatment, calcium chloride (T4) had a remarkable effect in reducing sodium adsorption ratio and gypsum had a remarkable effect in reducing pH. Cow dung (T1), rice husk (T2), combination of cow dung and rice husk (T5) were less effective to reduce EC, pH and SAR. It’s measured for soils of different soil amendments varied significantly

Characterization of Digestates from Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Manioc Effluent, Human Urine and Cow Dung

This study focused on the characterization of digestates resulting from anaerobic digestion of manioc effluents from attiéké factories. Two types of digestate were characterized, one consisting of manioc effluent + urine and another composed of manioc effluent + urine + cow dung. As a result, these residues of bio-digestion rich in nutrients (NPK) can be used as agricultural fertilizer. Moreover, the determination of some microorganisms and heavy metals digestates allowed to better appreciate its fertilizing quality. These parameters remained in accordance with the quality standards of a digestate prescribed. These results show that digestates from anaerobic co-digestion of manioc effluents, urine and cow dung can be used without fear as an agricultural biofertilizer.