Probing signals of atmospheric gravity waves excited by the July 29,2021 M_(W)8.2 Alaska earthquake

It is commonly believed that the atmosphere is decoupled from the solid Earth.Thus,it is difficult for the seismic wave energy inside the Earth to propagate into the atmosphere,and atmospheric pressure wave signals excited by earthquakes are unlikely to exist in atmospheric observations.An increasing number of studies have shown that earthquakes,volcanoes,and tsunamis can perturb the Earth's atmosphere due to various coupling effects.However,the observations mainly focus on acoustic waves with periods of less than 10 min and inertial gravity waves with periods of greater than 1 h.There are almost no clear observations of gravity waves that coincide with observations of low-frequency signals of the Earth's free oscillation frequency band within 1 h.This paper investigates atmospheric gravity wave signals within1 h of surface-atmosphere observations using the periodogram method based on seismometer and microbarometer observations from the global seismic network before and after the July 29,2021 M_(w)8.2 Alaska earthquake in the United States.The numerical results show that the atmospheric gravity wave signals with frequencies similar to those of the Earth's free oscillations _(0)S_(2) and _(0)T_(2) can be detected in the microbaro meter observations.The results con firm the existence of atmospheric gravity waves,indicating that the atmosphere and the solid Earth are not decoupled within this frequency band and that seismic wave energy excited by earthquakes can propagate from the interior of the Earth to the atmosphere and enhance the atmospheric gravity wave signals within 1 h.

Astronomic background of global huge earthquakes at beginning of 21st century

Since the beginning of the 21st century,major earthquakes have frequently occurred worldwide.To explore the impact of astronomical factors on earthquakes,in this study,the statistical analysis method of correlation is used to systematically analyze the effects of astronomical factors,such as solar activity,Earth’s rotation,lunar declination angle,celestial tidal force,and other phenomena on M≥8 global earthquakes at the beginning of the 21st century.With regard to solar activity,this study focuses on the analysis of the 11-year and century cycles of solar activity.The causal relationship of the Earth’s rotation is not obvious in this work and previous works;in contrast,the valley period of the solar activity century cycle may be an important astronomical factor leading to the frequent occurrence of global earthquakes at the beginning of the 21st century.This topic warrants further study.

Earth: Review Article

Every year on 22 April, we have celebrated Earth Day and the beautiful planet we call home. Earth Day, established in 1970, has been used to highlight our planet’s environmental challenges and raise awareness of the importance of protecting our world for future generations [1]. To provide the protection of our planet, we should explain Earth’s environmental challenges to the best of our knowledge in frames of contemporary Geophysics. This paper gives a short overview of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) and pay particular attention to the principal role of Dark Matter (DM) in the Earth’s life. In this manuscript, we discuss different aspects of the Earth: a condition of Young Earth before the Beginning of life on It;Internal Structure;“The 660-km Boundary” that we named Geomagma;Random Variations of Earth’s Rotational Speed on a daily basis;Origin of Moon;Expanding Earth;Internal Heating;Faint Young Sun paradox;Geocorona and Planetary Coronas;High-Energy Atmospheric Physics. WUM proposed principally different ways to solve the problems of Internal Heating, Origin of the Moon, and Faint Young Sun paradox based on DM core of the Earth. The Model revealed the fact that the Sun Activity causes the Geomagma Activity and, as a consequence, Random Variations of Earth’s Rotational Speed by the varying Sun’s magnetic field.

The Expanding Earth, Climate Engineering and Earthquake Processes

This article examines the issue of future directions of climate engineering in the light of the consequences of the Earth’s expansion process. One of the directions of climate engineering should be the study of seismic problems, because the state of the geosphere affects not only the atmosphere, but also the processes taking place in the bowels of the planet. If we accept the hypothesis of an expanding Earth [1], then rapid changes in meteorological conditions on the planet will become clear, and the secrets of earthquake processes will come out of the shadow of existing misconceptions among most geophysicists of the world and scientists will understand the mechanisms of energy formation of seismic processes. But, there are multiple arguments of world geophysicists testifying against the hypothesis of an expanding Earth, and in their opinion, scientists supporting this hypothesis allegedly did not provide mechanisms for the expansion of the planet [2]. In turn, the development of the theory of plate tectonics and the alleged discovery of the processes of formation of subduction zones led to the recognition of the hypothesis of plate tectonics by the world scientific community as the main theory of geophysics and sent science straight into a dead end of false conclusions, from which modern geophysics has not found a way out. And it was enough just to listen to A. Einstein and a march into the jungle of unfounded fantasies could be very easily avoided. Everything is extremely simple, but this makes it obvious and incomprehensible to most geophysicists that energy is matter, and matter is energy. For example, only the total amount of solar energy that our planet absorbs, including the atmosphere, land surface, and mirrors of the seas and oceans, is ~3,850,000 EJ per year [3]. And this is without taking into account the energy supply from space in the form of highly energetic particles. This scientific fact, which cannot be denied, must inevitably lead to the formation of matter and, consequently, to the expansion of the planet, because any high school student knows the physical concept of the equivalence of mass and energy arising from the theory of relativity A. Einstein [4], according to which the energy of a body at rest is equivalent to its mass multiplied by the square of the speed of light in a vacuum: E = mc2. That is, whether we like it or not, but the energy of the Sun and Space, as it has been transformed for billions of years into matter familiar to us: rocks, gases, minerals, fluids, will be transformed, in accordance with the laws of science. Otherwise, all the proponents of the expanding Earth hypothesis will have to declare that Mr. Einstein’s formula E = mc2 does not correspond to reality, and recognize the great scientist as a falsifier. Therefore, no matter what far-fetched arguments in the form of mythical subduction zones geophysicists give, no matter what “exotic laws of local significance” they invent, no matter how cynically they mock the fundamental laws of science—all energy entering the planet is necessarily processed and will be processed into matter with an increase in the volume of the planet. Without any exceptions! Only one biochemical process of photosynthesis continuously occurring in algae in one year brings ~3.6 × 1011 tons of oxygen into the Earth’s atmosphere [5], which significantly exceeds the amount of hydrogen and helium “immigrating” into space. Even if we take a geological epoch of one hundred million years, the evidence of an increase in the volume of the Earth only due to oxygen (3.6 × 1011 × 107 tons) becomes quite convincing. the surface area of the Earth is constantly increasing, then the processes of expansion of the planet increase exponentially, which inevitably leads to an increase in seismic activity and volcanic activity, and the increase in the volume of the planet itself serves as a lever for changing the meteorological conditions of the planet’s existence and one of the sources of seismic energy formation. In this article, we will consider seismic processes in the light of the expanding Earth hypothesis.

Characterization and Modeling of Reinforced Earth Structures

The aim of this study is to characterize soil/reinforcement interaction in reinforced earth structures. The study showed that the internal behavior of this type of structure depends on a number of factors, including the engineering backfill, the reinforcement and the soil/reinforcement interaction. The study also showed that the soil-reinforcement interaction phenomenon is a fairly complex mechanism that depends on the applied load, the geometry of the structure, the characteristics of the soil and a set of parameters characterizing the nailing: density, number and length of reinforcements, inclination of the reinforcements in relation to the sliding surface, mechanical characteristics of the reinforcements and, in particular, the relative stiffness of the reinforcements and the soil. The results showed that the tensile forces developed in the reinforcement are not entirely reversible, and that the soil at the interface undergoes permanent deformation, leading to the appearance of irreversible tensile forces in the reinforcement.

基于GEOVIS Earth Studio的高中地理教学案例开发——以“河流地貌”为例

信息技术与教学的融合发展是教育改革发展的方向,地理信息技术在教育信息化2.0时代给地理教育提供了丰富的教学资源,可有效提高教学效果。本文通过挖掘GEOVIS Earth Studio平台在地理教学中的功能优势,构建其教学应用模式,以人教版必修《地理1》“河流地貌”为例阐明平台操作过程并进行案例教学设计,创新地理教学技术手段,促进中学地理教学的信息化进程。

基于Google earth engine渭-库绿洲果园遥感提取

针对干旱区果园大面积遥感提取困难、识别精度低等问题,本研究基于GEE(Google earth engine)平台,综合应用Sentinel-1/Sentinel-2影像构建特征集。通过对比原始特征组合、Jeffries-Matusita(J-M)距离、属性重要度3种优化方式,结合随机森林(Random forest,RF)分类方法,对比得到最佳优化方式,探索果园最优分类特征集。结果表明:识别效果最好的方案为G17 JM,总体精度为91.25%,kappa系数为0.89,面积精度为82.55%。最优特征集为B8_asm、B8_ent、B8_idm、NDVI re3、B6、B7、a、e、b、EVI、B11、B8A、B8、VV。使用J-M距离进行特征集优化,有效降低数据量、提高计算效率,更有利于精确遥感识别果园种植面积。表明GEE快速、准确获取果园种植面积的可行性,为获取果园动态变化提供强有力的基础。

基于Google Earth Engine的八门湾红树林年际变化监测

该文基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)云平台,选择Landsat系列卫星数据,采用支持向量机(support vector machines,SVM)分类方法对八门湾地区进行地物类型分类,并基于分类结果监测该地区红树林年际变化。结果表明:红树林与陆地树木之间除红外波段外反射光谱曲线极其相似,利用红外波段特征指数并结合地形数据可进行有效区分,分类结果总体精度达到0.91;研究区红树林存在先减少后增加的变化趋势,在2009—2013年减少,2014—2016年基本保持不变,2017—2021年缓慢增加,红树林增加和坑塘减少时期是在“南红北柳”政策颁布之后,说明退塘还林政策成效显著;红树林主要是和坑塘相互变化转移,说明毁林造塘和退塘还林是影响该地区红树林变化的重要因素。红树林年际变化监测结果可以精细化分析红树林演变过程,并能精确量化红树林与其他土地类型的转化过程,从而在经济、政策上分析红树林演变因素,更有效地保护红树林。

基于Google Earth Engine遥感大数据云平台的盐城盐沼植被精细分类研究

江苏省自1982年开始引种互花米草以来,滨海盐沼植被景观格局发生了巨大变化,芦苇和互花米草面积不断增长,挤占了碱蓬生态位,破坏了生态系统平衡。滨海盐沼湿地是三大蓝碳生态系统之一,具有高固碳和缓解温室效应的生态功能。利用遥感云平台手段监测滨海盐沼植被时空动态变化规律,可为滨海盐沼湿地生态系统保护以及修复提供科学支撑。本文选取植被类型丰富的江苏沿海地区为研究区,基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台,选取2000-2020年的Landsat 5、Landsat 7、Landsat 8以及Sentinel-2影像,提出了一种湿地植被提取方法。首先,构建盐城盐沼湿地地表覆盖分类体系,选取样本点,计算特征指数,进行地物分类;然后,利用时间谐波分析法对盐沼植被归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化特征进行分析,确定三类盐沼植被的物候差异;最后,基于物候特征,利用随机森林(Random Forest,RF)分类法提取盐城滨海湿地盐沼植被地表覆盖信息。结果表明:(1)相较传统监测方法,本文所构建的滨海盐沼植被精细化提取方法能够对滨海盐沼植被进行有效细分和监测;(2)2000-2020年,芦苇和互花米草面积呈扩张趋势,碱蓬面积不断缩减;(3)盐城三种典型盐沼植被NDVI值呈现不同变化特征;(4)降水对盐沼植被生长的影响较为显著,气温对盐沼植被生长的直接影响较小。研究结果可为盐城盐沼湿地自然遗产保护以及湿地生态可持续发展提供科学支撑。

基于Google Earth Engine的前郭县春季农田覆膜提取

本文基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)云平台,综合考虑光学影像的波段反射率、光谱指数特征和雷达影像的极化、纹理特征,分别构建仅使用光学特征、仅使用雷达特征以及光学和雷达特征组合3种特征输入组合;根据精度确定最佳输入特征后,分别结合机器学习中的分类与回归树、支持向量机、最小距离分类法、梯度提升树和随机森林5种方法建立覆膜提取模型,依据结果精度评估不同方法的性能,并基于最优化模型提取出最终的覆膜农田面积。结果表明:①最佳输入特征为波段反射率特征+光谱指数特征+极化特征+纹理特征;②采用随机森林方法建立的模型精度最高,研究区I的总体精度达到了95.84%,Kappa系数为0.95,地物错分率为1.2%,明显优于其他4种方法(地物错分率较分类与回归树、支持向量机、最小距离和梯度提升树法降低0.8%、7.3%、38.0%和0.3%),研究区II的验证精度达到了87.84%,证明该模型在覆膜提取中可以取得更加准确的结果;③使用本文方法得到2022年研究区I覆膜农田面积为1302.48 km2,估算地膜使用量约为7585.62 t。本文综合考虑光学和雷达影像在地物识别中的特点建立模型,可以准确、高效的识别农田地膜,掌握地膜面积,对环境治理与防治具有重要意义。

Biomedical rare-earth magnesium alloy:Current status and future prospects

Biomedical magnesium(Mg)alloys have garnered significant attention because of their unique biodegradability,favorable biocompatibility,and suitable mechanical properties.The incorporation of rare earth(RE)elements,with their distinct physical and chemical properties,has greatly contributed to enhancing the mechanical performance,degradation behavior,and biological performance of biomedical Mg alloys.Currently,a series of RE-Mg alloys are being designed and investigated for orthopedic implants and cardiovascular stents,achieving substantial and encouraging research progress.In this work,a comprehensive summary of the state-of-the-art in biomedical RE-Mg alloys is provided.The physiological effects and design standards of RE elements in biomedical Mg alloys are discussed.Particularly,the degradation behavior and mechanical properties,including their underlying action are studied in-depth.Furthermore,the preparation techniques and current application status of RE-Mg alloys are reviewed.Finally,we address the ongoing challenges and propose future prospects to guide the development of high-performance biomedical Mg-RE alloys.

基于Google Earth Engine和Sentinel-2数据的耕地分类研究

【目的】采用遥感影像对不同种类农作物耕地进行高效精准的分类,以期获取最优的农作物种植信息提取方案,为农业生产提质增效提供决策支持。【方法】以陕西省宝鸡市扶风县为研究区,利用Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台,基于2020年10月至2021年12月的Sentinel-2影像和目视解译与野外定位相结合选取的样本点,使用随机森林(random forest,RF)算法,结合归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、增强植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)、物候参数特征、遥感影像红边波段,且将根据NDVI计算出的物候参数的波段记为N,根据EVI计算出的物候参数的波段记为E,引入红边波段记为1,未引入红边波段记为2,在此基础上构建了8种不同的分类模型(NDVI-N1、EVI-E1、N1、E1、NDVI-N2、EVI-E2、N2、E2),并与4种样本分割比例(训练样本数与检验样本数的比例分别为5∶5,6∶4,7∶3和8∶2)组合,共计32种分类方案,利用这些方案对扶风县的不同种类农作物耕地进行分类,并计算了不同分类方案的总体精度和Kappa系数。【结果】(1)经S-G滤波法处理后,6种地物类型的NDVI和EVI时序曲线噪声减小且更为平滑,且NDVI和EVI曲线差异明显。(2)在32种分类方案中,只有样本分割比例为7∶3时的EVI-E1模型、EVI-E2模型和样本分割比例为6∶4时E2模型的总体精度高于90%,说明在扶风地区用EVI分类效果更好一些。(3)在样本分割比例为7∶3的情况下,EVI-E1模型的总体精度和Kappa系数均最高,分别为91.66%和89.41%,为最优分类方案。但是在该方案中引入红边波段后,其总体精度下降了1.18%,Kappa系数下降了1.53%,可知运用该分类方案时应剔除红边波段。(4)运用最优分类方案对小麦地、玉米地、土豆地的提取结果与实际调查情况大致相同。【结论】基于GEE平台和Sentinel-2数据实现了对县域级农作物种植面积的精确分类,可为扶风县农业生产提供决策支持。

Lateral earth pressure of granular backfills on retaining walls with expanded polystyrene geofoam inclusions under limited surcharge loading

Existing studies have focused on the behavior of the retaining wall equipped with expanded polystyrene(EPS)geofoam inclusions under semi-infinite surcharge loading rather than limited surcharge loading.In this paper,the failure mode and the earth pressure acting on the rigid retaining wall with EPS geofoam inclusions and granular backfills(henceforth referred to as EPS-wall),under limited surcharge loading are investigated through two-and three-dimensional model tests.The testing results show that different from the sliding of almost all the backfill in the EPS-wall under semi-infinite surcharge loading,only an approximately triangular backfill slides in the wall under limited surcharge loading.The distribution of the lateral earth pressure on the EPS-wall under limited surcharge loading is non-linear,and the distribution changes from the increase of the wall depth to the decrease with the increase of the limited surcharge loading.An approach based on the force equilibrium of a differential element is developed to predict the lateral earth pressure behind the EPS-wall subjected to limited surcharge loading,and its performance was fully validated by the three-dimensional model tests.

基于Google Earth Engine的洱海流域建成区范围及生态质量变化分析

以洱海流域为研究区,借助Google Earth Engine云平台,利用Landsat 8 OLI系列影像,合成研究区域的增强的指数型建筑指数(EIBI)并对洱海流域建成区进行提取,再对研究区域遥感生态指数进行合成,通过对建成区范围与流域范围内遥感生态指数进行空间相关分析,从而对2014—2021年洱海流域及其建成区进行生态评估。结果表明,EIBI可有效增强建筑信息,使用EIBI可有效、准确地提取研究区域建成区,经过EIBI提取,洱海流域2014—2021年建成区扩张面积共14.712 km2;2014—2021年洱海流域生态明显改善,遥感生态指数增加0.008,其上升速率为0.001/年,流域内超过65%的区域生态得到改善;洱海流域建成区与生态未得到改善区域大致匹配,建成区经过生态修复后生态质量未见显著提升,且建成区生态质量呈逐年下降趋势,说明建成区对环境改善具有阻力。

Ecological environmental quality evaluation and driving factor analysis of the Lijiang River Basin,based on Google Earth Engine

For regional ecological management,it is important to evaluate the quality of ecosystems and analyze the underlying causes of ecological changes.Using the Google Earth Engine(GEE)platform,the remote sensing ecological index(RSEI)was calculated for the Lijiang River Basin in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for 1991,2001,2011,and 2021.Spatial autocorrelation analysis was employed to investigate spatiotemporal variations in the ecological environmental quality of the Lijiang River Basin.Furthermore,geographic detectors were used to quantitatively analyze influencing factors and their interaction effects on ecological environmental quality.The results verified that:1)From 1991 to 2021,the ecological environmental quality of the Lijiang River Basin demonstrated significant improvement.The area with good and excellent ecological environmental quality in proportion increased by 19.69%(3406.57 km^(2)),while the area with fair and poor ecological environmental quality in proportion decreased by 10.76%(1860.36 km^(2)).2)Spatially,the ecological environmental quality of the Lijiang River Basin exhibited a pattern of low quality in the central region and high quality in the periphery.Specifically,poor ecological environmental quality characterized the Guilin urban area,Pingle County,and Lingchuan County.3)From 1991 to 2021,a significant positive spatial correlation was observed in ecological environmental quality of the Lijiang River Basin.Areas with high-high agglomeration were predominantly forests and grasslands,indicating good ecological environmental quality,whereas areas with low-low agglomeration were dominated by cultivated land and construction land,indicating poor ecological environmental quality.4)Annual average precipitation and temperature exerted the most significant influence on the ecological environmental quality of the basin,and their interactions with other factors had the great influence.This study aimed to enhance understanding of the evolution of the ecological environment in the Lijiang River Basin of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and provide scientific guidance for decision-making and management related to ecology in the region.

Note on:“Ballistic model for the prediction of penetration depth and residual velocity in adobe:A new interpretation of the ballistic resistance of earthen masonry”

A recently published modeling approach for the penetration into adobe and previous approaches implicitly criticized are reviewed and discussed.This article contains a note on the paper titled“Ballistic model for the prediction of penetration depth and residual velocity in adobe:A new interpretation of the ballistic resistance of earthen masonry”(DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2018.07.017).Reply to the Note from Li Piani et al is linked to this article.

Effect and Mechanism of Rare Earth Hydrotalcite Inhibiting Coal Spontaneous Combustion

A hydrotalcite(layered double hydroxide, LDH) inhibitor which is suitable for the whole process of coal spontaneous combustion and a LDH inhibitor containing rare earth lanthanum elements were prepared. The inhibition effect and mechanism were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD), thermal performance analysis, in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and temperature-programmed experiment. The results have shown that the inhibitor containing lanthanum can play a good inhibitory role in every stage of coal oxidation. During the slow oxidation of coal samples, the inhibitor containing lanthanum ions can slow down the oxidation process of coal and increase the initial temperature of coal spontaneous combustion. At the same time, because the hydroxyl groups in LDHs are connected with-COO-groups on the coal surface through hydrogen bonds, the stability of coal is improved. With the increase of temperature, LDHs can remove interlayer water molecules and reduce the surface temperature of coal. CO release rate of coal samples decreases significantly after adding inhibitor containing lanthanum element, and the maximum inhibition rate of the inhibitor is 58.1%.

Research Progress on Controllable Absorption Properties of Rare Earth Element Doped Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Materials

The utilization of rare earth(RE)elements is pivotal in wave absorption.In particular cases,RE group elements manifesting unique 4f electron layer structures are doped as impurities into certain materials,which is a practical and reliable method for regulating these materials'magnetic and electrical properties.Moreover,ferrites and metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),standing out among conventional and emerging wave-absorbing materials,can achieve significantly enhanced wave absorption through RE doping or substitution.Numerous scholars have dedicated massive research over a substantially long time to explore the utilization of RE elements to reinforce the absorption of these two materials.Therefore,consolidating and summarizing such efforts are crucial and necessary.This review aims to clarify the underlined mechanism of electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorption and elaborate on the impact of RE doping by providing a comprehensive overview of recent progress in ferrites and MOFs dopped with RE elements.Finally,the limitations associated with RE doping in such materials are delineated,and the upcoming prospects for its application are highlighted.

1990—2020年帕米尔高原无表碛覆盖冰川变化态势研究——基于Google Earth Engine平台

帕米尔高原是亚洲高山区最大的冰川作用中心,其冰川融水在区域水资源与水循环中发挥关键作用。然而,近年来对帕米尔高原冰川变化的认识仍存在争议,一方面认为喀喇昆仑-帕米尔高原冰川存在异常前进现象,另一方面认为帕米尔冰川正在加剧退缩。究其原因,一是研究时空范围不重合,二是研究中对冰川的定义有所不同。为明晰帕米尔高原无表碛覆盖冰川近30年来的时空变化情况,本研究基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台,利用Landsat 5 TM和Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像数据,消除掉云层遮蔽、季节性积雪和冰川表碛覆盖对无表碛覆盖冰川面积的影响,获取了帕米尔高原1990—2020年期间无表碛覆盖冰川时空变化特征。结果显示,在过去30年帕米尔高原无表碛覆盖冰川面积以116.42 km^(2)·a^(-1)的速率由(12 108.98±250.38) km^(2)缩减到(8 616.44±7.72) km^(2)。在空间上,帕米尔高原西部无表碛覆盖冰川面积总体上呈退缩趋势,而帕米尔东部无表碛覆盖冰川面积则相对稳定。特别是在2000—2010年期间,帕米尔东部无表碛覆盖冰川面积存在异常增加现象,但自2010年,冰川面积退缩加速,冰川末端前进现象已不存在。结合气候及冰川高程变化分析,冰川跃动引起的冰川厚度减薄、冰川末端前进,是1990—2010年间帕米尔高原冰川异常前进的主要原因。

At-rest lateral earth pressure of compacted expansive soils:Experimental investigations and prediction approach

This paper presents experimental studies on a compacted expansive soil,from Nanyang,China for investigating the at-rest lateral earth pressureσL of expansive soils.The key studies include(i)relationships between theσL and the vertical stressσV during soaking and consolidation,(ii)the influences of initial dry densityρd0 and moisture content w 0 on the vertical and lateral swelling pressures at no swelling strain(i.e.σV0 andσL0),and(iii)evolution of theσL during five long-term wetting-drying cycles.Experimental results demonstrated that the post-soakingσL-σV relationships are piecewise linear and their slopes in the passive state(σL>σV)and active state(σL<σV)are similar to that of the consolidationσL-σV relationships in the normal-and over-consolidated states,respectively.The soakingσL-σV relationships converge to the consolidationσL-σV relationships at a thresholdσV where the interparticle swelling is restrained.TheσL0 andσV0 increase monotonically withρd0;however,they show increasing-then-decreasing trends with the w 0.The extent of compaction-induced swelling anisotropy,which is evaluated byσL0/σV0,reduces with an increase in the compaction energy and molding water content.TheσL reduces over moisture cycles and the stress relaxation in theσL during soaking is observed.An approach was developed to predict the at-rest soakingσL-σV relationships,which requires conventional consolidation and shear strength properties and one measurement of theσL-σV relationships during soaking.The proposed approach was validated using the results of three different expansive soils available in the literature.