Assessment and regulation of ocean health based on ecosystem services: Case study in the Laizhou Bay, China

The ecosystem-based management of nearshore waters requires integrated assessment of ocean health and scientific guidance on artificial regulations to promote sustainable development. Quantitative approaches were developed in this paper to assess present and near-term ocean health based on ecosystem services. Results of the case study in the Laizhou Bay of China showed that the index score of ocean health was 0.785 6 out of 1.0 at present and was expected to range from 0.555 1 to 0.804 1 in the near-term future depending on different intensities of artificial regulation of negative pressures. Specifically, the results of ocean health at present mainly indicated that cultural services and provisioning services performed essentially perfectly while supporting services and regulating services functioned less well. It can be concluded that this nearshore ecosystem would partially lose supporting and regulating services in the near-term future if the increasing pressures were not wellregulated but that all of these categories of ecosystem services could be slightly improved if the negative pressures were fully controlled. Additionally, it is recommended that publicity and education on ecosystem services especially on cultural services and regulating services should be further strengthened. The analytical process and resulting quantification provide flexible tools to guide future development of regulations so as to facilitate ecosystem-based management in the coastal zone.

Seasonal dynamics of gas regulation service in forest ecosystem

Using the 3-year observational data from ChinaFlux （Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystem Flux Research Network）, we studied the gas regulation flux dynamics and cumulative process of gas regulation value in Qianyanzhou middle subtropical plantation （QYF） and Changbai Mountain temperate mixed forest （CBF）. The gas regulation service was differentiated into vegetation gas regulation service and net ecosystem gas regulation service. Carbon tax approach, reforestation cost approach and industrial oxygen approach were employed to calculate gas regulation value. Results show that there was significant seasonal variation in vegetation gas regulation flux. Daily CO2 uptake fluxes averaged 82.00 kg·ha^-·d^-1 and 59.37 kg·ha^-·d^-1 and the corresponding 02 emission fluxes were 59.65 kg·ha^-·d^-1 and 43.19 kg·ha^-·d^-1 for QYF and CBF, respectively. The cumulative curves of vegetation gas regulation value always followed a sigmoid shape, and the annual gas regulation value produced by vegetation was RMB 14342.69 yuan·ha^-1 and RMB 10384.18 yuan·ha^-1 for both QYF and CBF, respectively. In terms of monthly net ecosystem gas regulation service, QYF appeared as a CO2 sink and O2 source for the whole year, while CBF appeared to be a CO2 sink and O2 source mainly in the period between May and September. The cumulative curves of net ecosystem gas regulation value presented a sigmoid （＂S＂） shape for QYF, while a unimodal type curve for CBF. The annual net ecosystem gas regulation value was 8470.52 yuan·ha^-1 and 5091.98yuan·ha^-1 for QYF and CBF, respectively. The economic value of both the vegetation gas regulation service and net ecosystem gas regulation service were mainly produced between May and October.

How to Optimize the Management of Science and Technology Funds in Colleges and Universities Based on the Policy of Streamlining Administration,Delegating Powers,Improving Regulation,and Strengthening Services

To advance the field of science and technology,we need to revitalize the development of science and technology through innovation.The development of science and technology has many beneficial implications on the revitalization of the country.For this reason,universities in China should give full attention to their role as the main propeller of science and technology.“Streamlining administration,delegating powers,improving regulation,and strengthening services”is a policy issued by the Chinese government for the management of science and technology funds in colleges and universities.Based on the policy of“streamlining administration,delegating powers,improving regulation,and strengthening services,”colleges and universities must optimize the management of science and technology funds for their efficient use.In this paper,we analyzed the importance of the policy and put forward an effective management strategy,aiming to improve the management of science and technology funds in colleges and universities.

Economic valuation of gas regulation as a service by rice-duck-fish complex ecosystem

Valuating the fimction of ecosystem services is crucial for accounting green GDP, making a conservation policy of ecological environment and the decision of regional development as well as sustainable development strategy. R ice-duck-fish symbiosis has been promoted in several developing countries as a way of increasing incomes for rice farmers, but investigations of its value have mainly focused on direct economic＇ benefits, such as food and raw material production. Few studies have been conducted on the estimation of indirect services provided by rice-duck-fish complex ecosystem. The gas regulation service and its economic values provided by rice-duck-fish complex ecosystem were studied in Wuhan, China. The major components of gas regulation are O2 emission and greenhouse gases （GHGs, CO2） regulation. The results show that O2 emission from different treatments （including rice-duck （RD）, rice-fish （RF）, rice-duck-fish （RDF） and rice （CK）） ranged from 26,370 kg/ha to 33,910 kg/ha per year. with an economic value of 10,050-12,920 yuan/ha per ）,ear （Chinese currency： 1 euro =10.2475 yuan, August 28, 2007）. The net GHGs exchange varied from 1,200 to 3,320 kg/ha per year; and its economic value ranged from 1,040 yuan/ha to 2,900 yuan/ha per year Consequently, the total economic value of gas regulation provided by symbiosis complex ecosystems ranged from 11,090 yuan/ha to 15,820 yuan/ha per year. and the maximum overall economic value of gas regulation was provided by RDF complex ecosystem. The work will be useful for further understanding of the functions of rice-duck-fish complex ecos.vstem services and supplying the theoretical references to agricultural policy.

Valuation of Air Regulation Service Value in the Honghu Lake Wetland

To assess the value of air regulation in the Honghu Lake Wetland,a quantitative study was conducted based on existing literatures. Results showed that the total service value of air regulation in the Honghu Lake Wetland was 254. 52 million yuan/a,which was 11. 6 times of that by previous studies. The net value of fixed greenhouse gases via wetland plants( including carbon emission value from methane emission conversion into carbon dioxide greenhouse gas effect) was 58. 50 million yuan/a,the data indicated that this lake wetland was a strong carbon sink. The value of oxygen released by the wetland ecosystem was 176. 51 million yuan/a,and the value of regulating air humidity and temperature was 19. 51 million yuan/a. The net value of greenhouse gases fixed by the Honghu Lake Wetland vegetation,the value of released oxygen,and the value of lifting air humidity and temperature regulation accounted for 22. 98%,69. 35%,and 7. 70% of the total value of the air regulation services,respectively.

Regulating services in poverty ecosystems dynamics: evidences from South Asia

Valuation of ecosystem services has been sought as effective tools that enable the decision makers in designing the cost effective response policies for management of ecosystems towards alleviating the poverty especially in economically poor regions like South Asia. Various directions and linkages between poverty and degradation of ecosystem and reduced flow of ecosystem services can better be understood if the regulating services like hydrological flow and carbon sequestration by forest, and nutrient cycling and bioremediation： by wetlandv can be captured in monetary unit. South Asian Countries including India. Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh are the hotspots of poverty where poor depend upon various ecosystem services for their livelihoods and allocation of resource for conservation of ecosystems would have additional merit if regulating services are captured and internalized into the pubtic policy.The paperfirst raises problematic issues in valuation of regulatig ecosystem services, and attempts to link it withthe dependence of poor. Second, complexities of poverty-ecosystem dynamics are discussed. Thirdly, the possible in-tervention to achieve poverty alleviation goal is analyzed with the help of some examples from accounting and valua-tion of regulating services of lndian forest. Finally, the paper suggests that greater attention is needed to do credibleand better valuation of regulating Services so that insight from these ean be used in understanding the impact of degradation of ecosysterns On poor people.

Ecosystem services of the Baltic Sea:An assessment and mapping perspective

The Baltic Sea is essential for marine ecosystem services(MES)provision and the region’s socio-economic dy-namics.It is considered one of the busiest and most polluted regional seas in Europe.In recent years a collective effort in enforcing European and regional environmental policies and directives(e.g.Water Framework Direc-tive 2000/60/EC,2000;Marine Strategy Framework Directive 2008/56/EC,2008;Maritime Spatial Planning Directive 2014/89/EU,2014)has been carried out.Ecosystem Services assessment and mapping is integrated into these directives.An increasing number of scientific studies,projects,and other works were developed in this context,generating a vast body of knowledge.Despite all efforts to improve the Baltic Sea’s environmental status,the targets established were not fulfilled.It is also important to analyze if current methodological approaches for assessing and mapping MES are robust enough to provide the needed results.This perspective paper analyses the status of assessment and mapping methodologies.The results showed that most of the studies were focused on qualitative assessments,with limited validation and reliability.Although the number of robust and quantitative works is increasing,more are needed.It is vital to carry out quantitative assessments to inform decision-makers better and standardize MES practices across the Baltic Sea.

Hydrological Services by Mountain Ecosystems in Qilian Mountain of China: A Review

Hydrological service is a hot issue in the current researches of ecosystem service, particularly in the upper reaches of mountain rivers in dry land areas, where the Qilian Mountain is a representative one. The Qilian Mountain, where forest, shrubland and grassland consist of its main ecosystems, can provide fresh water and many other ecosystem services, through a series of eco-hydrological process such as precipitation interception, soil water storage, and fresh water provision. Thus, monitoring water regulation and assessing the hydrological service of the Qilian Mountain are meaningful and helpful for the healthy development of the lower reaches of arid and semi-arid areas. In recent 10 years, hydrological services have been widely researched in terms of scale and landscape pattern, including water conservation, hydrological responses to afforestation and their ecological effects. This study, after analyzing lots of current models and applications of geographical information system（GIS） in hydrological services, gave a scientific and reasonable evaluation of mountain ecosystem in eco-hydrological services, by employing the combination of international forefronts and contentious issues into the Qilian Mountain. Assessments of hydrological services at regional or larger scales are limited compared with studies within watershed scale in the Qilian Mountain. In our evaluation results of forest ecosystems, it is concluded that long-term observation and dynamic monitoring of different types of ecosystem are indispensable, and the hydrological services and the potential variation in water supplement on regional and large scales should be central issues in the future research.v

Integrating beneficiaries into assessment of ecosystem services from managed forests at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest,USA

Background：Forests contribute to human wellbeing through the provision of important ecosystem services.Methods：In this study,we investigated how the perceived importance of ecosystem services may impact the overall benefit provided by managed watersheds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest over a 45-year period,using standardized measures of service capacity weighted by service importance weights derived from a survey of beneficiaries.Results：The capacity of watersheds to regulate water flow and quality was high in all watersheds throughout the study period,whereas cultural services such as scenic beauty declined after harvest.Impacts on greenhouse gas regulation depended on the efficiency with which harvested biomass was used.Surveys revealed that stakeholders placed high value on all ecosystem services,with regulating and cultural services seen as more important than provisioning services.When service metrics were weighted by survey responses and aggregated into a single measure,total service provision followed the same overall trend as greenhouse gas regulation.Where biomass use was less efficient in terms of greenhouse gas emissions,harvesting resulted in an overall ＂ecosystem service debt＂;where use was more efficient,this ＂ecosystem service debt＂ was reduced.Beneficiaries＇ educational backgrounds significantly affected overall assessment of service provision.Beneficiaries with college or university degrees incurred smaller ＂ecosystem service debts＂ and were less negatively affected by harvesting overall.Conclusions：This study highlights the importance of including empirical measures of beneficiary preference when attempting to quantify overall provision of ecosystem services to human beneficiaries over time.

基于Web Services数据交换的测绘违法行为监管系统设计与实现

测绘违法监管随着社会发展和城市建设日益受到重视,监管难度同时也日益加大。该文以天津市测绘违法行为监管作为研究对象,在天津市规划局一网通平台基础之上,基于Web Services数据交换共享技术,以信息化的手段构建了一个以实现测绘违法行为查处工作的信息化为目的的测绘违法行为监管系统,设计了系统主要功能实现的流程,探讨了关键技术,综合采用数据库技术、网络技术、办公自动化技术、工作流技术和Web Services数据交换技术,以.NET为平台,开发了测绘违法行为监管系统。系统实现了测绘违法行为查处程序的规范化和测绘违法行为查处工作的信息化。该系统在天津市规划局执法总队成功应用,运行结果表明提高了测绘违法监管的管理水平和工作效率,有效缓解了监管难度日益增大的问题。从信息技术的角度,基于Web Services技术解决了系统与天津市规划局一网通平台进行数据交换共享的问题。

欧盟的REserviceS项目以及对我国风电及光伏参与电网调频的启示

由欧盟资助、欧洲风电协会主持的REserviceS项目,在欧洲范围内全面系统地对风电、光伏参与调频、调压、系统恢复辅助服务进行了问卷调查和案例评估。主要介绍了该项目通过问卷调查反映出的风电、光伏不同渗透率水平时各国电网的运行经验,欧盟各国风电、光伏参与调频的现状、技术成熟度、有待解决的关键问题等。最后总结了我国在风电调频方面的研究应用现状及欧盟经验对我国开展相关工作的启示。

Tree-based ecosystem services supply and multifunctionality of church forests and their agricultural matrix near Lake Tana,Ethiopia

Ecosystem services(ES)are the connection between nature and society,and are essential for the well-being of local communities that depend on them.In Ethiopia,church forests and the surrounding agricultural matrix supply numerous ES.However,the ES delivered by both land use types have not yet been assessed simultaneously.Here we surveyed both church forests and their agricultural matrices,aiming to quantify,compare and unravel the drivers underlying tree-based ES supply,density and multifunctionality.We found that almost all church forests and half of the agricultural matrices provided high ES densities.ES multifunctionality was higher in the agricultural matrices,suggesting that people deliberately conserve or plant multifunctional tree species.Furthermore,the supply of all categories of ES was positively correlated with church forest age(p-value<0.001)in the agricultural matrix,while the extent of church forest was positively correlated with the density of all categories ecosystem services score in the church forests(p-value<0.001).Our results can be used to prioritize conservation efforts at sites that provide high levels of ES supply,ES density and ES multifunctionality,and to prioritize restoration efforts at sites with low levels thereof.

考虑风电与光热电站参与能量-调频辅助服务市场的联合投标策略

针对高比例新能源接入电网导致电网调频需求增大的困局,提出风电和光热电站联合参与能量-调频市场的系统架构。为保证日前投标计划的精准执行,引入偏差惩罚机制,并考虑风电、光照幅度及市场价格的不确定性因素,以联合系统总收益最大为目标,提出基于鲁棒优化的日前-实时两阶段最优投标策略,通过仿真验证,证明了相比于风电、光热电站单独投标,联合投标可通过光热电站灵活的调节特性平抑风电波动造成的投标偏差惩罚,提升联合系统的整体收益。最后,分析不同能量和调频市场价格对联合系统投标收益的影响。

独立储能参与的电能量和全过程调频市场联合出清模型

为应对电力系统内同步资源占比逐渐下降给系统频率安全带来的挑战,从储能参与快速调频、提高系统频率安全性的实际需求出发,基于有储能参与的电能量和备用市场出清模型展开推导。依次分析了无储能参与和有储能参与时系统的频率响应过程,确定了储能提供快速调频和二次调频的约束条件,建立了独立储能参与的电能量和备用市场、调频辅助服务市场(包含快速调频)的联合出清模型,并给出了该模型下电能量、运行备用、快速调频和二次调频的定价机制。所提模型涉及了惯量响应、快速调频、一次调频和二次调频4个阶段,反映了电力系统全阶段频率安全特性。仿真结果表明,相比无储能参与的联合出清模型,所提模型在IEEE-30和NREL-118算例下系统运行成本分别降低了约0.72%和0.47%,在提高了系统频率安全性的同时实现了系统运行成本的降低。

考虑火电时滞特性的电池储能集群调频综合控制策略研究

该文提出一种电池储能集群参与电网调频的综合控制策略,能实现较好的频率控制效果和电池储能集群的安全经济运行。首先,针对火电机组响应时滞特性导致的调频精度低,甚至在负荷快速变化下反向错误调节的问题,提出基于全通滤波的电池储能-火电机组联合调频控制模型,并结合实际负荷扰动数据的频谱分析进一步提出模型参数设计方法,使电池储能作为相移器控制负荷扰动相位与火电机组出力基本一致,有效地改善了调频效果。然后,提出基于调频周期内功率权重动态修正与储能单元依次投入的荷电状态(SOC)一致性控制策略,解决了SOC差异较小时一致性迭代方向与调频功率响应方向相反的问题,兼顾SOC一致性维持和功率响应,并减小了储能单元频繁投切对其使用寿命的影响;同时考虑调频过程电池储能需频繁充放电状态切换,采用储能集群分组控制模式以减小储能集群寿命损耗,提高储能调频经济性。最后,搭建某区域电网仿真模型验证该文控制策略的有效性。

优化营商环境能提升代际流动性么?——基于“放管服”改革的准自然实验

优化营商环境在推动市场经济发展的同时,是促进社会流动还是加剧阶层固化?本文使用CFPS2010—2020六期完整数据,利用“放管服”改革这一准自然实验,探究了2010—2020年我国营商环境优化对代际流动性的影响。基准结果表明,“放管服”改革能显著提升代际流动性,经一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。机制分析表明,优化营商环境通过教育和就业两个渠道提升代际流动性。异质性分析表明,营商环境改善对代际流动性的提升作用在父代教育水平较低、家庭借贷约束高的群体和新兴就业机会多的地区更显著。为此,政府应进一步深化“放管服”改革,优化教育体系,大力发展战略性新兴产业,畅通高素质人才就业渠道。

北京市生态系统调节服务稀缺性演变特征及驱动因素分析

北京市作为国际大都市,生态系统调节服务呈现显著的稀缺特征。研究北京市生态系统调节服务的稀缺性特征及其影响因素,对于合理制定城市生态系统调节服务定价策略以及优化生态安全格局具有重要意义。因此,该研究构建了城市生态系统调节服务稀缺性分析理论框架,并运用生态模型测算、空间自相关性分析以及地理探测器等方法,系统分析了北京市生态系统调节服务相对稀缺程度的时间演变、空间差异以及影响因素。结果表明:①基于相对稀缺理论和空间聚集理论,以供需关系为基础可以构建城市生态系统调节服务分析理论框架。②2010−2020年,北京市生态系统调节服务稀缺程度呈现出“提升期”(2010−2015年)和“回落期”(2015−2020年)两个阶段。③北京市生态系统调节服务稀缺指数存在正向空间自相关性,局部空间聚类效应显著;2010−2020年,高-高聚类区(占全市面积的40%以上)先增加后减小,低-低聚类区(占全市面积的15%以上)逐渐减小。④北京市生态系统调节服务稀缺程度的影响因子(q值)按照影响程度从大到小排序为人口密度(0.62)、年降水量(0.41)、NDVI(0.40)、生态用地比例(0.36)和坡度(0.20)。人口密度和生态用地比例的交互影响作用(q=0.77)最大,其次为NDVI与生态用地比例的交互影响(q=0.76)。研究显示,近年来北京市生态系统调节服务稀缺程度呈逐渐优化的趋势,且演化特征存在明显的空间异质性。因此,建议合理控制人口分布、建设用地以及生态用地比例和质量等关键因素,进一步优化调节服务供给和需求空间结构;同时,未来可以根据生态系统调节服务稀缺指数构建差异化的调节服务定价方法,优化生态产品总值(GEP)核算工作。

考虑电压调节设备和微电网的主动配电网最优供电恢复方法

一方面,为提高主动配电网供电恢复过程中的孤岛运行模式的供电可靠性,另一方面,为充分协调调压设备和网络重构以提高电能质量,本文综合考虑调压设备、微电网、网络重构等作用,建立基于混合整数线性规划(mixed integer linear programming,MILP)模型的主动配电网供电恢复模型。该模型以开关操作的动作成本、电压调节设备的调节成本、失负荷成本组成的总成本为目标,以线性化潮流约束、DG模型、ZIP负荷模型、电压调节设备模型等为约束条件,建立了主动配电网供电恢复优化的MILP模型。在53节点配电系统的仿真结果验证了电压调节设备控制和微电网对配电网供电恢复的改善作用。

计及紧急可中断负荷的电能、惯性与一次调频联合出清模型

新能源机组占比不断增加导致电力系统频率安全问题凸显,为了避免系统遭遇大扰动后发生严重事故,需要采购惯性和一次调频辅助服务并将紧急可中断负荷等快速响应资源集成到系统中.为此,梳理国内外惯性辅助服务市场,推导计及紧急可中断负荷资源的频率安全约束,提出一种计及紧急可中断负荷参与的电能、惯性和一次调频辅助服务联合出清模型,并将该模型转化为混合整数二阶锥规划模型进行优化求解.基于算例验证了模型的有效性,讨论了频率安全约束对系统出清结果的影响.

县级公交公司成本规制研究

本文探讨县级公交公司在成本规制方面的实践与挑战,分析成本规制对提升公交服务质量和效率的影响,通过对现有成本规制政策的梳理和县级公交公司运营情况的实地调研,揭示了成本规制在实际操作中存在的问题,并基于实证研究结果,提出了优化成本规制的策略与建议。