铌表面初始氧化行为的EELS和AES研究

利用电子能量损失谱(EELS)和俄歇电子能谱(AES)研究室温下铌的初始氧化过程,研究表明:清洁表面铌的EELS的实验值与理论值较为符合;随着氧化程度的加剧,其体等离子体(BP)、表面等离子体(SP)以及价带间跃迁所造成的电子能量损失峰发生了明显的偏移和强弱的变化,也解释了Nb→NbO→NbO2的初始氧化过程;另外,铌在潮湿空气里氧化1周,在其表面只生成很薄一层的Nb2O5氧化层。

铀表面离子镀铝层初始氧化EELS和AES原位研究

利用电子能量损失谱(EELS)和俄歇电子能谱(AES)原位研究了铀表面离子镀铝改性层在室温,氧气超高真空环境中的初始氧化行为。铝镀层初始氧化行为与金属铝不同,铝镀层表面初始吸附、氧化速度快于金属铝,钝化能力比金属铝强。铝镀层与金属铝相似,初始氧化物均以岛状形式生长,但岛状生长时间缩短。

高压绝缘α-Al_2O_3涂层的XPS和EELS表面分析

用不同配方的Mn,Cr,Ti混合物涂复α－Al2O3绝缘瓷表面，在适当的条件下热处理，利用XPS和EELS测试分析了表面层的电子能态.发现在退火后各涂层成分的含量变化明显，由于配方元素不同程度地扩散、渗透进95Al2O3陶瓷基底内，通过反应生成了新相；根据价带谱和EELS分析，其表面层的价带顶移向真空能级，使能隙减小；能隙中的缺陷态、杂质态及表面态增加，有利于内次级电子的非弹性跃迁和二次电子发射系数的减小.

类玻璃碳材料的EELS分析

探讨以酚醛树脂为前驱物的类玻璃碳,在不同温度炭化处理过程中的微孔变化情况,利用透射电子显微镜中的能量损失谱(EELS)技术,观察其显微结构与化学结构的变化。高分辨电镜观察发现,材料呈现微晶石墨碳层围绕微小孔洞结构排列的无定形结构,孔洞的形成主要是由小分子气化过程中产生的。由EELS图谱中的CK-edge分别对应于1s电子跃迁到π~*和σ~*反键轨道的两个特征峰,可计算得到C原子化学键SP^2杂化程度随炭化温度条件的不同有可观察到的比较明显的变化。

掺杂(Fe、Nb)SrTiO_3晶界组成的电子能量损失谱(EELS)分析

采用高空间分辨率扫描透射电镜(STEM)对掺杂(Fe3+、Nb5+)SrTiO3晶界进行了观察,并利用采集的电子能量损失谱(EELS)对晶界组成进行了分析.结果表明,掺杂Fe的SrTiO3陶瓷晶界存在1nm左右的非晶膜,同晶体内部相比晶界缺Sr;三叉晶界为钛基玻璃相,Ti、O及Fe含量明显高于晶界.掺Nb的SrTiO3陶瓷晶界同晶粒相比同样缺Sr,三叉晶界主要以SiO2非晶相为主.Fe3+、Nb5+对Ti4+的替位及在晶界的偏析引起SrTiO3晶格畸变是导致晶界组成变化的主要原因.

跃变比判别热解Si-C-N陶瓷EELS定量分析的有效性

电子能量损失谱(EELS)分析方法的运用为材料研究领域提供了有力的定性和定量手段。通过对内壳层电子激发谱跃变比的计算,能够获得样品相对厚度的参考信息。这一方法弥补了实验条件在同步采集等离子激发谱和内壳层电子激发谱方面的局限性,并为辨别EELS定量的可靠性提供依据。本文以Si3N4为例,对跃变比随样品相对厚度的变化规律进行了研究,并在低于最佳样品厚度的范围内得到了可靠的定量结果。类似的跃变比变化规律能够运用于成份均一的Si-C-N热解样品,然而对于非均一的Si-C-N退火样品则不适用。

Atomic-Scale AES-EELS Analysis of Structure-Phase State and Growth Mechanism of Layered Nanostructures

A review of our experience in range of electron spectroscopy of the physical vapor-phase deposition and growth of single- and multilayer nanostructures with atomic scale interfaces is presented. The foundation of an innovative methodology for the combined AES-EELS analysis of layered nanostructures is developed. The methodology includes: 1) determination of the composition, thickness, and the mechanism of phase transitions in nanocoatings under the probing depth most appropriated for the range of film thickness 1 - 10 ML;2) quantitative iteration Auger-analysis of the composition, thickness and growth mechanism of nanocoating;3) structural and phase analysis of nanocoatings with use of the analysis of position, shape and energy of the plasmon EELS peak and with subtracting the contribution from the substrate;4) analysis of phase transitions with use of the shift of the plasmon Auger-satellite and 5) non-destructive profiling of the composition of nanocoatings over depth with use of a dependence of the intensity and energy of EELS peaks on the value of the primary electron energy.

超细羰基铁粉的EELS谱和微衍射分析

最近,由于在雷达吸波材料(RAM)中的应用,直径为5到50纳米的超细羰基铁粉(UFCIP)受到越来越多的重视(1,2)。本工作在JEOL-2000FX分析电子显微镜上,利用电子能量损失谱(EELS)和微衍射等方法观察和分析了直径为5～30nm超细羰基铁粉。发现绝大部分超细铁粉由α-Fe中心核和Fe_3O_4外壳组成,其中部分超细粉完全被氧化,形成空心的γ-Fe_2O_3。图1a.显示了一些空心的UFCIP微粒,图1b是这种空心微粒的微衍射花样,微束直径约为6nm。微衍射花样表明这些微粒由多晶的γ-Fe_2O_3组成。在空心微粒中没有发现α-Fe的衍射花样。

Determination of Weaning Regimes for Anguilla mormorata Glass Eels

[Objective] The aim was to find a suitable weaning regime, including weaning period and weaning feed, for Angui//a mormorata glass eels. [Method] A weaning processing experiment was conducted indoor in fiberglass tanks, two kinds of artificial feeds （eel grower powder feed and eel grower piece feed） were selected as weaning diets against a control group fed on natural food （minced octopus flesh）, two weaning periods, 5 and 15 d, were introduced in weaning experiment. [Result] The growth rate and survival rate of the groups with 15-day＇s weaning period were higher than that of the groups with 5-day＇s weaning period, revealing that a 20% increase every 3 d from 0% to 100% in the proportion of grower paste in the minced octopus flesh during weaning is suitable for A. mormorata glass eels. [Conclusion] A. mormorata glass eels can be weaned from natural food to the commer- cially available eel grower feeds over a certain weaning period, and of the artificial feeds with same ingredients and nutrient, A. mormorata glass eels accepted powder feed more readily over 28 d than piece feed.

Effects of Biomineral Liquid from Spartina alterniflora on Growth,Body Color and Nutritional Components of Ricefield Eels,Monopterus albus

[Objective]The paper was to develop new fodder additives and to strengthen comprehensive utilization of Spartina alterniflora resources.[Method]The effects of biomineral liquid from S.alterniflora on growth,nutritional components of ricefield eels were studied.[Result]（1）0.5%of biomineral liquid had significant effect on weight gain rate,which was 8.37%higher than that in control group（P〈0.01）.Further supply of biomineral liquid could not increase the weight gain rate.Furthermore,biomineral liquid had no effect on the survival rate of ricefield eels.（2）Ricefield eels had certain changes in body color in the0.5%biomineral liquid group,and some ricefield eels were yellowing.（3）The contents of Cr,Fe,Zn in body of ricefield eels in treatment group were significantly higher than that in control group,but was lower than that in wild eel group,and the content of Se in treatment group was lower than that in control group and wild group（P〈0.01）.（4）The contents of K,Mg in muscle of ricefield eels in treatment group were higher than those in control group and wild eel group.The contents of ash and Ca in treatment group were close to that in control group but were higher than that in wild eel group.The content of crude fat in treatment group was close to that in wild eel group but was lower than that in control group.The contents of Zn,Se,Ni in treatment group were higher than that in control group and wild eel group,and the contents of Cr,Fe,Cu were close to that in control group and were higher than that in wild eel group（P〈0.01）.No significant differences were observed in the contents of moisture,crude fat and P among the three groups（P〉0.05）.[Conclusion]Addition of biomineral liquid from S.alterniflora could speed up the growth of ricefield eels and significantly improve their flesh quality,but had no significant effect on survival rate of ricefield eels.

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON INCREASING GROWTH AND REJUVENATION FOR OSSIFIED EELS WITH THE MICROECOLOGICS

This paper was adopting intestinal normal microbiota: Micrococcus tntestinalt, sp. and Beneckea campbell, and were prepared to microecologics, also gave a rebuild of intestinal micro ecospecies for ossified eels, and research effect of increasing growth and rejuvenation to them, by the microecologics. Moreover, specially to set up double-control, including a thyroideum medicament and an empty test group, for the comparison and analysis. Our results show that the intestinal microecologics of eel, for increasing growth and rejuvenation to ossified eels, that are botth achieve striking effect. But looked the thyroideum for increasing growth to ossified eels were be very effective. Nevertheless, which for rejuvenation was failed to take effect.Furthermore, we inc-lined to believe that the could be possible still significance of effect, if again added intestinal obligate anserobes of adult eels, and the cerebiogen into this microecologics.

EELS INVESTIGATION ON RS a-Si_(x)C_(1-x):H ALLOY FILM

EELS Technique is used to analyze the amorphous silicon-carbon-hydrogen alloy film deposited by RF sputtering method(RS a-Si_(x)C_(1-x):H).It is further verified that a structural change occurs at 1-x≥0.40 in the alloy film.

The Effects of Rearing Temperature on American Glass Eels

American eels are declining throughout their range requiring a better understanding of physiological requirements of all life stages and optimal conditions for laboratory rearing and aquaculture. American glass eels (Anguilla rostrata) were housed for 3 weeks at 14&degC, 18&degC, 22&degC, or 26&degC to determine optimal juvenile rearing temperature in the laboratory. All treatments exhibited weight gain over the course of the study except the 14&degC treatment;however, there were only marginal differences in final weight between the 18&degC and 14&degC treatments and no differences in length. Variation in length and weight generally increased as temperature increased with significant differences in the standard error of weight between 14&degC and the 22&degC and 26&degC treatments and between 18&degC and 26&degC. Mortality was significantly greater than expected by chance at 26&degC?(7 deaths) and no mortality was observed at 14&degC. Body condition (based on the residuals from the weight-length relationships), conversely, was lowest in the 14&degC treatment. Considering all response variables, optimal laboratory rearing conditions were observed between 18&degC - 22&degC. Within a week of experimentation, evidence of gas bubble disease was observed and by completion noted in all treatments except at 14&degC, likely as a function of decreased gas solubility at warmer temperatures. Levels of total gas pressure (103% - 108%) and Δp (28 - 54 mm Hg) values may account for the gas bubbles observed.

Investigation by AES, EELS and TRIM Simulation Method of InP(100) Subjected to He⁺and H⁺Ions Bombardment

Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) have been performed in order to investigate the InP(100) surface subjected to ions bombardment. The InP(100) surface is always contaminated by carbon and oxygen revealed by C-KLL and O-KLL AES spectra recorded just after introduction of the sample in the UHV spectrometer chamber. The usually cleaning process of the surface is the bombardment by argon ions. However, even at low energy of ions beam (300 eV) indium clusters and phosphorus vacancies are usually formed on the surface. The aim of our study is to compare the behaviour of the surface when submitted to He+ or H+ ions bombardment. The helium ions accelerated at 500 V voltage and for 45 mn allow removing contaminants but induces damaged and no stoichiometric surface. The proton ions were accelerated at low energy of 500 eV to bombard the InP surface at room temperature. The proton ions broke the In-P chemical bonds to induce the formation of In metal islands. Such a chemical reactivity between hydrogen and phosphorus led to form chemical species such as PH and PH3, which desorbed from the surface. The chemical susceptibly and the small size of H+ advantaged their diffusion into bulk. Since the experimental methods alone were not able to give us with accuracy the disturbed depth of the target by these ions. We associate to the AES and EELS spectroscopies, the TRIM (Transport and Range of Ions in Matter) simulation method in order to show the mechanism of interaction between Ar+, He+ or H+ ions and InP and determine the disturbed depth of the target by argon, helium or proton ions.

Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Florfenicol in Japanese Eels at Different Temperature

The present study provides a comparative understanding of florfenicol deposition kinetics following oral administration at a single dose of 30 mg/kg body weight to Japanese eel （ Anguilla japonica） at the temperature of 20℃, 24℃ and 28℃, respectively. Approximate 0.3 mL of blood sample from each eel in these three groups was collected in a row at the time 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 36 h after medicated-feed gavage. The concentrations of florfenicol in eel plasma were detected by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography （ RP - HPLC ）. The plasma concentration-time data of each eel were analyzed by non-compartmental methods based on statistical moment theory using DAS software. Pharmacokinetics parameters of different groups were tested by one-way analysis of variance using SPSS software. It was found that most of parameters were different significantly among groups （ P 〈 0.05 ）. In the three groups at 20℃, 24℃ and 28℃, pharmacokinetics parameters of peak plasma concentration （ Cmax ） were （7. 839 ± 1. 125）, （ 13. 010 ± 2. 334） and （ 18. 267 ± 3. 717 ） μg/mL, and the time to reach the Cmax（Tmax） were （6.500± 2.070）, （4.500 ± 1.414） and （3.429 ± 0.926） h, respectively. These suggested that eels at higher temperature absorbed more drug and more quickly. The volumes of distribution （Vz/F） were （3. 964 ± 0. 594）, （2. 466 ± 0. 672） and （1. 841 ± 0.485） IZkg, respectively. The difference deduced that more florfenicol was bound to tissue in eels at lower temperature. The mean residence time （ MRT0-∞ ） and the half-life of drug （ t1/2, ） in the three respective groups were （31.503 ±7.117）, （22.881 ± 4.940） and （22.134 ± 6.204） h, and （21.243 ±5.166）, （14.994±4.293） and （14. 656± 5. 061 ） h. These parameters showed that the elimination rate of florfenicol in eels at 24℃ or 28℃ was more quickly than that at 20℃. The areas under the concentration -time curve （AUC0-∞ ） were （235.580 ±62.013）, （271.983±75.023） and （353. 192 ± 92.491） μg h/mL, respectively. It indicated that the relative bioavailability of florfenicol was higher significantly in eels at higher temperature.

Comparison of Digestive Enzyme Activities in Normal and Growth Retarded Japanese Eels(Anguilla japonics)

[ Objective] This experiment was conducted to compare the activity difference of digestive enzymes in Japanese eels Anguilla japonics and growth retarded eels under different reaction temperature. [Method] Both 20 normal Japanese eels （Weight from 126.4 to 140.2 g per eel） and 20 growth retarded eels （Weight from 3.5 to 8.6 g per eel） were selected, then, the protease, amylase, lipase activities in hepatopancreas, intestine and stomach under the reaction temperature 5, 10, 15, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 55℃ were measured. [ Result] The protease activities in hepatopancreas, intestine and stomach all reached the highest value for both normal eels and growth retarded eels, and the order of protease activities was intestine 〉 stomach 〉 hepatopancreas except the protease activities of growth retarded eels at the temperature of 5, 15, 55℃ The protease activities in hepatopancreas, intestine and stomach of growth retarded eels were 29.5%, 15.7% and 25.2% of those of normal eels（ P 〈0. 05）. The amylase activities of both normal and growth retarded eels reached the highest value at the temperature of 30 ~C. The amylase activity or- der of normal eels was hepatopancreas 〉 intestine 〉 stomach expect the amylase activity at the temperature of 5 ~C, while the amylase activity order of growth retarded eels is intestine 〉 hepatopancreas 〉 stomach. The amylase activities in hepatopancreas, intestine and stomach of growth retarded eels were 42.4%, 73.7% and 43.8% of those of normal eels （ P 〈 0.05）. The lipase activities of both normal and growth retarded eels reached the highest value at the temperature of 35 ~C. The lipase activity order of normal eels was hepatopancreas 〉 stomach 〉 intestine, while the lipase activity order of growth retarded eels was hepatopancreas 〉 intestine 〉 stomach expect the lipase activity at the temperature of 35 ~C. The lipase activities in hepatopancreas, intestine and stomach of growth retarded eels were 41.5%, 45.6% and 23.2% of those of normal eels（ P 〈0.05）. [ Conclusion] The protease, amylase, lipase activities in hepatopancreas, intestine and stomach of growth retarded Japanese eels were significantly lower than those of normal Japanese eels, therefore, its growth was affected directly.

Effects of Grape Seeds and Tea Polyphenols on Serum Enzymatic Indices of Finless Eels ( Monopterus albus )

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of adding grape seeds and tea polyphenols to improve the health of finless eels(Monopterus albus).[Methods]Twelve cages were selected in the same water body and divided into 4 groups,each with 3 parallel groups.The control group was fed with common finless eel feed,and the experimental groups were fed with feed supplemented with grape seeds,tea polyphenols,and grape seed-tea polyphenol compound(with a ratio of grape seeds to tea polyphenols at 1∶1),respectively.The feeding amount of each additive was 1%.The experiment was carried out by feeding medicated feed for 3 d and ordinary feed for 3 d,that is,alternately feeding medicated feed and ordinary feed.The experiment lasted for 18 d.[Results]Six serum enzymatic indices were detected after the breeding.The results showed that compared with the control group,the three groups of samples had a certain protective effect on the liver in terms of liver function indices.In terms of immunity evaluation,the tea polyphenol group and the grape seed-tea polyphenol complex group could increase the immunity of eels to varying degrees.In terms of antioxidant capacity,all three groups of samples could increase the body's antioxidant capacity.The results of this study showed that adding tea polyphenols and grape seeds to the feed simultaneously could effectively protect the liver of fish,and simultaneously enhance their antioxidant and non-specific immune functions.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for the application of the two Chinese herbal medicines,grape seeds and tea polyphenols,in finless eel farming.

The Microflora of Gills, Gut and Skin of European Eels （Anguilla anguilla） in Lakes of Latvia

The microbial contamination of fish is the most important factor in assurance of food safety. The microflora on the surface of skin, gills and gut of fish is constantly under the influence of the water environment and this may cause colonization of microorganisms on fish. The goal of this study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination level on the skin, gills and gut of the European eel （Anguilla anguilla）, i.e., detecting total bacteria count （TBC） and Enterobacteriaceae counts, as well as Listeria spp, and Salmonella spp. in freshly caught fish. Among the three lakes, TBC on skin, gills and gut varied from 0.66 CFU/cm2 to 4.93 CFU/cm~, from 0.40 CFU/cm2 to 5.51 CFU/cm2 and from 0.30 CFU/cm2 to 6.37 CFU/cm2, respectively. Enterobacteriaceae count on skin, gills and gut was from 0 CFU/cm2 to 4.30 CFU/cm2, from 0 CFU/cm2 to 2.47 CFU/cm2 and from 0 CFU/cm2 to 1.72 CFU/cm2, respectively. The highest mean count of TBC on gills, skin and gut was found in samples from Sivers lake, while the lowest was in samples from Aluksne lake. Values among the lakes were significanty （P 〈 0.05） different. Also the highest mean counts of Enterobacteriaceae were found on gills and skin of eels from Sivers lake, but the highest count on gut was found in Usma lake. All tested samples were Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. negative. TBC and Enterobacteriaceae counts of skin, gills and gut were typical for wild fish in fresh water. Foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes, have not been found in the present study, indicating that fish are safe for human consumption.

Posture-invariant hybrid scaling weight measurement algorithm for live eels

To obtain higher economic benefits,large eel breeding companies classify live eels by weight.Due to their strong mobility and smooth body surface,living eels are not suitable for traditional mechanical weight measurement.In this study,a live eel sorting machine based on machine vision was developed,and a novel method was developed for obtaining live eel weight measurements through images.First,a backlit workbench was designed to capture static images of eels,and then the projection area and skeleton length of the images were obtained by image preprocessing.For the eel's body shape,which is generally cylindrical and gradually transitions to a flat tail,the tail posture changes affect the shape of the images;thus,a weight measurement model combining the projected area and the skeleton length was proposed.The optimal scale division coefficient of the weight model was found to be 0.745 by experimentation.Then,select eels of different weight ranges were used for model error verification and to obtain the correction function of the error.The weight gradient was used to confirm the corrected eel weight model.Finally,the system calculation results were compared with the actual measurement results.The root mean square error(RMSE)was 12.94 g,and the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)was 2.12%.The results show that the proposed method provided a convenient,fast,and low-cost non-contact weight measurement method for live eels,reduced the damage rate of live eels,and can meet the technical requirements of actual production.