Migration of Heavy Metal Elements in Reclaimed Irrigation Water-Soil-Plant System and Potential Risk to Human Health

[Objectives]To study the impact of heavy metal pollution of soil and plants during the process of reclaimed water for irrigation of green land in arid areas and the potential health risks to humans during use.[Methods]Taking Zhongwei City in Ningxia,a typical arid area,as the research area,the irrigation water,soil and green grass in the reclaimed water irrigation region and the original green water irrigation region were sampled,the heavy elements Hg,As,Zn,Pb,Cd,Cr were detected,and the Nemerow method,biological absorption coefficient,and health risk assessment were employed to evaluate the degree of soil pollution,plant absorption capacity,and human health risks.[Results]Compared with the original green water,the Hg,Cd,and Cr pollution of the reclaimed water irrigated green land was higher,the As,Zn,Pb pollution was lower,and the content of Hg and Cd was higher than the environmental background values of soil in Ningxia;the Cr content exceeded the risk intervention values of the first type of land in the Soil Environmental Quality—Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Development Land(GB 36600-2018).Compared with the original green water irrigation region,it is found that the reclaimed water irrigation reduced the heavy metal pollution of the soil to a certain extent.The heavy metal content of tall fescue grass(Festuca arundinacea)in the reclaimed water irrigation region was Zn,Cr,Pb,As,Cd,and Hg from high to low;the order of the biological absorption coefficient was Cd>As>Zn>Pb>Hg>Cr;irrigation water exerted a certain effect on the content of heavy metals in plants and the biological absorption coefficient through the soil.Using the health risk assessment method recommended by Environmental Protection Agency of the United States of America(USEPA),it was found that the reclaimed water has the highest risk through the inhalation route,and the occupational population has a higher risk of skin contact with soil and plants.[Conclusions]This study is intended to provide data support and theoretical basis for the environmental safety risk research of the application of reclaimed water in arid areas to urban greening.

Trace Elements of Multi-stage Minerals and Titanite U-Pb Dating for the Gneisses from Liansan Island,Sulu UHPM Belt

Gneisses with anatectic characteristics from the Liansan island in the Sulu UHPM(ultra-high pressure metamorphic)belt were studied for petrography,titanite U-Pb dating and mineral geochemistry.Three origins of garnets are distinguished:metamorphic garnet,peritectic garnet and anatectic garnet,which are formed in the stages of peak metamorphism,retrograde anatexis and melt crystallization,respectively.The euhedral titanite has a high content of REE and high Th/U ratios,which is interpreted as indicating that it was newly-formed from an anatectic melt.The LA-ICP-MS titanite U-Pb dating yields 214-217 Ma ages for the titanite(melt)crystallization.The distribution of trace elements varies in response to the different host minerals at different stages.At the peak metamorphic stage,Y and HREE are mainly hosted by garnet,Ba and Rb by phengite,Sr,Nb,Ta,Pb,Th,U and LREE by allanite and Y,U and HREE by zircon.During partial melting,Y,Pb,Th,U and REE are released into the melt,which causes a dramatic decline of these element contents in the retrograde minerals.Finally,titanite absorbs most of the Nb,U,LREE and HREE from the melt.Therefore,the different stages of metamorphism have different mineral assemblages,which host different trace elements.

Chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province

The chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang are studied in this paper.（1）The Xiashu loess profile underwent moderate chemical weathering.It seems that the precipitation is a more important factor than the temperature in controlling the process of the chemical weathering.（2）The major elements such as Si,K,Na,Ca,Mg,Mn and P were migrated and leached,while the elements Fe and Ti were slightly enriched.The migration features of the major elements reveal that the Xiashu loess finished the primary process of chemical weathering characterized by leaching of Ca and Na,and almost reached the secondary process characterized by leaching of K.Except the elements Sr and Ga,other trace elements such as Th,Ba,Cu,Zn,Co,Ni,Cr and V were enriched.It might be caused by both the biogeochemical process and the adsorption of trace elements by clay mineral and organic materials.（3）The difference of element migration down the Xiashu loess profile reveals that the climate was warm and wet at the early-middle stage of the middle Pleistocene.At the end of the middle Pleistocene,it became dry and cool.At the early stage of the Late Pleistocene,the paleoclimate became warm and wet again.As a whole,the paleoclimate generally became drier and cooler in this region from the beginning of the middle Pleistocene.

Features of soil redistribution and major element migration in a karst hillslope of Southwest China

In this study, we investigated the spatial characteristics of the rate of soil distribution and the mechanism of major element migration in a typical karst hillslope in Guangxi Province, Southwestern China. Soil redistribution was examined using (137~)Cs technique under different hillslope components. With the combination of geochemical methods, the migration characteristics of major elements in soils of three hillslope components in both the horizontal and vertical directions were determined. Thirty-seven soil samples were collected and analyzed for 137 Cs and the major elements were determined. By using the profile distribution model the mean soil redistribution rates were found to be-17.01, 0.40 and-23.30t ha-1 yr-1 in the summit(BYSD), shoulder(BYSY) and toeslope(BYSJ) components of the studied hillslope, respectively. In comparison to BYSD, the sesquioxides of Fe_2O_3 and TiO_2 tend to be enriched, whereas the alkalis(CaO, MgO, Na_2O and K_2O) tend to be depleted, both in the shoulder and toeslope components. Due to human and animal activities, the contents of CaO, MgO, K_2O and Na_2O have somewhat increased within the topsoil. The results indicated that (137~)Cs activities are significantly correlated with clay particles and organic matter, and are affected by the pedogenic process and vegatation. Overall, it maybe necessary to use techniques such as (137~)Cs to investigate soil erosion with the combination of geochemical methods.

Characteristics of Element Migration in the Process of Wall-Rock Alteration in the Shibangou Gold Deposit,Western Henan

Abstract The Shibangou gold deposit in western Henan is associated with irregular quartz veinlets occurring in altered shear zones dissecting a dioritic intrusion. The altered shear zones are characterized by silicification, pyritization, sericilization, chloritization and K-feldspar alteration. Zoning of altered rocks adjacent to the Au-bearing quartz veins is obviously exhibited. Fine-grained sulphides and quartz veinlets of different ages and small-scale fissures are widely distributed in the central part of the altered zones. Major mineralization types in this gold deposit are Au-bearing quartz veinlets and altered rocks in the shear zones. Samples were collected from drilling cores according to the alteration zoning and mineralization type and all samples were analyzed for major and trace elements. Mass balance, volume change (fv=97.3–71.9%) and major element variation sequences are studied in terms of major elements. The changes of mobile components (SiO2, K2O, Fe2O3) and CaO) and immobile component (Al2O3) in the wall-rock alteration are discussed. The gold mineralization is associated with the enrichment of As, Ag, Hg and Pb and depletion of Cu and Zn. The study of compositional variation of altered rocks proves to be a very efficient method for defining the extent of wall-rock alteration, fluid activity and mineralization and enrichment.

Thermodynamic modeling and elemental migration for the early stage of rodingitization:An example from the Xialu massif of the Xigaze ophiolite,southern Tibet

The analysis of early stage rodingite from the ultramafic rocks of the Xialu Massif in the Xigaze Ophiolite,Tibet,in China shows that the rodingitization involved continuous changes in fluid composition during different stages of subduction.The early stage prehnite-bearing rodingite was produced at low pressures and temperatures along extensional fractures.Samples of rodingite were collected along a profile from the center to the margin of a rodingitized intrusive igneous rock(^10 m×30 m),and they record wide variations in bulk composition,mineralogy,and texture.The mineral assemblages,from center to margin,vary from(1)relics of primary clinopyroxene(Cpx_(r))and primary amphibole(Amp_(r))+newly formed late amphibole(Act)+primary plagioclase(Pl_(r))+clinozoisite+prehnite+albite+chlorite+titanite+ilmenite(R1 rodingite),through(2)relics of primary clinopyroxene(Cpx_(r))+newly formed late clinopyroxene(Cpx_(n))+primary and late amphiboles(Amp_(r)+Act)+clinozoisite+prehnite+albite+chlorite+titanite(R2 rodingite),to(3)newly formed late clinopyroxene(Cpx_(n))and amphibole(Act)+clinozoisite+prehnite+albite+chlorite+titanite(R3 rodingite).As a result of the metasomatic process of rodingitization,the content of CaO in the whole rock chemical composition from R1 to R3 increases,SiO_(2) decreases,and Na_(2)O+K_(2)O is almost completely removed.Massbalance diagrams show enrichments in large ion lithophile elements such as Rb,Cs,Ba,and Pb as well as Ni during rodingitization.The central part of the rodingitized intrusion(R1 rodingite)was only slightly affected by metasomatism.On the other hand,the contents of the rare earth elements(REEs),high field strength elements(HFSEs;e.g.Zr,Nb,Ta,Hf,and Y),and some highly compatible elements such as Cr and Sc decreased slightly during rodingitization.Thermodynamic modeling based on equilibrium mineral assemblages indicates that the rodingite of the Xialu Massif formed in an H_(2)O-saturated,CO_(2)-rich environment.The estimated conditions of metamorphism were-281-323℃and 0.4-3.9 kbar,representing the subgreenschist facies.In this environment,REEs and HFSEs were soluble in the fluids and partly removed.Moreover,these prehnite rodingites formed in a progressively reducing and less alkaline environment,as indicated by decreases in f(O_(2))and bulk-rock Fe^(3+)/Fe^(2+) ratios,and the records of fluidΔpH from the center to the margin of the studied rodingitized intrusion.

Element migration and enrichment characteristics of bedrock–regolith–soil–plant continuum system in the chestnut planting area,Chengde,China

In order to probe the geochemical relationship between the quality of economic crops and ecological geochemistry,this project studies the chestnut production area of Chengde City,Hebei Province,China.The chemical weathering index,chemical depletion fraction CDF,mass transfer coefficient,and bioconcentration coefficient were used to quantify the characteristics of element migration and accumulation in the BRSPC(Bedrock–Regolith–Soil–Plant Continuum system)system of gneiss formation area and dolomite formation area.The results show that the soil CaO,SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Na_(2)O elements in the gneiss construction area are abundant,and the B,Ge,S,and Mo elements are relatively lacking;the soil B,Mo and Ge elements in the dolomite construction area are abundant,and the SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Na_(2)O elements are slightly lower;The weathering intensity of gneiss is low-medium,with the relatively high mobility and apparent transformation of Se,B,V,S,Mn,and Mo.The weathering intensity of dolostone is low,with the relatively high mobility and apparent transformation of Na_(2)O,P,and Ni.Chestnut is rich in Cu,Ni,Se,and Ge,walnut has a high content of Mo,and hawthorn is rich in Se and B.The contents of Mn in chestnut are 1–2 times higher in walnut and hawthorn.It lays the theoretical foundation for the industry optimization of special industrial crop planting in Chengde according to our research.

Effect mechanism of aluminum occurrence and content on the induration characteristics of iron ore pellets

With the intensified depletion of high-grade iron ores,the increased aluminum content in iron ore concentrates has become unavoidable,which is detrimental to the pelletization process.Therefore,the effect mechanism of aluminum on pellet quality must be identified.In this study,the influence of aluminum occurrence and content on the induration of hematite(H)and magnetite(M)pellets was investigated through the addition of corresponding Al-containing additives,including alumina,alumogoethite,gibbsite,and kaolinite.Systematic mineralogical analysis,combined with the thermodynamic properties of different aluminum occurrences and the quantitative characterization of consolidation behaviors,were conducted to determine the related mechanism.The results showed that the alumina from various aluminum occurrences adversely affected the induration characteristics of pellets,especially at an aluminum content of more than 2.0wt%.The thermal decomposition of gibbsite and kaolinite tends to generate internal stress and fine cracks,which hinder the respective microcrystalline bonding and recrystallization between Fe2O3particles.The adverse effect on the induration characteristics of fired pellets with different aluminum occurrences can be relieved to varying degrees through the formation of liquid phase bonds between the hematite particles.Kaolinite is more beneficial to the induration process than the other three aluminum occurrences because of the formation of more liquid phase,which improves pellet consolidation.The research results can further provide insights into the effect of aluminum occurrence and content in iron ore concentrates on downstream processing and serve as a guide for the utilization of high-alumina iron ore concentrates in pelletization.

Migration of harmful elements in municipal sludge under hightemperature oxidation conditions

Municipal sludge is produced in large amounts and is difficult to treat.Incineration is the most direct and thorough treatment method.In order to study the feasibility of sintering for municipal sludge treatment,the municipal sludge reforming process was studied under high-temperature oxidation conditions.The results showed that the sludge reforming process could be divided into four stages:the precipitation and evaporation of adsorbed water,the precipitation and combustion of the volatile,the combustion of the residual volatile and solid carbon,and the decomposition of salts and the melting of sludge.An increase in the heating rate resulted in more intense sludge combustion and improved the sludge reaction capacity and combustion performance.After burning at 1300℃,Si,Ca,Mg,Al,K,Na,and Cu formed new phases and entered the slag.75%of P remained in the slag.80%of the S formed SO_(2) and entered the flue gas.Cl formed gaseous chlorides like HCl upon combustion and entered the flue gas.As sintering is a feasible method for treating municipal sludge,care must be taken to limit the amount of P that ends up in the ore.

High Temperature Corrosion of Water Wall Materials T23 and T24 in Simulated Furnace Atmospheres

Candidate materials for water wall of supercritical and ultra-supercritical utility boilers,T23 and T24,were chosen as the experimental samples and exposed to oxidizing atmosphere,reducing atmosphere and oxidizing/reducing alternating atmosphere separately.The corrosion temperature was 450-550?C.The effects of oxygen con-tent and temperature on the corrosion in reducing atmosphere and alternating atmosphere were investigated.The scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS) were used to examine the corroded samples.The results show that the corrosion kinetics of T23 and T24 can be described by the double logarithmic equation and parabolic equation respectively.To describe the corrosion of materials accurately it is not sufficient to analyze the macro-mass gain and the macro-thickness of the corroded layer only,but the EDS should be applied to examine the migration depth of corrosive elements O and S.It is revealed that the corrosion becomes more severe when H2S is present in the corrosive gas.S is more active than O,and Cr can reduce the migration of oxygen but not S.The combination corrosion of S and O and pure [S] has a stronger corrodibility than pure H2S.T24 suffers the most severe corrosion at oxygen content of 0.8%.Corrosion is aggravated when the corrosion temperature is above 450 ℃ in the alternating atmosphere.T23 has better corrosion resistance than T24 and W contributes a lot to the corrosion resistance of T23.

Geochemical characteristics and growth suitability assessment of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in the Earth's critical zone of North China

Geochemical differentiation of soils has a series of consequences on plant and places pressure on the ecological environment.The quantitative evaluation of element migration in the Earth’s critical zone is a challenging task.In this study,two demonstration study areas of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were selected,and multiple chemical weathering indexes,chemical loss fraction,mass migration coefficients and biological enrichment coefficient method were used to assess the ecological and geochemical suitability.The results show that for the element of Fe,Zn,Se,Cu,Co,Ni,Mo and Ge,the degree of weathering and soil maturation,were greater in the rhyolitic tuff area than in the Plagioclase gneiss area.In both research sites,the heavy metal level of samples in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi did not exceed the standard limits.The plagioclase gneiss region’s surface soil environment was more alkaline,and the content of soil organic matter was lower,resulting in a higher bioenrichment intensity of Ge,Co,Cu,and Se elements in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi than in the rhyolite-tuff area.The elements of Cd,Nb,Mo,Pb and As are considerably enriched in the soil of the plagioclase gneiss area but lost by leaching in the soil of the rhyolite tuff area,which is connected to the interplay of elemental abundance and human impact in the parent materials.This study provides a good example of how to assess growth suitability of Chinese medicinal materials in the Earth’s critical zone.

FACTORS CONTROLLING DIFFERENTIATION OF SELENIUM ECONVIRONMENT IN THE LOESS PLATEAU

Low selenium (Se) belt in the Loess Plateau constitutes anessential part of low Se belt in China. Se backgound of loess is only46.5 ug/kg. Centre of low Se content in soil surface is situated in thecentral-north of the Loess Plateau, While Se background of soilsurface in southwest is higher because of less precipitation, and thatin southeast is higher too owing to finer soil texture. Both of themare divided into low and normal Se eco-environment by precipitationof 450 mm, a transition from subhumid to semiarid climate.Contents of mobile elements in drinking water are negativelycorrelated wtth precipitatioll. The same happens in soils except Se.But Se content in soils with closed conditions is negntivelycorrelated with precipitation as well. These susaest thatprecipitation plays a key role in differentiating Se eco-environmentother than the centre of low Se content in soil surface.

Comparing mineral weathering and elemental transport between earth's critical zone with different parent rocks in Yanshan Mountain,Hebei province,China

Bedrock weathering performs a significant influence on the evolution of Earth’s critical zone.Carbonate rock(dolostone),metamorphic rock(gneiss),and sedimentary rock(sandstone)geological formations in Yanshan Mountain,Hebei Province,are taken as objects to probe the controlling of geological formations on weathering characteristics,migration,and enrichment of elements as well as structure of Earth’s critical zone under the identical climate conditions through geological field survey,analysis on minerals component,element distribution in the weathering profile.The dolostone geological formation(DGF)is lithologically dominated by dolostone,characterized by the strongest and predominant chemical weathering.During bedrock weathering and pedogenesis,DGF is marked by significant depletion of CaO,Mg O,S,Mn,Mo and enrichment of N,K,Fe_(2)O_(3),and Zn with concentrations of P,Cu,and B keeping stable.Shortage of soil-forming materials and significant loss are driven by soil erosion,which results in thin regolith and soil.The soil thickness is less than 10 cm,and the regolith thickness is less than 30 cm.The vegetation community is predominantly rock arbor or brush,which is calcivorous and tolerant of barrenness.Plagiogneiss is a dominant rock type of gneiss geological formation(GGF),characterized by the weakest weathering and fast chemical and physical weathering rate.GGF is masked by significant depletion of P,K,CaO,MgO,Fe_(2)O_(3),Mn,Cu and enrichment of N,S,Mo,and B,with contents of Zn keeping stable.Both soil and regolith developed in GGF are relatively thick for one of the reasons that biotite expands during weathering.The soil thickness is more than 50 cm,and the regolith thickness ranges from 100 to 200 cm.The vegetation community is predominantly high-quality economic forests and various arbors because of the enrichment of nutrients in GGF.Sandstone is primarily a rock type of sandstone geological formation(SGF),characterized by moderate weathering degree and slow chemical weathering rate.SGF is marked by significant depletion of P,K,CaO,MgO,Fe_(2)O_(3),and enrichment of N,S,Mn,Cu,Zn,and Mo,with fluctuant changes of Zn and B.The thickness of soil developed in SGF varies between that of DGF and GGF.The soil thickness ranges from 30 to 50 cm,and the regolith thickness ranges from 50 to 100 cm.Chinese pines are widely spread on the shady slopes of SGF.Research provides theoretical support for screening dominant ecological resource areas,ecological industry development and ecological protection and restoration for Yanshan Mountain,Hebei Province.

Element migration and phase distribution characteristics during crystallization of rare earth phase in rare earth slag

The crystallization experiment of molten rare earth(RE)slag under different cooling rates was carried out.The characteristics of element migration and phase distribution during RE phase crystallization were studied by using different equipment.The experimental results show that there are two RE phases in the RE slag,namely(Ca,Ce,La)_(5)(SiO_(4))6F and(Ca,Ce,La,Mg)_(3)(Ti,Al,Nb)_(2)O_(7).During the cooling crystallization process of molten RE slag,Ca and P elements in the RE phase of(Ca,Ce,La)_(5)(SiO_(4))_(6)F migrate from inside to outside,and finally gather at the outer edge of the phase to form phase Ca_(3)(PO4)2.The RE phase(Ca,Ce,La)_(5)(SiO_(4))_(6)F is distributed inside the furnace-cooled slag,and the RE phase(Ca,Ce,-La,Mg)_(3)(Ti,AI,Nb)_(2)O_(7)is distributed in the surface layer of the furnace-cooled slag.And based on the phase distribution characteristics,the central hollowing method is proposed to realize the preliminary enrichment of valuable elements Ti,Nb and RE in RE slag.

Trace Element Mobility in Subducted Marble and Associated Eclogite:Constraints from UHP Rocks in the Shuanghe Area,Central-East China

In order to decipher element mobility in UHP meta-sedimentary rocks in the continental subduction zone,major and trace element compositions are investigated for a continuous profile from a representative UHP region in the Dabie Mountains.Among the lithologic contact zone,contents of K,Ca,LREE,and LILE exhibit varying degrees of downward trends in both marble and eclogite toward the contact zone,indicating that marble and their associated eclogite can release a large amount of K,Ca,and a small number of LILEs and LREEs.Titanite is the main Ti phase in both marble and eclogite.Titanite rims around rutile can occasionally be seen in eclogite.Contents of Ti and HFSE exhibit a well-coupled relation among marble and eclogite,indicating that substantial Ti and HFSEs were migrated from eclogite to marble,in accord with the capacity of a melt medium.Rutiles and titanites in marble exhibit a relatively limited variation in Nb/Ta ratios(12.9-16.2),similar to those of titanites in eclogite(14.2-16.7),which demonstrates that rutiles and titanites in marble were sourced from eclogite because of short-distance migrations of Ti and HFSEs.According to the P-T path and the temperature and pressure conditions of the peak metamorphism reported by previous studies,the eclogite associated with marble may not form supercritical fluids in the subduction zone because of the addition of carbonate minerals.

Oxidation Kinetics,Structural Changes and Element Migration during Oxidation Process of Vanadium-titanium Magnetite Ore

The oxidation kinetics, structural changes, and elements migration during the oxidation process of the va- nadium-titanium magnetite （VTM） ore were analyzed. Kinetics analysis indicated that the oxidation process was con- trolled by diffusion control and could be divided into interface diffusion and lattice diffusion with apparent activation energy of 99.69 kJ/mol and 144.08 kJ/mol in the range of 800--1000℃, respectively. The surface structure changed with the oxidization temperature as follows： dense surface→nano sized sheets→submicron particles→molten particles. The compact structure changed into porous one because of the elements migration and enrichment. Both Fe and Ti elements migrated in the opposite direction during the oxidation process. The V etement in the raw ore stably existed in the form of V^5＋ state, some vanadium migrated and occupied the tetrahedral sites of the hematite during the oxidation process.

Mineralogical study and significance of the basalt-hosted Carlin-type Au deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province,China

The Jiadi and Damaidi gold deposits in southwest Guizhou Province are the largest basalt-hosted Carlintype gold deposits recently discovered in China.This study uses the Tescan Integrated Mineral Analyzer,supported by detailed field investigations,regional geological data,and extensive sample collections,including mineralized ore,altered wall rock,and unaltered basalt samples,for orebearing and geochemical analyses.Comparative analysis between altered and unaltered basalt samples revealed a mineral assemblage of sericite,quartz,and pyrite.This mineral composition forms through the hydrothermal alteration of unaltered basalt,originally containing feldspar,pyroxene,and ilmenite.The wall rock primarily features sericite,quartz,and hematite.During the alteration process,major,trace,and rare earth elements notably migrate.In the Jiadi deposit,K_(2)O,Rb,Au,and REE significantly increase,while Na_(2)O,CaO,MgO,and MnO decrease.SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O_(3)levels remain relatively stable.In the Damaidi deposit,K_(2)O,Rb,and Au enrich,contrasting with the depletion of Na_(2)O,CaO,MgO,and MnO,while SiO_(2),Fe_(2)O_(3),Al_(2)O_(3),TiO_(2),and REE show no significant changes.In the wall rock,TiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),K_(2)O,and REE increase,while Na_(2)O,CaO,MgO,and MnO decrease;SiO_(2)and Fe_(2)O_(3)content remains unchanged.The mineralization process likely originated from mid-to low-temperature,reductive magmatic hydrothermal fluids rich in CO_(2),CH_(4),N_(2),H^(+),S^(2-),HS^(-),H_(3)AsO_(3),and[Au(HS_(2)]^(-).These fluids migrated to tectonically weak zones in the Lianhuashan area,where Emeishan basalts are present.They reacted with Fe-bearing minerals in the basalt,such as ferro-hornblende and ilmenite,forming pyrite,arsenic-bearing pyrite,and arsenopyrite,thus enriching Au in these minerals.Additionally,K^(+)and H^(+)in the fluid reacted with plagioclase in the basalt,forming sericite and quartz.As the fluid entered the wall rock from structural weak zones,its oxidation increased,leading to the complete or partial reaction of Fe-bearing minerals in the wall rock,resulting in the formation of hematite or magnetite.This mineralization process is similar to that observed in carbonate-hosted Carlin-type gold deposits in southwest Guizhou,with the primary distinction being the iron source.In carbonate deposits,iron originates from ferridolomite within the wall rock,while in basalt-hosted deposits,it derives from ferripyroxene and ilmenite.