Based on the water source heat pump system operation control and energy consumption optimization

The contradiction between the increasing material demand and resource,is the country has faced problems,to better solve the material demand and the contradiction between the environment and resources,is applied to the development of new energy,new energy,not only can alleviate people and resources,environment and resources,the contradiction between people and the environment,also can promote the sustainable development of world economy,HVAC technology has emerged a new generation of energysaving technology,HVAC has the characteristics of low consumption,low pollution,is a development of technology,to be promoted for environmentfriendly,resource-conserving society has an important role in promoting.This paper focuses on the HVAC technology,water source heat pump system operation control and energy consumption optimization,for the relevant personnel reference.

Scheduling an Energy-Aware Parallel Machine System with Deteriorating and Learning Effects Considering Multiple Optimization Objectives and Stochastic Processing Time

Currently,energy conservation draws wide attention in industrial manufacturing systems.In recent years,many studies have aimed at saving energy consumption in the process of manufacturing and scheduling is regarded as an effective approach.This paper puts forwards a multi-objective stochastic parallel machine scheduling problem with the consideration of deteriorating and learning effects.In it,the real processing time of jobs is calculated by using their processing speed and normal processing time.To describe this problem in a mathematical way,amultiobjective stochastic programming model aiming at realizing makespan and energy consumption minimization is formulated.Furthermore,we develop a multi-objective multi-verse optimization combined with a stochastic simulation method to deal with it.In this approach,the multi-verse optimization is adopted to find favorable solutions from the huge solution domain,while the stochastic simulation method is employed to assess them.By conducting comparison experiments on test problems,it can be verified that the developed approach has better performance in coping with the considered problem,compared to two classic multi-objective evolutionary algorithms.

Optimal array layout of cylindrical baffles to reduce energy of rock avalanche

The array of baffles protection structure is a flow resistance structure with good drainage,blocking,and intercepting effects on the rock avalanches.In this research,the physical model test on rock avalanches was conducted.Three parameters(column spacing,row spacing,and a number of baffles)were used as indicators to determine the optimal layout of the array of baffles for energy efficiency consumption blocking.Then,the lattice Boltzmann numerical simulation method was used to build a numerical simulation model of rock avalanches-array of the baffles-hazard-bearing body to obtain the rock’s velocity attenuation and flow trajectory avalanches in the impact baffle protection structure.Finally,the results of the physical model test and the numerical simulation were mutually confirmed.The following conclusions were drawn through two methods of physical model test and numerical simulation.(1)The optimal layout parameters of array of baffles were determined as three rows of array of baffles(The number of baffles in each row is 7,8,9),column spacing Sc=3.5,and row spacing Sr=4.5.(2)Under the conditions of high baffle density(such as Sc=1.5,2.5),the rock avalanches would produce a certain degree of circumfluence,which would increase the fluid velocity by at least 24.5% over the average velocity,so the column spacing density should be increased appropriately to achieve the optimal effect of reducing the energy of rock avalanches.(3)In the event of a prototype grooved rock avalanches with a velocity close to 24.5 m/s and a flow depth of about 1.5 m,the three-row array of baffles protection with the parameters Sc^(*)=1.18 m and Sr^(*)=1.51 m could be arranged,playing the role of optimizing the array of baffles to guide the flow and block the energy consumption.LBM experiments can be used to replace laboratory experiments to some extent.Further Lattice Boltzmann method-Discrete element method(LBM-DEM)studies are required before applications to practical engineering.

Simulation and structural parameter optimization of rotary blade cutting soil based on SPH method

Pre-sowing mechanical tillage in crop fields is a primary task and important aspect of crop production.The interaction between the tillage components and the soil plays a crucial role in determining the energy consumption of tillage machinery.Therefore,it is essential to investigate soil-tool interaction mechanisms and optimize tool design for energy savings in soil cutting.The study employed the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH)method to investigate the soil cutting process of a typical rotary blade.The article describes the principles and modeling process of the SPH method in detail.It includes the selection of constitutive models,boundary treatments,and particle conversion.A high-precision soil-tool interaction model was established to analyze the deformation zone of the soil,cutting energy,cutting resistance,and soil particle movement.Orthogonal simulation experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize key design parameters of the rotary blade considering both the reduction in cutting power consumption and the impact on the structural performance of the tool.The optimal parameters were determined as follows:a bending point included angle of 30°,a side cutting edge bending line direction angle of 51°,and a bending angle of 120°.These parameters resulted in a minimum power consumption of 0.181 kW while meeting the required structural performance.Finally,experiments were conducted on field rotary tillage,and the measured power consumption showed a deviation of 7.1%from the simulated power consumption.The optimized power consumption was reduced by 9.52%compared to the initial power consumption,validating the accuracy of the simulation process and the effectiveness of energy savings.

Trade-off in Optimizing Energy Consumption and End User Quality of Experience in Radio Access Network

To reduce network access latency, network traffic volume and server load, caching capacity has been proposed as a component of evolved Node B(e Node B) in the ratio access network(RAN). These e Node B caches reduce transport energy consumption but lead to additional energy cost by equipping every e Node B with caching capacity. Existing researches focus on how to minimize total energy consumption, but often ignore the trade-off between energy efficiency and end user quality of experience, which may lead to undesired network performance degradation. In this paper, for the first time, we build an energy model to formulate the problem of minimizing total energy consumption at e Node B caches by taking a trade-off between energy efficiency and end user quality of experience. Through coordinating all the e Node B caches in the same RAN, the proposed model can take a good balance between caching energy and transport energy consumption while also guarantee end user quality of experience. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Compared with the existing works, our proposal significantly reduces the energy consumption by approximately 17% while keeps superior end user quality of experience performance.

Thermal Effect of a Revolving Gaussian Beam on Activating Heat-Sensitive Nociceptors in Skin

We consider the problem of inducing withdrawal reflex on a test subject by exposing the subject’s skin to an electromagnetic beam. Heat-sensitive nociceptors in the skin are activated wherever the temperature is above the activation temperature. Withdrawal reflex occurs when the activated volume reaches a threshold. Previously we studied static beams with 3 types of power density distribution: Gaussian, super-Gaussian, and flat-top. We found that the flaptop is the best and the Gaussian is the worst in their performance with regard to 1) minimizing the time to withdrawal reflex, 2) minimizing the energy consumption and 3) minimizing the maximum temperature increase. The less-than-desirable performance of Gaussian beams is attributed to the uneven distribution of power density resulting in low energy efficiency: near the beam center the high power density does not contribute proportionally to increasing the activated volume;outside the beam effective radius the low power density fails to activate nociceptors. To overcome the drawbacks of Gaussian beams, in this study, we revolve a Gaussian beam around a fixed point to make the power density more uniformly distributed. We optimize the performance over two parameters: the spot size of static beam and the radius of beam revolution. We find that in comparison with a static Gaussian beam, a revolving Gaussian beam can reduce the energy consumption, and at the same time lower the maximum temperature.

Energy-saving PPM schemes for WSNs

Energy conservation is a critical problem in recently-emerging wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. Pulse position modulation （PPM）, as an exploring-worthy modulation format for energy efficiency, is tailored for WSNs into two schemes, mono-mode PPM and multi-mode PPM, in this paper. Resorting to an idealized system model and a practical system model, which combine the power consumptions in transmission and reception modules of nodes with the idealized and real- istic battery characteristics, the battery energy efficiencies of mono-mode PPM and multi-mode PPM are evaluated and compared. To minimize the battery energy consumption （BEC）, these schemes are further optimized in terms of constellation size M for a link in path-loss channels. Our analytical and numerical results show that considerable energy can be saved by multi-mode PPM; and the optimization performances of these schemes are noticeable at various communication distances though their optimization properties are different.

Energy efficiency of small buildings with smart cooling system in the summer

In this paper,a novel cooling control strategy as part of the smart energy system that can balance thermal comfort against building energy consumption by using the sensing and machine programming technology was investigated.For this goal,a general form of a building was coupled by the smart cooling system(SCS)and the consumption of energy with thermal comfort cooling of persons simulated by using the EnergyPlus software and compared with similar buildings without SCS.At the beginning of the research,using the data from a survey in a randomly selected group of hundreds and by analyzing and verifying the results of the specific relationship between the different groups of people in the statistical society,the body mass index(BMI)and their thermal comfort temperature were obtained,and the sample building was modeled using the EnergyPlus software.The result show that if an intelligent ventilation system that can calculate the thermal comfort temperature was used in accordance with the BMI of persons,it can save up to 35%of the cooling load of the building yearly.