Bioactive compounds in Hericium erinaceus and their biological properties:a review

Hericium erinaceus is a nutritious edible and medicinal fungi,rich in a variety of functional active ingredients,with various physiological functions such as antioxidation,anticancer,and enhancing immunity.It is also effective in protecting the digestive system and preventing neurodegenerative diseases.In this review paper,we summarize the sources,structures and efficacies of the main active components in H.erinaceus fruiting body,mycelium,and culture media,and update the latest research progress on their biological activities and the related molecular mechanisms.Based on this information,we provide detailed challenges in current research,industrialization and information on the active ingredients of H.erinaceus.Perspectives for future studies and new applications of H.erinaceus are proposed.

Effect of Mushroom Extract Hericium erinaceus on Spatial Memory and Morphology of Neurons in the CA1 and CA3 Regions of the Hippocampus in Ovariectomized Rats

Various studies indicate that low levels of estradiol negatively impact cognitive abilities. Extracts from the fungus Hericium erinaceus (HE) contain bioactive components that promote the proper functioning of the nervous system and potential effects on protection against neurodegenerative diseases, including dementia and motor dysfunctions. The objective was to evaluate the effects of the administration of the HE mushroom extract on visuospatial memory and morphology of neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus in ovariectomized rats. 40 young Wistar rats weighing 90 ± 10 g BW were used, which were distributed into four groups of 10 animals;Control Group, non-ovariectomized and untreated rats;Group E2, ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol (2 μg/kg/body weight);Group HE, ovariectomized rats treated with the extract of the fungus Hericium erinaceus (0.5 mg/kg body weight) and Group Ovx/ST, ovariectomized rats, without treatment. The animals were tested in the Barnes and Open Field maze, then they were sacrificed, and their brains were obtained to perform a histological analysis of neuronal morphology in the CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus. The most outstanding results showed that the Ovx/ST group recorded the longest time to arrive at the escape box and stay in the Barnes maze. A correlation was observed between neuronal damage and function;in the groups that did not present satisfactory performance in the maze tests, morphological alterations were identified such as the presence of some neuronal somata with degeneration characteristics such as pyknosis, nuclear basophilia and shrinkage of the cells. Its soma, as well as a decrease in the nuclear area of CA1 and CA3 neurons. It is concluded that the fungus Hericium erinaceus exerted a neuroprotective effect on the neuronal bodies of the hippocampus, associated with better performance in the visuospatial recognition memory test.

Quantitative estimation of enzymatic released specific oligosaccharides from Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides using CE-LIF

Polysaccharides exhibit multiple pharmacological activities which are closely related to their structural features.Therefore,quantitatively quality control of polysaccharides based on their chemical charac-teristics is important for their application in biomedical and functional food sciences.However,poly-saccharides are mixed macromolecular compounds that are difficult to isolate and lack standards,making them challenging to quantify directly.In this study,we proposed an improved saccharide mapping method based on the release of specific oligosaccharides for the assessment of Hericium eri-naceus polysaccharides from laboratory cultured and different regions of China.Briefly,a polysaccharide from H.erinaceus was digested by b-(1-3)-glucanase,and the released specific oligosaccharides were labeled with 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic-acid(APTS)and separated by using micellar electrokinetic chromatography(MEKC)coupled with laser induced fluorescence(LIF),and quantitatively estimated.MEKC presented higher resolution compared to polysaccharide analysis using carbohydrate gel elec-trophoresis(PACE),and provided great peak capacity between oligosaccharides with polymerization degree of 2(DP2)and polymerization degree of 6(DP6)in a dextran ladder separation.The results of high performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector(HPSEC-MALLS-RI)showed that 12 h was sufficient for complete digestion of polysaccharides from H.erinaceus.Laminaritriose(DP3)was used as an internal standard for quantifi-cation of all the oligosaccharides.The calibration curve for DP3 showed a good linear regression(R2>0.9988).The limit of detection(LOD)and limit of quantification(LOQ)values were 0.05 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL,respectively.The recovery for DP3 was 87.32(±0.03)%in the three independent injections.To sum up,this proposed method is helpful for improving the quality control of polysaccharides from H.erinaceus as well as other materials.

Hericium erinaceus,a medicinal fungus with a centuries-old history:Evidence in gastrointestinal diseases

Hericium erinaceus is an edible and medicinal mushroom commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries.Several studies have highlighted its therapeutic potential for gastrointestinal disorders such as gastritis and inflammatory bowel diseases.In addition,some components of this mushroom appear to possess strong antineoplastic capabilities against gastric and colorectal cancer.This review aims to analyse all available evidence on the digestive therapeutic potential of this fungus as well as the possible underlying molecular mechanisms.

Antioxidant and Moisture-preserving Activities of Polysaccharides Obtained from Hericium erinaceus

[Objectives]The paper was to determine the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of three polysaccharide fractions(HP1,HP2 and HP3)obtained by ethanol precipitation from cold water,hot water and hot aqueous NaOH extracts of the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus.[Methods]The chemical components,antioxidant and moisture-preserving activities of the three polysaccharides were determined.[Results]All the three polysaccharide extracts showed similar physicochemical characteristics and FT-IR spectra.HP1,which had the highest sugar content and lowest molecular weight,exhibited the best antioxidant activities against DPPH and hydroxyl radicals.HP3 exhibited the greatest ability to absorb and retain moisture.[Conclusions]These data demonstrate the potential utility of polysaccharides extracted form H.erinaceus in the cosmetics,food and pharmaceutical industries.

Proximate Composition of Leaves of the African Rosewood (Pterocarpus erinaceus)

Plants have always been exploited worldwide for food, medicines, shelter, and other purposes because they are readily available, affordable and acceptable to a large populace of the world. The study was conducted to gather information on the proximate composition of fresh and dry leaves of Pterocarpus erinaceus. The proximate composition of the leaf samples was determined using the standard methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Proximate analysis of the fresh leaf samples of the plant shows a higher moisture content compared to the dry leaf samples. The total fat and total ash contents of the fresh leaf samples were however lower compared to values recorded for the dry leaf samples. The dry matter content of fresh leaf samples was also lower compared to that of the dry leaf samples. Fresh leaf samples again recorded the least crude protein content compared to dry leaf samples. Carbohydrates content in fresh leaf samples was higher compared to dry leaf samples. Generally, higher proximate values were recorded for dry leaf samples than for fresh leaves. Dry matter and moisture contents were detected in high quantities in both fresh and dry leaf samples of P. erinaceus. These results could be a justification for the multiple uses of the plant leaves across Sub-Saharan Africa. Further research should be carried out on the mineral, phytochemical and vitamin composition between the fresh and dry leaves of the plant.

Anti-hyperglycemic property of Hericium erinaceus --A mini review

Hericium erinaceus(H. erinaceus) is one of the widely used edible mushrooms around the world, primarily in Asian countries. H. erinaceus is used in traditional medicines, and mushroom based foods. The fruiting body and mycelia of H. erinaceus are extracted using the solvents, and several bioactive compounds were identified. Several studies have reported that those bioactive compounds exhibit many health benefits such as hemagglutinating, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-aging activities, etc. This manuscript consciously updated the information about the composition of H. erinaceus, H. erinaceus based foods, and anti-hyperglycemic property of H. erinaceus.

Antidiarrheal activity of Pterocarpus erinaceus methanol leaf extract in experimentally-induced diarrhea

Objective:To investigate the antidiarrheal activity of the methanol leaf extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus in vivo.Methods:The methanol leaf extract of Ptemcarpus erinaceus was evaluated using different doses(100,200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) orally for antidiarrheal activity using castor oil-induced diarrhea,charcoal meal transit lime and castor oil-induced enteropooling in different groups of albino Wistar mice.The activity of the extract at different doses were compared to diphenoxylate(3 mg/kg) and atropine sulphate(3 mg/kg) which were used as standard reference drugs and also to the distilled water administered negative control group of mice.Results:The extract at the doses used caused a significant(P【 0.01) reduction in the wet faeces passed by the mice in the castor oil-induced diarrhea,decreased the distance travelled by the charcoal meal by up to 54.8%and also caused a dose dependent and significant(P【 0.001) reduction in the intraluminal fluid accumulation in the castor oil-induced enteropooling. Conclusions:Our results indicate that Pterocarpits erinaceus extract produced significant antidiarrheal activity and the action may attribute to inhibition of gastrointestinal movement and fluid secretion.

Homopterocarpin contributes to the restoration of gastric homeostasis by Pterocarpus erinaceus following indomethacin intoxication in rats

Objective:To investigate the restorative effect of Pterocarpus erinaceus(P.erinaceus) and homopterocarpin.an isoflavonoid isolated from it.on indomethacin-indueed disruption in gastric homeostasis in rats.Methods:Adult rats were dn ided into five groups and lasted for 48 h before treatment.Group I received olive oil(vehicle),group 2 received 25 ing/kg indomethaein while groups 3-5 received cimetidine(100 mg/kg).lioniopterocarpin(25 mg/kg) and P.erinaceus ethanolie stem hark extract(100 mg/kg) respectively.After 1 h.all the groups except group 2 were administered 25 mg/kg of indomethacin.One hour later,the rats were sacrificed and the ulcer index and other gaslroprotective indices were evaluated.Results:Indomethacin caused significant injury to the stomach of the rats as reflected in the ulcer indices(9.0±1.4) as compared with that of control(2.0±0.0).Equally,there were significant increases in gastric acid concentration and malondialdehvde level in the stomachs of the ulcerated animals compared with the control.However mucus content,reduced gluthatione level and gastric pH were significantly reduced in the ulcerated animals compared with the control.Pretreatment with either Pterocarpus bark extract or homopterocarpin reversed the effects of indomethaein on the evaluated parameters.Conclusions:These results indicate that both homopterocarpin and Plerocarpus extract offered gastroprotection against indomethacin-induced ulcer by antioxidative mechanism and the modulation of gastric homeostasis.The results also suggest that homopterocarpin might he responsible for.or contribute to the antiulcerogenic property of P.erinaceus.

Regulatory effect of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate supplementation on ergosterol production in Hericium erinaceus mycelia

We evaluated the biomass and ergosterol content of Hericium erinaceus mycelium, and extracellular enzyme activities in H. erinaceus liquid culture following salicylic acid（SA） and methyl jasmonic acid（Me JA）supplementation. The optimal SA concentration was100 lmoláL-1, where the highest ergosterol content of 2.33 mgág-1was obtained following 6-day cultivation with100 lmoláL-1SA supplementation, and which was significantly higher than the unsupplemented control（p ／ 0.01）. Following 4-day supplementation with50 lmoláL-1Me JA, the highest ergosterol content obtained was 1.988 mgág-1, which was 25.8 % higher than the unsupplemented control. Our data indicate that SA and Me JA supplementation improves ergosterol content in H.erinaceus mycelium.

Maternal environment and seed size are important for successful germination and seedling establishment of Pterocarpus erinaceus (Fabaceae)

Seed size and the growth environment are important variables that influence seed germination, growth and biomass of seedlings and future tree harvest and should thus be taken into account in agroforestry and reforestation programmes for endangered species like Pterocarpus erinaceus. In the present study, to assess seedling germination and vigour in P. erinaceus as a function of seed size in two environments, 1080 seeds and 360 seedlings were evaluated at two separate sites in Côte d'Ivoire. The results show that large seeds had very high germination rates (up to 100%) and produced more vigorous plants better able to adapt to climate change. The maternal environment and seed size had a significant influence on seed germination (P < 0.05) and seedling development (P < 0.05) and biomass (P < 0.05). Seedlings were most successful at the site with a humid tropical climate (Daloa). Seedling leaves had the same resistance regardless of seed size and study site, but leaf moisture content was more stable in seedlings grown from medium and small seeds. These results will help guide conservation strategies for the species and are key factors for rural populations, loggers, and forest management structures for the silviculture of this species.

Study on Oxygen Consumption of Erinaceus europaeus under Laboratory Conditions

[Objective]The study aimed to determine oxygen consumption of Erinaceus europaeus at different temperatures to accumulate basic da- ta for the protection and deep discuss of Erinaceus europaeus. [Method]By using the improved close respiration apparatus,the time spent by ani- mals consuming a unit volume of oxygen was recorded by the improved close respiration apparatus to estimate oxygen consumption of Erinaceus europaeus at 20,25 and 30 °C respectively. [Result]When the temperature varied from 20 to 30 °C,the oxygen consumption and oxygen con- sumption rate of Erinaceus europaeus reduced with the increase of external temperature on the whole. The weight of Erinaceus europaeus had no obvious relation with its oxygen consumption and oxygen consumption rate. In addition,the temperature had linear regression relationships with the oxygen consumption and oxygen consumption rate of Erinaceus europaeus,that is,the linear regression equation between oxygen consumption （ x 0 ） （ ml/h） and temperature （ t） was x 0 =658. 81 -14. 98t,and the equation between oxygen consumption rate （ Q 0 ） [L/（ kg·h） ]and tempera- ture （ t） was Q 0 =827. 94 -19. 52t. [Conclusion]The metabolic rate of Erinaceus europaeus changed with environmental temperature,and 20 °C was more suitable for its growth,conforming with the fact that it is active just at night.

Pharmacological properties and related constituents of stem bark of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir.(Fabaceae)

Objective:To sereen methanol and dichloromethane extracts of stem bark of Pterocarpus erinaceus for anti-inflammatory,analgesic.in vitro antioxidant activities and phytochemical analysis.Methods:Anti-inflammatory activity was detcrmined by using carrageenan inducededema of mice paw and croton oil-induced edema of mice ear:analgesic effect was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing.Phytochemical screening of extracts was performed by thin layer chromatography.The chromatographic fractionation led to the isolation of main active components as friedelin.lupeol and epicathcchin.The structures were established hy TLC and nuclear magnetic resonance studies.Results:Both methanol and dichloromethane extracts, triedelin.lupeol and epicatechin showed a significant anti—inflammatory effect using croton oil induced—ear edema.Furthermore,the action of dichloroinethane extract was more important. At the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg.the methanol extract was able to reduce the carrageeuan induced-hind paw edema,while al the doses of 100.200 and 400 mg/kg.it showed an important analgesic effect against writhing induced by acetic acid injection of 38.8%.68.0%and 74.3%, respectively.Antioxidative properties of methanol extract and its dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were assessed by using the 1,1—diphenyl—2—picrylhydrazyl method.The methanol extract showed the stronger radical scavenging activity than dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions,with an antiradical power of 5.3.5 and 2 respectively.The main components isolated from these extracts as friedelin,lupeol and epicathechin were responsible of these activities.Conclusions:The results suggest that the stem hark extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus possessed important anti-inflammatory.analgesie activities and strong antioxidant properties, therefore,they could he used as natural potential ingredients for pharma ceutical industry.

Morphological Diversity within <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>Poir. (Fabaceae), an Overexploited Species in the Savannahs of Côte d’Ivoire

Pterocarpus erinaceus is a high socio-economic tree of African savannahs. It is overexploited due to technological qualities of its wood, forage value and medicinal uses. The main objective of this study is the assessment of the morphological variability within this species in Cote d’Ivoire, in sight of rational management. Fourteen morphological traits were used to appraise the variability within 144 trees in production from six sites (Yalo, Moyenne Marahoué, Kahanso, Kouassi-Ndawa, Ouarigué and Téguirdouo). The results indicate that the variability reaches 6.60 for the height of the fruit and 45.99 for the weight of the fruit. The results reveal also that there are three morphological groups of P. erinaceus in Cote d’Ivoire. Of the four traits that revealed a distinction among the three morphotypes, only the width of leaves and the number of leaflets enabled their complete distinction. Trees of group 1 have long leaves with a high number of leaflets and large fruits. Trees of group 2 have small leaves with a reduced number of leaflets and large fruits. Then trees of group 3 have intermediate value of width of leaves and number of leaflet and small fruits. The three morphological groups could be useful for varietal selection of P. erinaceus in Cote d’Ivoire.

Systems Pharmacological Approach to Investigate the Mechanism of Hericium erinaceus for Alzheimer’s Disease

Objective To confirm evidence regarding the potential therapeutic effect of Hericium erinaceus(H.erinaceus,Hou Tou Gu,猴头菇) on Alzheimer’s disease(AD) using a system pharmacological approach in silico.Methods The active compounds of H.erinaceus were screened from the TCMDatabase@Taiwan,PubMed,and Pubchem.The predicted targets of H.erinaceus were selected by using the Similarity Ensemble Approach Database and the DisGeNET database was used to screen the targets related to AD.The compound-target-AD network was built.GO analysis and Pathway enrichment analysis were used for bioinformatics analysis.Results A total of 21 kinds of H.erinaceus active compounds were screened by network pharmacology,showing 451 predicted targets of active compounds.Among them,165 targets were associated with AD,and the compounds in H.erinaceus were highly connected to AD-related signaling pathways and biological processes,such as cholinergic synaptic transmission,inflammation-related pathways and neurotrophin signaling pathway.Conclusions Our results indicate that compounds in H.erinaceus interact with multiple targets in a synergetic way and the anti-inflammatory,anti-apoptosis and synaptic transmission enhancing effects of H.erinaceus might contribute to its major therapeutic effects on Alzheimer’s disease.

Hericium Erinaceus (Bull.:Fr.) Pers.,A Medicinal Mushroom,Activates Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Objective： To study the ability of aqueous extract of Hericium erinaceus mushroom in the treatment of nerve injury following peroneal nerve crush in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods： Aqueous extract of Hericium erinaceus was given by daily oral administration following peroneal nerve crush injury in Sprague- Dawley rats. The expression of protein kinase B （Akt） and mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signaling pathways; and c-Jun and c-Fos genes were studied in dorsal root ganglia （DRG） whereas the activity of protein synthesis was assessed in peroneal nerves by immunohistochemical method. Results： Peripheral nerve injury leads to changes at the axonal site of injury and remotely located DRG containing cell bodies of sensory afferent neurons. Immunofluorescence studies showed that DRG neurons ipsilateral to the crush injury in rats of treated groups expressed higher immunoreactivities for Ak＇t, MAPK, c-Jun and c-Fos as compared with negative control group （P〈0.05）. The intensity of nuclear ribonucleoprotein in the distal segments of crushed nerves of treated groups was significantly higher than in the negative control group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： H. erinaceus is capable of promoting peripheral nerve regeneration after injury. Potential signaling pathways include Akt, MAPK, c-Jun, and c-Fos, and protein synthesis have been shown to be involved in its action.

Bioactivities and molecular mechanisms of polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus

Hericium erinaceus,an edible and medicinal mushroom,has been utilized since ancient China due to its delicious taste and health benefits.The polysaccharide from H.erinaceus(HEP)is supposed to be one of the major bioactive compounds,which garnered widespread attention in seeking innovative applications for precision nutrition.Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that HEP possesses antioxidant and anti-aging,gastrointestinal protecting,anti-tumor,hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic,immune-enhancing,neuroprotective,and hepatoprotective activities,verifying its functional benefits to human health.This review provides an overview of the extraction and structure of HEP,and concluded that HEP had different structures with different sources of H.erinaceus and extraction methods.Besides,the biochemical and pharmacological properties of HEP as well as the relative mechanism were highlighted and summarized on the basis of in vivo and in vitro studies,which could be helpful for the healthy application of HEP.Finally,the research prospects of HEP for specific populations or precision nutrition were proposed.

Effect of high quality dietary fiber of Hericium erinaceus on lowering blood lipid in hyperlipidemia mice

The purpose of this work is to describe the structure and hypoglycaemic activity of high-quality Hericium erinaceus dietary fiber(HQ-HDF),and compared with the H.erinaceus dietary fiber(HDF).Scanning electron microscopy and particle size distribution showed that the ultrasonic-microwave assisted enzymatic method significantly changed the surface structure of HQ-HDF and reduced the particle size.The results of high-performance gel chromatography showed that the ultrasonic-microwave assisted enzymatic method made the macromolecular components degrade into small molecular components.HQ-HDF has significantly improved hyperlipidemic activity in vitro.The results showed that HQ-HDF has blood lipid-lowering.The levels of total cholesterol,triglycerides,low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein in serum of high-fat mice in medium and high dose group were significantly increased.High dose of HQ-HDF significantly decreased the activities of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase,increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase.High dose of HQ-HDF could decreased the content of malonaldehyde.In addition,histopathological observation of mice liver showed that HQ-HDF could improve the lipid metabolism disorder of liver cells.

Effects of Hericium erinaceus polypeptide on lowering blood lipids of mice with hyperlipidemia induced by a high-fat diet

Hericium erinaceus polypeptide(HEP)was prepared by an ultrasound-microwave assisted enzymatic method.Using an ultrafiltration membrane with molecular weights of 5 and 10 kDa,HEP was fractionated into three fractions,namely,(HEP-I(<5 kDa),HEP-II(5–10 kDa),and HEP-III(>10 kDa)).In vitro chemical methods were used to compare the antioxidant and hypolipidemic abilities of the polypeptide fractions from H.erinaceus before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion.By constructing a hyperlipidemia model,the hypolipidemic ability of the high active fraction(HEP-II)was verified.The results showed that the antioxidant and hypolipidemic abilities of the polypeptide fractions from H.erinaceus did not change dramatically during simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro.The polypeptide fractions from H.erinaceus exhibited high tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro,with strong antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities.HEP-II with a molecular weight of 5–10 kDa had the best stability,antioxidant,and hypolipidemic abilities in gastrointestinal digestion.The secondary structure of HEP-II was mainly composed of random coil(18.36%)andα-helix(47.71%)structures,which was beneficial to the hypolipidemic ability of HEP-II.Animal experiments showed that compared to the high-fat model group,HEP-II could inhibit the weight gain of the mice,decrease the liver index and serum levels of the serum total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),nitric oxide synthase(NOS),alanine aminotransferase(AST),and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(ALT),increase the levels of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),decrease the arteriosclerosis index(AI),and improve the hemorheological indices of the mice.In addition,the whole blood and plasma viscosities of the mice decreased,and HEP-II increased the level of superoxide dismutase(SOD)in the liver,reducing the level of malondialdehyde(MDA),and the degree of oxidative stress in the liver of hypolipidemia mice.Furthermore,HEP-II improved liver steatosis.These results indicated that the polypeptide fractions from H.erinaceus all had a potential hypolipidemic effect,and HEP-II had the strongest potential hypolipidemic effect.

猴头菇鸡肉丸配方研究

以鸡胸肉、猴头菇(Hericium erinaceus)等为原料,对猴头菇鸡肉丸的配方进行了研究。通过单因素试验和正交试验,以感官评价为指标,确定了猴头菇鸡肉丸的最佳配方为猴头菇添加量3%、料酒添加量20%、玉米淀粉添加量10%、卡拉胶添加量0.4%,其他配料添加量为猪肥膘20%、红枣2%、枸杞1%、姜粉1%、葱6%、盐1.6%、白胡椒粉0.5%、味精1%。