Regulating the Localization of Intumescent Flame Retardant for Improving the Flame Retardancy of Ethylene-vinyl Acetate Copolymer Using Polyamide 6 as a Charring Agent

Polyamide 6 (PA6) was employed as a charring agent of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) to improve the flame retardancy of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). Different processing procedures were used to regulate the localization of IFR in the EVA matrix. Localizations in which IFR was dispersed in the PA6phase or in the EVA phase were prepared. The effect of the localization of IFR on the flame retardancy of EVA was investigated. The limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL 94) and cone calorimeter test (CCT)showed that the localization of IFR in the EVA matrix exhibited a remarkable influence on the flame retardancy.Compared with EVA/IFR, a weak improvement in the flame retardancy was observed in the EVA/PA6/IFR blend withthe localization of IFR in the PA6 phase. When IFR was regulated from the PA6 phase to the EVA matrix,a remarkable increase in the flame retardancy was exhibited. The LOI was increased from 27.8%to 32.7%, and the UL 94 vertical rating was increased from V-2 to V-0. Moreover, an approximately 41.36%decrease in the peak heat release rate was exhibited. A continuous and compact intumescent charring layer that formed in the blends with the localization of IFR in the EVA matrix should be responsible for its excellent flame retardancy.

Polyvinyl Acetate and Vinyl Acetate-Ethylene Hybrid Adhesive: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties

The goal is to develop a hybrid IPN network of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (VAE). In this research work, the vinyl acetate (VAc)/ VAE hybrid emulsion and polyvinyl acetate emulsion (PVAc) were effectively synthesized. Emulsions with various characteristics have been developed by adjusting the weight ratios between the vinyl acetate monomer and the VAE component. The impacts on the mechanical, thermal, and physical properties of the films were investigated using tests for pencil hardness, tensile shear strength, pH, contact angle measurement, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and viscosity. When 5.0 weight percent VAE was added, the tensile shear strength in dry conditions decreased by 18.75% after a 24-hour bonding period, the heat resistance decreased by 26.29% (as per WATT 91) and the tensile shear strength decreased by approximately 36.52% in wet conditions (per EN 204). The pristine sample’s results were also confirmed by the contact angle test. The interpenetrating network (IPN) formation in hybrid PVAc emulsion as primary bonds does not directly attach to PVAc and VAE chains. The addition of VAE reduced the mechanical properties (at dry conditions) and heat resistance as per WATT 91. Contact angle analysis demonstrated that PVAc adhesives containing VAE had increased water resistance when compared to conventional PVA stabilised PVAc homopolymer-based adhesives. When compared to virgin PVAc Homo, the water resistance of the PVAc emulsion polymerization was enhanced by the addition of VAE.

Sound Absorption Properties of Discarded Feathers/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Thermoplastic Composite Materials

The discarded feathers / ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer( EVA) thermoplastic composite materials was obtained with discarded feathers as reinforced material and EVA powders as matrix material by hot pressing method. Sound absorption properties were studied by changing mass ratio of discarded feathers and EVA,thickness of composite materials,hot pressing pressure and hot pressing temperature. It was found that the sound absorption properties of composite materials were good when the mass ratio of discarded feathers and EVA was 1: 1,thickness of composite materials was 30 mm,hot pressing pressure was 8 MPa,and hot pressing temperature was 80 ℃. Under the optimum conditions,the effect of composite density on sound absorption property was analyzed. In a certain range,the sound absorption property was enhanced with the decrease of the composite density.When the composite density was 0. 1g /cm^3, the maximum absorption coefficient was 0.96. Finally,the capillary theory was used to calculate the maximum sound absorption coefficient of discarded feathers / EVA thermoplastic composite materials. The good agreements of experimental results and calculated results proved the validity of the theoretical models.

Effects of Nano-Filler on the Thermal and Fire-Resistant Properties of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer

Sepiolite （S9, B10, B20, B40） and boehmite have been added to an intumecent flame retardant （IFR） system to produce the halogen-free and fire-resistant ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer （EVM） rubber. The rubber contains ammonium polyphosphate （APP） as acid source, double pentaerythritol （D-PER） as carbon source and melamine （MN） as gas source. The effects of nano-filler sepiolite and boehmite on the fire-resistant property of EVM rubber based on IFR system were investigated. The test results show that the system with nano-filler of sepiolite B10 has the best fire-resistant property. The process of smoke emission and thermal decomposition, the element composition of char surface and the micro morphology of intumecent char layer of the EVM IFR system with nano-filler were also studied by NBS chamber, thermogravimetric （TG） analysis, X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） and scanning electron microscope （SEM）.

Nutrient Release Characteristics of Vinyl Chloride-Vinyl acetate Copolymers Coated SlowRelease Nitrogen Fertilizer and Its Effect on Soil Mineral Nitrogen

[Objective] The aim was to explore release characteristics of vinyl chlo- ride-vinyl acetate copolymer controlled-release N fertilizer and the effects on minerat nitrogen in soils. [Method] Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer and hydroxyl-modi- fied VCNAc were taken as coating materials to prepare slow release fertilizer. Nutri- ent release characteristics of VC/VAc slow release fertilizer was evaluated by water immersion method and the effects of VC/VAc slow release fertilizer on mineral ni- trogen were researched by pot experiment. [Result] The release periods of VC-VAc controlled-release urea and hydroxyl-modified VC/VAc coated urea were 60 and 50 d, respectively. Furthermore, the content of ammonium nitrogen reached the peak on the 30th d and the content of nitrate nitrogen reached the peak on the 60th d in soils in treatments with VCNAc and hydroxyl-modified VC/VAc; the content of nitrate nitrogen rose again on the 120th d in the treatment with VC/VAc. In terms of wheat yield, different treatments showed insignificant differences and rice yield in the treatment with VCNAc was significantly higher than that in the treatment with hy- droxyl-modified VCNAc （P〈0.05）. [Conclusion] The release days of slow controlled- release fertilizer vary upon pot experiment method and water immersion method. Slow controlled-release fertilizer is not suitable for monoculture, due to long fertilizer efficiency, but multiple cropping would be optimal for its role to be fully exploited.

Effect of ethylene vinyl acetate content on the performance of VMD using HDPE co-blending membrane

Membranes were fabricated with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) blend through thermally induced phase separation and were then used for vacuum membrane distillation (VMD). The membranes were supported by non woven polyester fabric with a special cellular structure. Different membrane samples were obtained by adjusting the polymer concentration, HDPE/EVA weight ratio, and coagulation bath temperature. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, contact angle test, and evaluation of porosity and pore size distribution. A series of VMD tests were conducted using aqueous NaCI solution (0.5 mol·L^-1) at a feed temperature of 65 ℃ and permeate side absolute pressure of 3 kPa. The membranes showed excellent performance in water permeation flux, salt rejection, and long-term sta-bility. The HDPE/EVA co-blending membranes exhibited the largest permeation flux of 23.87 kg·m^-2·h^-1, and benign salt rejection of ≥99.9%.

Sensing Property of Carbon Nanotube Yarn Embedded in Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Elastomer

Carbon nanotube (CNT) has remarkable piezoresistive properties,which makes its extremely sensitive to the mechanical force. In this study,the CNT yarn with the strength of 90 MPa and the strain sensing gage factor of 1.75 was selected and embedded into the ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) elastomer as a sensing material.By measuring the electric resistance changing under the stretching,bending,longitudinally and transversely compressing of the CNT embedded EVA, the resistance changing curves and their linear correlations were obtained and analyzed. The result shows that the gage factor under the tensile test is the highest( 2.51),which is higher than the original value of CNT yarn (1.75). The gage factors of the CNT yarn embedded into EVA elastomer under bending and longitudinal and transverse compression are 2.29,1.55 and 0.79,respectively.

Difference in Surface Roughness of Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate Sheet before and after Application of Finishing Liquid

Surface texture of the mouthguard affects the sense of adaptation in the athlete and further affects hygiene. Therefore, finish polishing is extremely important. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in the surface roughness after finishing polishing of ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA) sheets and after application of the finishing liquid, and to evaluate its effectiveness. Total of 48 specimens of EVA (3 × 3 mm) were divided into 4 groups according to polishing condition (control = unpolished;condition A = Robinson-brush;condition B = Lisko-Fine, and condition C = Mouthguard-wheel). Polishing was performed at low speed by using a straight headpiece. The rotation speeds were 5000, 4000 and 6000 rpm for condition A, B, and C, respectively. Next, a finishing liquid was applied to each specimen. For application, a cotton swab was used, and it was applied by three reciprocations. A non-contact surface shape measuring machine was used for measuring surface roughness;the measurement range is 1.65 mm and the resolution is 0.01 nm. The arithmetic average height (Sa) was measured. The differences in the surface roughness before and 15 min after the application of the finishing liquid were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni’s multiple comparison tests. Surface roughness of the specimen before application became coarse in the order of control, condition C, B and A, and Sa was about 0.20, 1.98, 2.92, and 4.71 μm, respectively. The degree of reduction in roughness was about 1.0 μm or more than each polished state in conditions A and B. Condition C was not significantly different before and after application. No significant difference was observed between condition B and C after application. The results of this study showed that the surface roughness decreased due to the application of the finishing liquid when the surface roughness after finish polishing was about 2.0 μm or more.

Difference in Surface Roughness of Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate Sheet before and after Application of Finishing Liquid: Part 2 Changes over Time in Surface Roughness

Surface texture of the mouthguard affects the sense of adaptation in the athlete and further affects hygiene. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes over time in surface roughness after finish polishing of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) sheets and before and after finishing liquid application, and to evaluate its effectiveness. Total of 160 specimens of EVA (3 × 3 mm) were divided into 4 groups according to polishing condition (control = unpolished;RB = Robinson-brush;LF = Lisko-Fine, and MW = Mouthguard-wheel). Polishing was performed at low speed by using a straight headpiece. The rotation speed was 5000, 4000 and 6000 rpm for RB, LF, and MW, respectively. Next, a finishing liquid was applied to each specimen. Changes over time in surface roughness before and after application of the finishing liquid were compared by a non-contact surface shape measuring machine. The arithmetic average height (Sa) was measured. The measurement time points were before application, immediately after application, and at 5, 10, and 15 min after application. The changes over time of the surface roughness of the sheet before and after application of the finishing liquid were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni’s multiple comparison tests. Surface roughness of the specimen before application became coarse in the order of control;MW, LF and RB, and Sa were about 0.21 μm, 2.03 μm, 2.94 μm, and 4.72 μm, respectively. That showed the same order after finishing liquid application. Significant decrease in Sa for RB and LF were seen at 10 min after application and at 5 min after application, respectively. Sa of MW was not significantly different before and after application. The results of this study showed that a lubricity of about 1.0 μm increases within 5 - 10 min of application of finishing liquid, but in cases where polishing was performed to about 2.0 μm;the application of finishing liquid has no ef-fect.

Steady State Simulation of a Novel Process for the Co-production of Vinyl Acetate and Acetic Acid

A new process for the co-production of vinyl acetate monomer and acetic acid from ethane feedstock was studied. Various configurations were proposed and simulation results were given for each case to optimize process variables. This new process offers an overall yield values above 70% with minimum separation steps involved and the possibility of utilities integration. The process does not involve any CO production, thus becoming environmentally more favorable. The initial capital investment of the proposed process is much lower compared to the conventional route.

NON-ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION OF ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER CONTAINING A HIGH WEIGHT FRACTION OF GRAPHENE NANOSHEETS AND CARBON NANOTUBES

The effect of the different geometrical dimensionality of two dimensional graphene nanosheets （2D GNSs） and one dimensional carbon nanotubes （1D CNTs） on the non-isothermal crystallization of an ethylene-vinyl acetate （EVA） copolymer at high loading （5 wt%） was studied. Transmission electron microscopy indicated a homogeneous dispersion of GNSs and CNTs in EVA obtained by a solution dispersion process. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry measurements showed that 1D CNTs and 2D GNSs acted as effective nucleating agents, with a noticeably increased onset crystallization temperature of EVA. A high weight fraction of nano-fillers slowed the overall crystallization rate of composites. At the same crystallization temperatute, the crystallization behavior of GNS/EVA composites was slowed compared to that of the CNT/EVA ones owing to larger nucleus barrier and activation energy of diffusion. Dynamic mechanical relaxation and rheology behavior of CNT/EVA and GNS/EVA composites demonstrated that the planar structure of the GNSs had an intensively negative effect on EVA chain mobility due to interactions between nano- fillers and polymer chains, as well as spatial restriction.

接枝共聚物对乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物/聚乙烯共混物结构及性能的影响

通过熔融共混法制备了乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物(EVOH)/低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)共混物,再加入马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯(PE-g-MAH)用于促进EVOH的分散性。利用DSC、SEM、力学性能测试、阻隔性能测试等方法表征了共混物的结构及PE-g-MAH的加入对共混物性能的影响。实验结果表明,LDPE与EVOH不相容,EVOH以球形颗粒均匀分散在LDPE基体中,添加PE-g-MAH后可显著改善EVOH的分散性,大幅降低EVOH的结晶温度,进一步提高EVOH/LDPE共混物的强度及对一类萜类物质的阻隔性能。另外,当EVOH含量为10%(w)时,EVOH/LDPE共混物的阻隔性能相对纯LDPE有明显提升,之后进一步提高EVOH含量,阻隔性能变化不大。

小空腔内EVA发泡胶带的黏结性能和发泡行为研究

采用4,4-氧代双苯磺酰肼(OBSH)作为发泡剂、以过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)作为交联剂、C9树脂作为增黏剂制备了乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)发泡胶带,研究组分对2D发泡胶带使用性能的影响和机理。结果表明,在合适的EVA/BPO/OBSH/C9(100/3/3/40)条件下,发泡胶带能够在170℃和205℃下发泡。发泡胶带具有良好的使用性能,膨胀率超过2倍,不发生挂流,表面平整。同时,发泡胶带的拉伸强度高于5 MPa,断裂伸长率超过240%,吸水率低于5%。

低温等离子体活化氯丁橡胶和乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物及其复配改性沥青的性能

为提升胶粉改性沥青的性能,以与基质沥青质量比为11/100的氯丁橡胶(CR)和3/100的乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)为改性剂制备了改性沥青,采用低温等离子体活化CR/EVA以进一步提升复配改性沥青的性能,研究了单一改性、复配改性和低温等离子体活化复配改性沥青(A-CR/EVA-MA)的路用性能,并使用扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析了各改性沥青的微观机理。结果表明,各改性沥青的路用性能均有提升,总体表现为活化复配改性优于复配改性和单一改性;A-CR/EVA-MA的针入度、软化点、延度、布氏黏度及抗车辙因子较基质沥青分别提升了46%、47%、95%、253%和278%,存储稳定性也得到了进一步提高;低温等离子体活化技术增加了改性剂的比表面积和表面官能团含量,提高了改性剂对沥青中轻质组分的吸附能力,促进了CR和EVA与沥青的紧密结合,有效提升了改性沥青的路用性能。

我国乙烯-醋酸乙烯树脂的市场分析

乙烯-醋酸乙烯(EVA)树脂是以乙烯和醋酸乙烯酯为原料,采用本体聚合法生产的一种高附加值产品。近年来,随着光伏、涂覆等领域需求的不断增长,我国EVA树脂行业发展迅速。2023年,我国EVA树脂生产能力达到2450 kt/a,表观消费量达到3249.4 kt,随着新建和扩建装置的建成投产,我国EVA树脂的生产能力不断增长,供需矛盾进一步得到缓解。文章分析了我国EVA树脂的供需现状,指出了未来的发展趋势,并提出了今后的发展建议。

ATH/ADP配比对EVA阻燃性能及机理转变的影响

针对氢氧化铝(ATH)在对乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)阻燃效率低的问题,将二乙基次磷酸铝(ADP)和ATH复配,用以提高EVA阻燃性能。本研究采用垂直燃烧(UL-94)、极限氧指数(LOI)和锥形量热仪(CONE)对材料的阻燃性能进行研究。结果表明,和EVA/ATH复合材料相比,当ATH和ADP质量比为2∶1和1∶2时,垂直燃烧等级均从无等级提高到V-0级,LOI分别从34.5%提高到37.8%和42.8%。通过不同测试方法对以上两种配比的样品进行阻燃机理分析。结果表明,在ATH和ADP质量比为2:1的样品中,热分解释放的含磷化合物含量较低,而且形成的磷酸铝(AlPO4)促使炭层更致密连续,热分解产生的残炭量高于理论值,因此该配比下阻燃机理以凝聚相为主导。在ATH和ADP质量比为1∶2的样品中,炭层孔洞较多,热分解产生的残炭量低于理论值,但气相产物中出现较多含磷化合物,因此该配比下阻燃机理以气相主导。

醋酸乙烯-乙烯改性抹灰砂浆早期干燥收缩分析

为缓解抹灰砂浆的早期干燥收缩,本文采用醋酸乙烯-乙烯(VAE)改性抹灰砂浆,通过正交试验探究了VAE、水胶比、粉煤灰、重钙对水泥砂浆早期干燥收缩的影响规律,采用灰色关联度分析了各因素对早期干燥收缩的影响程度,并采用核磁共振技术从细观尺度分析了VAE改性抹灰砂浆的孔隙结构分布。结果表明:各因素对砂浆早期干燥收缩影响程度由大到小依次为水胶比、VAE掺量、重钙掺量、粉煤灰掺量,并且最优组合为水胶比0.45、VAE掺量3%(质量分数,下同)、重钙掺量0%、粉煤灰掺量20%;VAE掺量在3%左右时,砂浆“三峰”峰值均有所降低,横向弛豫时间T_(2)谱积分面积最小,减少了有害孔和多害孔数量,此时砂浆孔结构分布均匀、形态复杂;VAE影响下砂浆的早期干燥收缩值与孔隙结构分形维数呈负相关函数,孔隙尺寸分布越均匀,形态越复杂,砂浆抵抗早期干燥收缩性能越强;实际工程中可以通过调节水胶比、VAE掺量控制砂浆的早期干燥收缩,通过调节粉煤灰、重钙掺量控制成本投入。

共聚焦拉曼成像技术研究PE⁃LD/EVOH共混物的三维相结构

利用共聚焦拉曼成像技术研究了低密度聚乙烯(PE⁃LD)/乙烯⁃乙烯醇共聚物(EVOH)共混物中各相在压塑样品水平方向、深度方向和三维空间的分布情况,首次获得了PE⁃LD/EVOH共混物的三维相结构,并直观地将相区与共混物化学成分相对应。结果表明,PE⁃LD/EVOH共混物为不相容体系;当EVOH的质量分数为20%时,其作为分散相,以较规则的圆柱体形态分散于PE⁃LD基体中,圆柱直径尺寸在3~6μm范围内。加入马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯(PE⁃g⁃MAH)作为相容剂后,共混物的相态结构发生显著变化,分散相形状由规则变为不规则,截面的平均尺寸减小到约2μm,这说明PE⁃g⁃MAH可显著增强PE⁃LD与EVOH两组分间的界面相容性。

高乙烯含量VAE乳液的研究与生产

以聚乙烯醇(PVA1788、PVA0588)复配做保护胶体,醋酸乙烯酯及乙烯为单体,采用氧化还原法制备不同乙烯含量的VAE乳液。研究原料、聚合工艺和反应条件及加料方式对VAE乳液乙烯含量、固含量、粘度、玻璃化转变温度和相对分子质量的影响,考查改性PVA对VAE乳液耐水性能的影响。结果表明,最佳初始反应温度为65℃,后期温度为70℃~85℃,最佳乳化剂含量为4%,最佳引发剂用量为2.5%,VAE乳液的乙烯含量为9%~23%,使用疏水基改性PVA代替部分保护胶体,乳液耐水性明显提高。

乙酸乙烯与乙烯混合物亥姆霍兹自由能状态方程及应用

为向高压聚乙酸乙烯生产过程提供全面可靠的热力学性质数据及预测模型,在搜集文献中热力学性质实验数据及添加合理趋势限制条件的基础上,采用Powell直接拟合算法开发了乙酸乙烯及乙酸乙烯与乙烯混合物的多参数亥姆霍兹自由能经验状态方程。结果表明:乙酸乙烯状态方程适用范围为三相点温度到650 K,压力可外推至100 MPa;乙酸乙烯与乙烯混合物状态方程适用温度为104~520 K,压力为0.1~200 MPa。经与实验数据比较分析,乙酸乙烯状态方程计算密度的总体偏差为0.3%;混合物状态方程计算压力50~195 MPa内密度的偏差在±4%内,在高压区域内计算精确度表现良好;乙酸乙烯与乙烯混合物的压缩因子与实验数据吻合较好,偏差总体分布在±3%。分析表明所开发状态方程可满足工程设计需求。