漂浮式海上风电离网制氢联合仿真实验平台

海上风电制氢有助于解决海上风电消纳和远海输电难题,但目前的仿真缺乏海上环境对制氢影响的模拟,限制了相关研究与教学发展,因此亟需开发充分考虑海洋环境载荷的海上风电离网制氢仿真实验平台。该文将风机一体化仿真工具FAST和MATLAB/Simulink电力系统工具箱相结合,实现海上风机与发电机的联合仿真,在MATLAB内部通过设计接口实现电力系统与数学模型的两工具箱的联合仿真,以此构建两软件三工具箱联合的海上风电离网制氢一体化仿真实验平台。仿真结果表明,该平台能实现漂浮式海上风电离网制氢联合仿真,可为海上风电制氢有关研究和实验教学提供有力支撑。

基于灰度均值的自适应FAST角点检测优化算法

光照不均、突变引起的灰度变化会影响图像特征检测效果。为此,设计一种基于灰度均值的自适应FAST-9-12角点检测算法。首先,利用特征点的延展性设计一种小面积双重检测模板,减少像素点与中心点的比较次数,提高区域正检率和检测速度;其次,依据图像局部灰度均值,在每个像素点检测模板内自适应调整阈值,避免灰度变化影响检测效果;最后,根据柔性非极大值抑制的思想设计角点半径抑制原则,筛选鲁棒性更强的角点。在Inria遥感影像数据集上的实验结果表明,FAST-9-12角点检测速度比FAST-12-16,FAST-9-16两种模板提高22%左右,因自适应阈值的提取方式不易受光照影响,检测准确率分别提高4.16和3.11个百分点,实现了图像特征快速和精准检测。

基于Kano-FAST的瓦楞纸激光印刷设备设计研究

目的推动印刷行业朝更高效的方向迈进,提高印刷设备的易操作性和视觉识别性。方法将Kano和FAST(Function Analysis System Technique)模型引入瓦楞纸激光打印设备设计的前期应用需求分析中,通过问卷的方法获取用户的基本要求,并划分为几个子类型,进而建立Kano的二维功能属性模型。采用FAST法建立功能树,辅助使用Kano模型,从而更精准地分析用户需求,并更好地根据其需求进行优化设计。结果综合运用设计原理,针对性地挖掘瓦楞纸激光印刷设备在造型识别性、操作易用性、生产安全性上存在的问题,进而输出更优解。结论该设计方法的引入有助于为同类型的印刷设备设计提供参考,并引起更多相关厂家的重视,推动印刷行业向更积极的方向发展。

基于情境模型的居家老人噎食急救产品设计研究

探索居家老人噎食急救情境中的关键因素,建立情境-FAST模型,确立设计策略并完成设计实践。以工业设计的情境模型和FAST模型为理论依据,划分出3类噎食急救情境,参考近3年噎食急救产品专利文献中的问题和需求,运用FAST模型将设计要点转换为功能描述,最后输出设计。文章提出多方面的急救指导、简单实用功能操作、适合家庭环境收纳3种设计策略,并设计出了适合居家老人使用的噎食急救产品。情境-FAST模型可为居家老人噎食急救产品设计提供参考。

中国天眼和“人民科学家”南仁东

中国天眼建成已经9年,在脉冲星、快速射电暴和中性氢三大研究领域都有很多发现。其中最有代表性的是通过脉冲星计时阵的观测发现纳赫兹低频引力波。南仁东以百折不挠的精神,带领团队奋斗22年终于建成了“中国天眼”。2019年9月17日,国家主席习近平签署主席令,授予南仁东“人民科学家”的国家荣誉称号,成为中国人民学习的榜样。

500m口径射电望远镜(FAST)索网结构风致破坏概率评估

大跨空间索网结构风敏感性突出,极易遭受风荷载影响。针对目前缺乏此类结构抗风性能评估方法的问题,以大跨空间索网结构FAST为例,提出一种基于实测风场数据的风致破坏概率分析方法。采集1971年~2020年结构所处地区的大量实测风速数据,通过概率分布拟合建立场地的风灾危险性模型。建立FAST的精细化有限元分析模型并模拟风荷载时程输入,采用非线性动力时程分析对结构的风振反应进行计算,基于概率性需求模型绘制易损性曲线。最后,结合得出的风灾危险性和结构易损性,计算得出FAST结构在所处场地实际风灾环境中的破坏概率。研究表明:该地极限风速为17m/s,风速在0~10m/s的概率最大;在120°、210°和300°风向角下,下拉索均为易损构件,210°风向角上吸风对索网结构最不利;在最不利风向角下,结构达到轻微破坏、中等破坏和严重破坏的总破坏概率分别为1.8359×10^(-4)、1.1499×10^(-5)和1.3202×10^(-6)。

面向FAST的卫星电磁干扰监测技术研究与实现

来自人造卫星的信号是射电天文观测面临的主要射频干扰(radio frequency interference,RFI)之一,这些RFI会将天文信号掩埋,为天文信号的搜寻和分析带来困扰。为了缓减卫星对天文观测的影响,我们在之前的工作中为500 m口径球面射电望远镜(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope,FAST)开发了卫星电磁干扰监测软件,主要包括卫星数据库、观测模块和监测模块。近年来随着多个巨型卫星星座的规划发射以及望远镜观测模式的增多,卫星对射电天文观测的影响更为复杂,已有的软件已经不能满足实际的需要。为此,本文在单个卫星干扰分析的基础上提出了卫星星座的干扰评估方法,并对已有监测软件进行了升级,升级后卫星数据库覆盖更多的在轨卫星及星座信息且能够自动化更新,观测模块能够支持更多种观测模式下的卫星过境预测和干扰评估。在实际天文观测中,通过接在FAST接收机上的频谱仪数据对软件的干扰预测结果进行了实验验证,结果证明升级后的软件能够在多种观测模式下预测可能威胁的卫星以及对应的过境时间,为望远镜观测规划的调整、卫星干扰的规避和接收系统的保护提供重要的支撑。

基于BP神经网络的FAST馈源舱融合测量预测研究

500 m口径球面射电望远镜(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope,FAST)的跟踪观测需要馈源的空间运动配合,馈源舱主要用于实现馈源的精调定位,因此馈源舱位置的高精度测量对FAST望远镜的高效运行意义重大。但当全站仪设备失效时,无法对采用Kalman算法的GPS/IMU融合测量结果进行修正,导致馈源舱测量精度下降。为了解决这个问题,设计了基于BP(back propagation)神经网络的预测模型,包括数据预处理、模型设计和模型训练验证。模型训练数据为FAST真实测量数据,数据量为40 GB左右。为了验证模型的泛化能力,选取三种运动轨迹数据对模型预测精度进行测试,结果显示,三种运动轨迹下精度都满足15 mm要求。

ZnO Additive Boosts Charging Speed and Cycling Stability of Electrolytic Zn–Mn Batteries

Electrolytic aqueous zinc-manganese(Zn–Mn) batteries have the advantage of high discharge voltage and high capacity due to two-electron reactions. However, the pitfall of electrolytic Zn–Mn batteries is the sluggish deposition reaction kinetics of manganese oxide during the charge process and short cycle life. We show that, incorporating ZnO electrolyte additive can form a neutral and highly viscous gel-like electrolyte and render a new form of electrolytic Zn–Mn batteries with significantly improved charging capabilities. Specifically, the ZnO gel-like electrolyte activates the zinc sulfate hydroxide hydrate assisted Mn^(2+) deposition reaction and induces phase and structure change of the deposited manganese oxide(Zn_(2)Mn_(3)O_8·H_(2)O nanorods array), resulting in a significant enhancement of the charge capability and discharge efficiency. The charge capacity increases to 2.5 mAh cm^(-2) after 1 h constant-voltage charging at 2.0 V vs. Zn/Zn^(2+), and the capacity can retain for up to 2000 cycles with negligible attenuation. This research lays the foundation for the advancement of electrolytic Zn–Mn batteries with enhanced charging capability.

Unraveling the Fundamental Mechanism of Interface Conductive Network Influence on the Fast‑Charging Performance of SiO‑Based Anode for Lithium‑Ion Batteries

Progress in the fast charging of high-capacity silicon monoxide(SiO)-based anode is currently hindered by insufficient conductivity and notable volume expansion.The construction of an interface conductive network effectively addresses the aforementioned problems;however,the impact of its quality on lithium-ion transfer and structure durability is yet to be explored.Herein,the influence of an interface conductive network on ionic transport and mechanical stability under fast charging is explored for the first time.2D modeling simulation and Cryo-transmission electron microscopy precisely reveal the mitigation of interface polarization owing to a higher fraction of conductive inorganic species formation in bilayer solid electrolyte interphase is mainly responsible for a linear decrease in ionic diffusion energy barrier.Furthermore,atomic force microscopy and Raman shift exhibit substantial stress dissipation generated by a complete conductive network,which is critical to the linear reduction of electrode residual stress.This study provides insights into the rational design of optimized interface SiO-based anodes with reinforced fast-charging performance.

Dual-single-atoms of Pt-Co boost sulfur redox kinetics for ultrafast Li-S batteries

Applications of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are still limited by the sluggish conversion kinetics from polysulfide to Li_(2)S.Although various single-atom catalysts are available for improving the conversion kinetics,the sulfur redox kinetics for Li-S batteries is still not ultrafast.Herein,in this work,a catalyst with dual-single-atom Pt-Co embedded in N-doped carbon nanotubes(Pt&Co@NCNT)was proposed by the atomic layer deposition method to suppress the shuttle effect and synergistically improve the interconversion kinetics from polysulfides to Li_(2)S.The X-ray absorption near edge curves indicated the reversible conversion of Li_(2)Sx on the S/Pt&Co@NCNT electrode.Meanwhile,density functional theory demonstrated that the Pt&Co@NCNT promoted the free energy of the phase transition of sulfur species and reduced the oxidative decomposition energy of Li_(2)S.As a result,the batteries assembled with S/Pt&Co@NCNT electrodes exhibited a high capacity retention of 80%at 100 cycles at a current density of 1.3 mA cm^(−2)(S loading:2.5 mg cm^(−2)).More importantly,an excellent rate performance was achieved with a high capacity of 822.1 mAh g^(−1) at a high current density of 12.7 mA cm^(−2).This work opens a new direction to boost the sulfur redox kinetics for ultrafast Li-S batteries.

Rapid and stable calcium-looping solar thermochemical energy storage via co-doping binary sulfate and Al–Mn–Fe oxides

Solar thermochemical energy storage based on calcium looping(CaL)process is a promising technology for next-generation concentrated solar power(CSP)systems.However,conventional calcium carbonate(CaCO_(3))pellets suffer from slow reaction kinetics,poor stability,and low solar absorptance.Here,we successfully realized high power density and highly stable solar thermochemical energy storage/release by synergistically accelerating energy storage/release via binary sulfate and promoting cycle stability,mechanical strength,and solar absorptance via Al–Mn–Fe oxides.The energy storage density of proposed CaCO_(3)pellets is still as high as 1455 kJ kg^(-1)with only a slight decay rate of 4.91%over 100 cycles,which is higher than that of state-of-the-art pellets in the literature,in stark contrast to 69.9%of pure CaCO_(3)pellets over 35 cycles.Compared with pure CaCO_(3),the energy storage power density or decomposition rate is improved by 120%due to lower activation energy and promotion of Ca^(2+)diffusion by binary sulfate.The energy release or carbonation rate rises by 10%because of high O^(2-)transport ability of molten binary sulfate.Benefiting from fast energy storage/release rate and high solar absorptance,thermochemical energy storage efficiency is enhanced by more than 50%under direct solar irradiation.This work paves the way for application of direct solar thermochemical energy storage techniques via achieving fast energy storage/release rate,high energy density,good cyclic stability,and high solar absorptance simultaneously.

上游风力机偏航对于下游风力机气动特性的影响

针对倾斜尾迹导致下游风力机受到不平衡的气动载荷,疲劳载荷显著增加的问题,文章基于FAST.Farm开源软件,研究了在NREL 5 MW风力机错列布局下,上游风力机偏航对于下游风力机气动特性的影响。研究结果表明:随着上游风力机偏航角度的增加,下游风力机逐渐处于尾流风速亏损的核心区域,其风轮输出功率的减少量显著增大,风轮所承受的推力逐渐降低;相较于上游风力机未偏航的情况,当上游风力机偏航角度为40°时,下游风力机叶根处倾覆力矩的标准差增加了50.5%,波动性显著增大。该研究结果可为整场控制协同优化和偏航入流下的风力机气动特性分析提供参考。

An NMOS output-capacitorless low-dropout regulator with dynamic-strength event-driven charge pump

In this paper,an NMOS output-capacitorless low-dropout regulator(OCL-LDO)featuring dual-loop regulation has been proposed,achieving fast transient response with low power consumption.An event-driven charge pump(CP)loop with the dynamic strength control(DSC),is proposed in this paper,which overcomes trade-offs inherent in conventional structures.The presented design addresses and resolves the large signal stability issue,which has been previously overlooked in the event-driven charge pump structure.This breakthrough allows for the full exploitation of the charge-pump structure's poten-tial,particularly in enhancing transient recovery.Moreover,a dynamic error amplifier is utilized to attain precise regulation of the steady-state output voltage,leading to favorable static characteristics.A prototype chip has been fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology.The measurement results show that the proposed OCL-LDO achieves a 410 nA low quiescent current(IQ)and can recover within 30 ns under 200 mA/10 ns loading change.

Multilevel carbon architecture of subnanoscopic silicon for fast‐charging high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries

Silicon(Si)is widely used as a lithium‐ion‐battery anode owing to its high capacity and abundant crustal reserves.However,large volume change upon cycling and poor conductivity of Si cause rapid capacity decay and poor fast‐charging capability limiting its commercial applications.Here,we propose a multilevel carbon architecture with vertical graphene sheets(VGSs)grown on surfaces of subnanoscopically and homogeneously dispersed Si–C composite nanospheres,which are subsequently embedded into a carbon matrix(C/VGSs@Si–C).Subnanoscopic C in the Si–C nanospheres,VGSs,and carbon matrix form a three‐dimensional conductive and robust network,which significantly improves the conductivity and suppresses the volume expansion of Si,thereby boosting charge transport and improving electrode stability.The VGSs with vast exposed edges considerably increase the contact area with the carbon matrix and supply directional transport channels through the entire material,which boosts charge transport.The carbon matrix encapsulates VGSs@Si–C to decrease the specific surface area and increase tap density,thus yielding high first Coulombic efficiency and electrode compaction density.Consequently,C/VGSs@Si–C delivers excellent Li‐ion storage performances under industrial electrode conditions.In particular,the full cells show high energy densities of 603.5 Wh kg^(−1)and 1685.5 Wh L^(−1)at 0.1 C and maintain 80.7%of the energy density at 3 C.

基于Kano-FAST-FBS的智能扫地机改良设计研究

目的智能扫地机是智能家居生活中不可或缺的产品,但现有扫地机交互性和功能性趋于一致,为了有效识别居家清扫需求,进一步提升交互性和趣味性,并将其科学转化为产品的功能要素及结构参数,提出一种基于Kano-FAST-FBS模型的产品改良设计方法,以提升智能家居产品的满意度。方法首先,基于Kano模型量化评估智能家居产品的用户需求属性,获得用户需求优先级;其次,运用功能分析系统技术(FAST)将用户需求分别转化为对应的产品功能要素;最后,以功能-行为-结构(FBS)设计模型为基础,实现了产品功能到结构参数的合理映射,进而得到改良产品的各个结构模块,输出最终设计方案。结果以扫地机器人为例,验证了基于Kano-FAST-FBS模型的设计流程。结论在该方法指导下的产品设计能系统地解决用户需求和功能结构模块之间的匹配问题,从而得出更符合用户功能预期的设计方案,并可以为其他类似产品设计提供参考思路。

Corneal collagen cross-linking in patients with keratoconus from the Dresden protocol to customized solutions:theoretical basis

Keratoconus is an ectatic condition characterized by gradual corneal thinning,corneal protrusion,progressive irregular astigmatism,corneal fibrosis,and visual impairment.The therapeutic options regarding improvement of visual function include glasses or soft contact lenses correction for initial stages,gas-permeable rigid contact lenses,scleral lenses,implantation of intrastromal corneal ring or corneal transplants for most advanced stages.In keratoconus cases showing disease progression corneal collagen crosslinking(CXL)has been proven to be an effective,minimally invasive and safe procedure.CXL consists of a photochemical reaction of corneal collagen by riboflavin stimulation with ultraviolet A radiation,resulting in stromal crosslinks formation.The aim of this review is to carry out an examination of CXL methods based on theoretical basis and mathematical models,from the original Dresden protocol to the most recent developments in the technique,reporting the changes proposed in the last 15y and examining the advantages and disadvantages of the various treatment protocols.Finally,the limits of non-standardized methods and the perspectives offered by a customization of the treatment are highlighted.

昏暗环境下自适应ORB-SLAM2算法研究

本文针对ORB-SLAM2算法在黑暗环境或纹理较少的环境下提取特征点少,从而导致SLAM系统定位精度不高、匹配对数较少,进而导致系统崩溃的问题,提出了一种基于自适应阈值的特征点提取算法与改进的四叉树均匀化策略。首先基于图像的亮度进行基于自适应阈值的FAST特征点提取,之后通过改进的四叉树均匀化策略对图像的特征点进行剔除与补偿,完成特征点选取。实验结果表明,与原算法相比,改进后的特征点提取算法在黑暗环境与纹理较少的环境下,匹配对的数量提升了17.6%,SLAM轨迹精度提升了49.8%,有效的提升了SLAM系统的鲁棒性和精度。

FAST所受PMT基站电磁干扰及用频防护方法综述

为确定500 m口径球面射电望远镜(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope,FAST)与其周边公众移动通信(Public Mobile Telecommunications,PMT)系统的电磁兼容(electromagnetic compatibility,EMC)特性,本文综合论述了FAST宁静区内中国移动、中国联通和中国电信三大运营商所属PMT基站对其产生的电磁干扰。首先,从射电天文业务的频谱划分谈起,论述了射电天文业务干扰源类型,引出了其运行保护标准,进而针对FAST详细说明了FAST宁静区的用频法规和保护要求;其次,分析了ITU-R建议电波传播预测与干扰分析方法,并通过实地测量验证了该方法的适用性,进一步针对性地分析了PMT基站的电磁辐射传播特性,综合评估了FAST宁静区内PMT基站的干扰情况:FAST宁静区域90.24%的PMT基站在一定程度上均会对FAST产生干扰,而在所选分析条件下,仅有43.14%的数据符合FAST保护要求;最后,针对PMT基站干扰信号的抑制和消除,分析了常用的射电天文射频干扰抑制方法,同时为保障FAST免受PMT基站干扰,从FAST和PMT基站的角度出发论述了可行的用频防护措施,并基于实施难度、经济成本、策略收益和通信质量4类指标建立了防护方法的评估体系,对所提防护方法进行了实例说明。上述研究成果可为保障FAST的安全观测提供技术基础。

“中国天眼”宁静区生态安全格局识别--基于OWA和电路理论

“中国天眼”工程FAST(Five-hundred-meter aperture spherical telescope)是国家重大科技基础设施工程,其半径30km内的宁静区生态脆弱,经济社会发展滞后,面临生态保护与加快发展的双重压力。构建生态安全格局是协调区域经济发展和生态保护矛盾、促进区域可持续发展的重要途径。以FAST宁静区为研究对象,基于2020年生态系统服务功能,采用有序加权平均多准则决策法(Ordered Weighted Averaging,OWA)考虑了7种情景下各生态系统服务之间的权衡关系并识别出最适合的优先保护区作为FAST宁静区的生态源地;基于生态敏感性结果对基本阻力面进行修正得到综合阻力面;运用电路理论提取生态廊道和关键生态节点,构建FAST宁静区生态安全格局。结果表明:(1)FAST宁静区生态系统服务时空差异显著,2020年较2000年生态系统服务平均值降低的类型为水源涵养和土壤保持,增加的类型为固碳和生境质量。(2)识别生态源地数共44个,源地面积197.15 km^(2),呈北密南疏、西多东少的空间分布态势,多集中分布在乡镇之间的交界处。(3)提取了72条活跃廊道和3条非活跃廊道,生态廊道总长度537.66km,廊道总体呈蛛网状分布特征。识别38个生态夹点和18处一级障碍点,面积分别为2.56km^(2)和14km^(2)。(4)基于分析结果和FAST工程安全运行的需要,提出FAST宁静区生态分区管控方案:FAST的核心区、中间区西南部和边远区西北部为生态重要区,中间区北部和边远区南部为生态改善区,其余为一般生态区。