Nutrient Evaluation of Dining Center Food Waste and Comparison to Monogastric and Ruminant Feedstuffs

The objective of this study was to analyze the nutrient composition and variability of university dining hall food waste and compare it with common feedstuffs used in ruminant and monogastric diets. Food waste was categorized into two initial streams: mainstream (MS) from the serving line and vegetable preparation (VP) from the kitchen. Waste was collected from the Kramer Dining Center, Kansas State University, resulting in 30 daily samples. Waste was weighed and ground to homogenous particle size. Daily samples of MS and VP were analyzed for nutrient composition, where results were combined to calculate the nutrient profile of a hypothetical mixed food waste stream (MX) composited by total weight. Data were analyzed using R statistical software (v 4.2.2). Moisture and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were greater in VP (P , while ether extract (EE) was less compared to MS and MX. Crude protein (CP) was greater (P < 0.05) in MS and MX streams compared to VP. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) and energy were greater in MS food waste than in MX, which was also greater than VP (P content, measured by standard deviation, was similar (P > 0.05) among streams for NDF, nitrogen-corrected neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent insoluble crude protein, CP, ash, lignin, and digestible and metabolizable energy. Dry matter and EE variation were greater (P < 0.05) in MS, whereas VP was less (P < 0.05) compared to MX. Standard deviation increased (P < 0.05) in MS and MX for neutral detergent insoluble crude protein, TDN, and gross energy when compared to VP. Despite having 70% - 80% moisture, dining hall food waste does have nutritive value and the potential to be included in ruminant and monogastric diets. Further research needs to be done to understand the value of including it in animal diets.

The Applied Research of Soybean Peptide in Feedstuffs

The soybean peptide has the trait of amino acid balance,digestible and easy to absorb,low allergy and low antigenicity.Furthermore,it also showed the feature of good mobility and thermal stability at high concentrations.This paper seeks to study the processing and nutritional characteristics of soybean peptide.And on that basis to lucubrate soybean peptide as a safe,efficient feedstuffs additives.The aim is to improve the feedstuffs quality.

美国Feedstuffs饲料成分分析表(2002版)

Feedstuffs杂志编制饲料成分分析表的目的,是为了使有关人员对各种主要饲料原料的营养价值有一个全面的了解.本表的编制者清楚地认识到,由于诸如气候条件、制造时采取的实际措施以及产地的不同,每种原料的成分会有很大的不同,而且这种情况是确实存在的.

The effect of enzymes on release of trace elements in feedstuffs based on in vitro digestion model for monogastric livestock

Background: This experiment was conducted to study the effect of different feed enzymes(phytase,xylanase,β-glucanase) on release rate of trace elements(Fe,Cu,Mn and Zn) in 6 commonly used feedstuffs(corn,wheat,barley,soybean meal,wheat bran,wheat middlings) by using an in vitro model,simulating the digestive processes in stomach for 2 h and then in small intestine for 6 h at 39 °C.Results: Phytase raised(P < 0.05) the release rate of Cu and Zn in corn,Cu,Zn and Mn in wheat,Cu in barley,Cu,Zn and Mn in soybean meal,Zn,Fe in wheat bran and Zn,Fe,Mn in wheat middlings.The release rate of various trace elements in feedstuffs was increased after xylanase addition.Compared with the control group,the release rate of soluble Cu in corn,wheat,barley and soybean meal,soluble Zn in corn,wheat and wheat middlings and soluble of Mn in corn,wheat,barley and wheat bran increased(P < 0.05) after xylanase treatment.After the treatment of β-glucanase,the release rate of soluble Cu in corn,wheat and wheat bran,soluble Fe in barley,soybean meal and wheat bran and soluble Mn in corn and wheat bran all increased(P < 0.05) compared with the control group.In each feedstuff,after corresponding enzyme treatment,the contents of phytic acid,xylan and β-glucan were significantly lower than those of the control group(P < 0.05).Conclusions: Results showed that bound trace elements in feedstuffs can be released by feed enzymes.It may be necessary to take the trace elements in feedstuffs into account in the actual feed preparation including feed enzymes.

EffectS of sequence of nylon bags rumen incubation on kinetics of degradation in some commonly used feedstuffs in dairy rations

Nowadays, most available information on the degradative behaviour of feeds in ruminants is based on in situ incubation in the rumen, and it is adopted by many feed evaluation systems currently in use for ruminants. However, the outcome of.this technique might be affected by many factors such as sequence of nylon bags incubation in the rumen. The objective of current study was to investigate effects of sequence of nylon bag incubation on degradative behavior of dry matter （DM）, crude protein （CP）, neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and acid detergent fiber （ADF） in some feed ingredients commonly used in dairy rations, including alfalfa haylage, corn silage, corn grain and soybean meal. Four multiparous Holstein lactating cows fitted with permanent ruminal cannulas were used. The nylon bags containing feed samples either were placed in the rumen at once and removed at designated time intervals （all in-gradually out method; AG） or were placed in the rumen at designated time points and retrieved at once （gradually in-all out method; GA）. Fractional rate of degradation of potentially degradable fraction, lag time and effective rumen degradability （ED） of DM and CP were significantly higher in the AG compared to the GA method （P〈0.05）. Fractional rates of DM and CP degradation was higher in alfalfa haylage samples incubated in the rumen using the AG method compared to that using the GA method （0.138 h-1 vs. 0.073 h-1 and 0.002 h-1 vs. 0.1125 h-1, for DM and CP, respectively; P〈0.05）. Due to a higher fractional rate of degradation （Kd） of DM and CP, the ED of DM and CP at different fractional passage rates were higher in the AG than those in the GA method （P〈0.05）. Potentially degradable fraction and lag time of NDF were higher in the AG method compared to the GA method （P〈0.05）. Placing all bags in the rumen at once and removing them at designated time intervals compared with introduction of bags in reverse sequence and removing them all at once led to a lower undegradable fraction （U） of NDF in alfalfa （1.8% vs. 4.0%, respectively; P〈0.05） and corn silage （3.3% vs. 6.7%, respectively; P〈0.05） samples. Potentially degradable fraction of ADF was significantly higher in the AG method compared with the GA method （P〈0.05）. Bag incubation sequence had profound effects on kinetics of degradation of DM, CP and NDF in situ in the feed samples studied. The effects were more evident in the forages （especially alfalfa haylage） than in the concentrate ingredientsnamely corn grain and soybean meal..This experiment is the first time to investigate effects of two methods under the same experiment conditions, providing basic data for the determination of ED.

Development and Application of a PCR Approach for Detection of Bovis, Sheep, Pig, and Chicken Derived Materials in Feedstuff

A PCR method for detection of bovis, sheep, pig, and chicken derived materials in feedstuff was established, and the existing method was improved according to the research on general primer and species-specific primers. First, general primer designed according to 16S rRNA gene sequence of hovis, sheep, pig, chicken, fish, and horse mtDNA was used for primary detection of animal derived materials in feedstuff. Species-specific primers designed according to conserved sequence of mtDNA of bovis, sheep, pig, and chicken were used for amplification of a 271,274, 149, and 266 bp fragment, respectively. Further confirmation of the detection result was then carried out. PCR method for detection of animal derived materials in unknown feedstuff was developed by using general primer, relevant PCR system, and PCR condition. Also a PCR method for detection of each species （bovines, sheep, pig, and chicken） was designed by using our speciesspecific primers. High sensitivity and specificity of our method were confirmed with a minimum detection level of 0.1%. Method for detection of animal derived materials in this research is not only cheap and easy for operation but also precise and reliable results can be obtained. It could be one of the effective methods for the detection of animal derived materials in feedstuff.

Production of Protein Feedstuff by Mixed Fermentation of Waste Lees

[ Objective] To produce protein feedstuff by mix fermentation of waste lees. [ Method] Waste lees was fermented by mixture of Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma vinde and Candida tropicalis to produce protein feedstuff. The fermentation conditions were optimized by single factor test and orthogonal test. [ Result] The optimum fermentation conditions of waste lees are as following： raw materials with fineness of 20 meshes composed of waste lees of 750 g/kg, com meal of 50 g/kg and wheat bran of 200 g/kg; pH value of inoculum culture, 5.0; Aspergillus niger： Trichoderma viHde： Candida tropicalis, 1 ： 1 ： 1 ; inoculum size, 12% （V/V） ; fermentation temperature, 30 ℃; and fermentation time, 6 d. After fermentation, the crude protein content, pure protein content, and crude fiber content were increased by 78.97%, 56.29% and 31.60%, respectively. In addition, the fermented waste lees was rich in beneficial live microorganisms and bioactive substances such as enzymes and vitamins. [ Conclusion] Waste lees can be well fermented to produce protein feedstuff by mix fermentation.

The Cation Exchange Capacity of Fibrous Feedstuff and Its Nutritive Characteristics

Current researches on the nutritive characteristics of fibrous feedstuff through determining the feedstuff cation exchange capacity (CEC) to evaluate its nutritive value at home and abroad were comprehensively discribed. and the methods of determining CEC value and the correlation between CEC value and chemical compositions, pH value, and the effect of CEC value on the digestion kinetics in ruminants were also emphatically introduced. The results of research showed that the CEC values of different feedstuff are different, closely correlated with nitrogen and acid detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin (LIG) content of the feedstuff. At the same time, there are markedly effect of CEC value in diet on the nutrients flow of digesta in the digestive tract of ruminants, the degradation rate and digestibility of nutrients in the rumen.

Contents of Trace Metal Elements in Cow Milk Impacted by Different Feedstuffs

Feedstuff intake plays key role in impacting the yield and quality of milk. In this study, we discussed the contents of trace metal elements in cow milk impacted by different feedstuffs. We detected the contents of Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Mg, Ca, Fe and Zn in different feedstuffs and milk by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The determinations of Pb, Cd and As contents were by graphite furnace A_AS and Cu, Mg, Ca, Fe and Zn was by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that Pb, Cd, As and Cu presented in feedstuffs, but Pb, Cd and As were lowly detected in milk samples, and Cu was not detected in milk samples. The content of Mg in concentrates was lower than that in forages. However, the content of Mg in milk from concentrate feed was higher than that in forage feed. This suggested that the utilization of Mg in concentrate feed was higher than that in forage feed. The contents of Ca and Zn were opposite to Mg, and the utilization of Ca and Zn in forage feed was higher than that in concentrate feed. There was no obviously change law of Fe in different feedstuffs and milk samples. The relationship between the contents of trace metal elements in milk to feedstuffs would provide a theoretical basis for dairy farming. It would be useful for improving the milk yield and milk quality of dairy production.

Research Progress on Detection Methods of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid Residue in Dairy Products and Feedstuff

[Objective] More accurate, rapid and sensitive method of melamine and cyanuricacid residue in dairy products and feedstuff were re- viewed. [ Method] Physicochemical properties, metabolism, uses, harm and detection methods of melamine and cyanuric acid were analyzed and described. [ Result] Melamine and cyanuric acid, when used alone, were slightly toxic, but long -term intake could lead to animal reproductive and urinary system damage. [ Condusion] Establishing a more sensitive, fast and easy to popularize detection method for elarnine and cyanuricacid res- idue in dairy products and feedstuff was necessary.

美国Feedstuffs饲料成分分析表（2003版）

Feedstuffs编制饲料成分分析表的目的,是旨在为畜禽饲料工作者们提供常用饲料的可以参考的营养价值,这些数据基于最近的分析,并且每年加以讨论、修订.

饲料原料种类在线识别系统设计与试验

入仓原料种类识别是饲料生产过程中的关键环节之一。目前,入仓原料主要通过人工取样的方式,依靠工人感官经验识别原料种类,以确保原料正确入仓。为了实现饲料原料种类在线自动取样和识别,提高饲料加工的自动化水平,该研究设计了一种多通道饲料原料自动取样装置,应用机器视觉技术,搭建了原料种类在线识别系统。该系统主要由取样单元、样品输送单元、图像采集单元等组成;采用Arduino Uno为系统控制核心,设计了控制流程和控制线路;在Arduino IDE开发环境下编写了控制程序;运用卷积神经网络的方法构建了饲料原料种类识别模型CAM-ResNet18;基于PyQt5环境开发了饲料原料种类在线识别系统软件,包括上位机人机交互软件系统和下位机自控控制系统。上位机系统软件通过串口与下位机控制器通讯,实现对饲料原料种类在线取样识别装置的自动控制。通过模型嵌入和系统集成,对系统的基本功能、识别准确率和识别时间进行测试。饲料原料种类在线识别系统运行正常可靠,实现了饲料原料入仓过程中的自动取样、图像采集、种类识别、结果反馈、一键报警的全环节智能操作。系统性能测试中,饲料原料种类识别准确率为98%,取样识别周期为10.13 s。研究结果表明开发的饲料原料种类在线识别系统可以实现入仓饲料原料在线取样和种类识别功能,可为饲料加工中饲料原料种类的自动识别提供方法和技术支撑。

活饵与饲料投喂对幼鳜肠肽酶活力及小肽转运、吸收的影响

以初始体重(6.77±0.64)g的鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)为实验对象,从消化道肠肽酶活力和小肽转运吸收方面比较研究鳜对活饵与饲料消化吸收能力的差异。实验采用3种分组投食策略,将鳜分活饵组(仅投喂活饵鱼)、饲料组(仅投喂饲料)、复投活饵组(以下简称复投组,先投喂饲料后活饵鱼)。活饵组、饲料组分别饲养22d,复投组经5d驯饲、15d饲料和2d活饵喂养。饲养结束时在各组进食0.5h、1h、2h、3h、6h、12h、16h时分别取样肠和幽门盲囊,测定氨肽酶和羧肽酶含量与活力,小肽转运载体基因Pept1a、Pept1b和Pept2 mRNA表达水平,及进食12h后肠内容物及粪便中残余小肽含量。结果表明:各组羧肽酶、氨肽酶含量变化无显著性规律,酶活力总体呈先升后降趋势;活饵组肽酶活力峰值显著高于复投组高于饲料组(P<0.01),复投组由饲料转喂活饵后,肠道肠肽酶活力显著上升;各组前肠、中肠及幽门盲囊Pept1a、Pept1b mRNA表达显著高于后肠(P<0.01),后肠则以Pept2 mRNA高表达(P<0.01)。在复投组摄食活饵后,小肽转运载体基因表达水平较饲料组迅速回升(P<0.01);摄食12h,复投组肠内容物小肽含量显著高于活饵组和饲料组,小肽吸收效率随消化时间延长而上升。饲料组粪便中小肽含量显著高于活饵组与复投组,未转运的小肽中含必需氨基酸居高。综上所述,投喂鳜配合饲料,对肠肽酶活力、小肽转运载体基因表达和小肽吸收速率均产生不利影响,鳜对饲料蛋白的分解和小肽转运吸收效率显著低于活饵鱼。

葡萄副产物在反刍动物生产中的应用进展

【目的】中国是葡萄生产与加工大国,葡萄种植面积及产量均位居世界前列,葡萄的枝、叶、梗和酿酒产生的葡萄渣等副产物资源较为丰富,但由于饲料化综合利用技术水平不高,大部分葡萄副产物未被合理利用,尤其是葡萄枝叶饲料化利用程度较低导致资源浪费。为提高葡萄副产物的利用,扩充牛羊饲料来源,促进畜牧业健康发展。【方法】通过查阅相关研究报道,在梳理葡萄副产物的种类、营养物质含量、活性物质成分及功能和葡萄副产物在反刍动物生产中的应用等现状的基础上,提出了葡萄副产物饲料化开发利用过程中存在的问题及对策。【结果】葡萄副产物中含有丰富的营养物质及生物活性物质,对其进行饲料化开发利用不但可扩充饲料来源,而且具有降低饲料成本、促进动物健康的作用。【结论】葡萄副产物是一种良好的动物饲料,文章旨在为其进一步开发利用提供参考。

山东地区饲料原料中微量元素含量分布研究

为了解山东地区主要禽用饲料原料中微量元素的含量分布情况,探讨其含量对配合饲料或全混合日粮中微量元素总量的影响,为饲料生产提供科学依据,收集来自山东省15个地市的玉米16份、豆粕17份、花生饼7份、花生粕14份、棉籽粕12份、玉米DDGS 15份、玉米蛋白粉15份,共计96份样品,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体对样品中的铜、铁、锰、锌、硒等5种微量元素含量进行了测定分析。结果表明:4种饼粕类饲料原料中铜、铁、锰、锌和硒含量分别为17.01、323.70、50.52、62.28 mg/kg和174.13μg/kg,玉米及其两种副产物中铜、铁、锰、锌和硒含量分别为6.13、194.09、12.27、32.28 mg/kg和97.98μg/kg。结果说明,不同种类饲料原料及同类原料不同品种之间的微量元素含量存在较大差异。

基于面积归一化法对饲料中黄霉素总残留量的研究

建立了一种结合不同色谱及质谱技术测定饲料中黄霉素总残留量的方法。通过高效液相色谱对黄霉素标准混合物进行有效分离,结合液相色谱—串联质谱对黄霉素A化合物进行定量,并利用高分辨四极杆飞行时间质谱确定结果的准确性和唯一性,最终基于面积归一化法得出精确结果。黄霉素标准品经Platisil 5μm ODS色谱柱(250.0 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈和20 mmol/L(pH 5.0)乙酸铵溶液为流动相进行等度分离。同时,饲料基质经体积分数0.1%甲酸甲醇溶液提取,采用Oasis PRiME HLB通过式固相萃取对提取液进行净化。目标物经Atiantis T_(3)色谱柱(100.0 mm×2.1 mm,3μm),以乙腈和5 mmol/L(pH 5.0)乙酸铵溶液为流动相进行梯度分离,在负离子(ESI-)多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行定量分析。考查了不同高效液相色谱条件对黄霉素5种活性成分分离效果的影响,同时研究了不同提取溶剂和净化方式对黄霉素A化合物回收率的作用并优化其质谱条件。所建立的方法确保黄霉素5种活性成分完全分离,面积归一化法结果表明黄霉素A所占黄霉素混合物的比例为86.2%,RSD为0.66%。同时,该方法确保黄霉素A在10.0~1000.0 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数(R^(2))大于等于0.9986。不同饲料基质中黄霉素A的低、中、高加标回收率为69.69%~88.60%,RSD为0.96%~3.38%,回收率稳定、重现性良好。经折算,各类饲料基质中,黄霉素抗生素的总加标回收率为80.66%~102.55%。统计结果表明,所建立的方法普适性广,准确性强,灵敏度高,适用于饲料中黄霉素总残留量的精确定量分析,解决了国内外对黄霉素检测不准确的技术问题。

不同植物性饲料原料中玉米赤霉烯酮污染状况调查

[目的]为进一步掌握玉米赤霉烯酮在不同植物性饲料原料中的污染状况,指导企业做好玉米赤霉烯酮防控及应用。[方法]是对玉米、膨化玉米粉、玉米胚芽粕、酒糟蛋白饲料(DDGS)、玉米皮、喷浆玉米皮、玉米蛋白粉、膨化大豆粉、豆粕、小麦麸、小麦次粉、小麦粉、小麦、米糠粕、花生粕15种植物性饲料原料开展了为期3年的调查采样,在2021—2023年期间共采集样品192份,其中2021年56份,2022年56份,2023年80份,采用高效液相色谱法和液相色谱-串联质谱法对玉米赤霉烯酮进行检测分析。[结果]玉米、膨化玉米粉、玉米胚芽粕、DDGS、玉米皮、喷浆玉米皮、玉米蛋白粉、膨化大豆粉、小麦麸、小麦次粉、小麦粉、米糠粕12种原料检出,玉米胚芽粕1种原料超标,豆粕、小麦、花生粕3种原料未受污染;15种原料的检出率、超标率、合格率分别是25%、1.04%,98.95%;其中2021年、2022年、2023年检出率分别是42.85%、21.42%、12%;超标率分别为1.78%、1.78%、0%。[结论]玉米赤霉烯酮在植物性饲料原料中的整体污染较重,但受污染比例呈下降趋势,应采取一定的质量安全控制措施,减少对饲料对养殖生产带来的危害及不利影响。

全自动免疫亲和柱净化-液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定饼粕类饲料原料中黄曲霉毒素

研究旨在建立全自动免疫亲和柱净化-液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)同时测定饼粕类饲料原料中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2(AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2)含量的分析方法。通过比较不同提取条件和净化方式对黄曲霉毒素(AFs)检测结果的影响,确定较佳前处理方法。样品经40%乙腈提取、磷酸盐缓冲液稀释,采用自动免疫亲和柱净化,得到的样品溶液使用LC-MS/MS进行定量分析。基于上述方法对花生粕、豆粕、棉籽粕等饲料原料样品进行分析测定,结果表明:AFs在0.02~10.00 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好(R2≥0.9950),方法定量限为0.1μg/kg,平均回收率为82.2%~109.8%,RSD≤8.9%。该方法可批量自动化处理样品,提高工作效率,避免因人员操作导致的结果偏差,适合于饲料原料中多种AFs的精准测定。

非常规饲料原料燕麦在饲料中的应用

燕麦的蛋白质与氨基酸含量较高,其营养成分与玉米接近,具有很高的饲用价值。但燕麦中含有抗营养因子,如β-葡聚糖、木聚糖、纤维素等非淀粉多糖以及黄曲霉素、呕吐毒素等真菌毒素,具有很强的抗营养作用。目前降低燕麦中抗营养因子的方法主要有添加酶制剂、益生菌或植物活性成分等。文章分析了燕麦的饲用价值,介绍了燕麦中的抗营养因子及其缓解措施,总结了国内外关于燕麦在畜禽饲料中的应用进展,为饲料中玉米、豆粕减量替代提供参考,对解决常规饲料原料短缺问题具有重要意义。