The concept of sUAS/DL-based system for detecting and classifying abandoned small firearms

Military object detection and identification is a key capability in surveillance and reconnaissance.It is a major factor in warfare effectiveness and warfighter survivability.Inexpensive,portable,and rapidly deployable small unmanned aerial systems(s UAS)in conjunction with powerful deep learning(DL)based object detection models are expected to play an important role for this application.To prove overall feasibility of this approach,this paper discusses some aspects of designing and testing of an automated detection system to locate and identify small firearms left at the training range or at the battlefield.Such a system is envisioned to involve an s UAS equipped with a modern electro-optical(EO)sensor and relying on a trained convolutional neural network(CNN).Previous study by the authors devoted to finding projectiles on the ground revealed certain challenges such as small object size,changes in aspect ratio and image scale,motion blur,occlusion,and camouflage.This study attempts to deal with these challenges in a realistic operational scenario and go further by not only detecting different types of firearms but also classifying them into different categories.This study used a YOLOv2CNN(Res Net-50 backbone network)to train the model with ground truth data and demonstrated a high mean average precision(m AP)of 0.97 to detect and identify not only small pistols but also partially occluded rifles.

Therapeutic Strategies and Evolution in the Short Term: Fractures by Firearms in Civilian Practice about 35 Operated Lesions

Fracture by firearms is a surgical emergency. The aim of our study was to report our experience in the management of open fractures by firearms and monitoring with a decline of 6 months the lesions observed in peacetime. This retrospective study over 3 years (January 2007-November 2010), supplemented by a prospective (December 2010-November 2011) is based on an analysis of operative reports and clinical records of patients admitted to the Yaoundé Central Hospital. 29 cases were selected, including 35 lesions were observed. Our series consists of 27 men and 2 women, mean age 30 years. 40% of our patients were initially supported (debridement) before the 6th hour and 51.42% between the 6th and 24th hours. In terms of internal fixation, these figures were 66% between the 25th and 96th hours. The type of material was used as the external fixate (64.9%). Conversion processing by the establishment of an internal hardware, after 3 - 6 weeks and control NFS (numeration of blood count or blood count), VS (rate of sedimentation), CRP (C reactive protein). Unfortunately this has been possible only in two cases because of financial means. In 40% of cases, surgical outcome was simple, and complications to a type of osteomyelitis, shortening, suppuration in 42.7% of cases.

Fractures by Firearms in Conflict Town

For nearly two decades, the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been plagued by war and abnormal movement of firearms is commonplace. The consequence of this is the increasing number of victim patients from gunshot wound at the hospitals. The aim of this study is to make an assessment of fractures caused by firearms and their management in a post conflict town. This is a retrospective, descriptive, multicenter study involving 123 cases with 128 fractures by firearms recorded during a period of 24 months from 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2012. Patients were recruited from 3 major hospitals in Bukavu town having a unit of fractures management. One hundred and six (86.9%) patients were males with the modal age in the ranks from 20 to 40 years old (mean 29.9 years). Seventy-one (57.7%) were civilians and 52 (42.3%) patients were soldiers;86 (78.2%) came from countryside. The reprisal was implicated in 77 (62.6%) cases. In 62.5% of cases, fractures were localized in the lower limbs and were treated orthopedically in ?50% of cases. The gunshot fractures in eastern DRC were mainly concerning the civilian young people living in the countryside and necessarily affected the bones of low limb. A study on fracture by firearms should be carried in the area where people have been wounded. Reducing the flow of gunshot could reduce the rate of fractures by firearms.

A clinical study of penetrating craniocerebral injuries caused by firearms

Penetrating craniocerebral firearm injuries remains one of the most lethal of all head traumas and are common in both war and peace time. Data were reviewed for 6487 moderately, severely head injuring patients (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores 3 to 12) tre

Penetrating and Basilic Trauma of the Thorax in a Context of Difficult Diagnosis at the Pediatric Hospital of Bangui (Central African Republic)

Appropriate management of penetrating trauma to the thorax requires knowledge of vulnating agents, as well as the principles of ballistic injury. The importance of the approach’s choice for surgical exploration of these injuries, and parietal damage, is an essential factor in decision making in the management and definition of the therapeutic strategy for these injuries. The authors report a clinical case of a penetrating traumatic ballistic wound of the thorax managed in a context of difficult diagnosis in the surgical Unit of the CHUPB.

A Preliminary Study on the Spherical Bombs(Huolei)of the Southern Song Dynasty,Unearthed in Chongqing

The military situation of the thirteenth century required that the Song and the Mongols construct a great number of defensive works,relying on the mountains or facing the rivers,in the mountainous Sichuan Province and Chongqing.In recent years,a special kind of explosive firearms,huolei火雷(bombs),was unearthed in the large-scale excavations of the site of Diaoyu Fortress钓鱼城in Hechuan District合川and the Baidicheng白帝城in Fengjie County奉节,both of which were defensive works constructed in this mountainous area during the Southern Song dynasty.In addition,the ruins of kilns and the clay molds that were relevant to the casting of iron huolei have been discovered at the site of Baidicheng,indicating that these huolei might have been produced locally.The Southern Song iron huolei unearthed in Chongqing are the most direct evidence of the evolvement of gunpowder and firearms,and are of great significance to the history of science and technology,in particular the history of military technology.

Feng Jiasheng’s Diagrams of Iron Bombs(Huopao)and Beyond:On the Academic Significance of the Southern Song Iron Bombs(Huopao)Unearthed in Chongqing

The world’s earliest bomb with an iron casing,the iron huopao鐵火砲(cast-iron bomb,also referred to as zhentian lei震天雷,literally“thunder-crash bomb”),is one of the most important inventions of ancient China relating to gunpowder and firearms.Until recently,however,academics were not able to conduct substantial research on the topic,as no actual remains of a huopao had yet been found.Since 2013,in the excavation of two sites of Southern Song ancient cities(Diaoyu Fortress and Baidicheng)in Chongqing,archaeologists from the Chongqing Cultural Heritage Research Institute have discovered a number of iron huopao of the Southern Song dynasty.This finding not only provides first-hand material for research on the history of the invention of gunpowder and firearms,which has always been lacking,but also offers new physical evidence for an exploration of the history of war and the military history of the thirteenth century(in particular the Mongol-Song war),and is thus historically significant.

The Introduction of European Fortification in the Late Ming Period

In the late Ming period,Xu Guangqi and other Catholic literati were actively involved with military affairs because of the invasion of the Manchu forces and the threat of uprisings.The story of how they imported European cannons and gunners from Macao is now quite famous.However,the introduction of European fortifications,mainly the trace Italienne,in the same period is still relatively unknown.Xu Guangqi and his student Sun Yuanhua exerted considerable efforts in advocating European-style bastions.Xu not only received help from Jesuits,but also support from some Fujianese who were familiar with Intramuros,the Spanish walled city of Manila.In addition to Xu and Sun,Han Lin and Han Yun(also Xu’s students)prepared a Chinese treatise on European fortification architecture based on Italian sources and tried to put the knowledge into practice.Another relevant figure is Ma Weicheng,who allegedly directed the building of 32 angled bastions in three cities around 1640.Although a few recorded writings and practices of constructing European-style fortification appeared in the first half of the seventeenth century,soon afterwards the art of trace Italienne met its end prematurely in China.To a great extent,the swift collapse of the Ming dynasty eliminated the possibility of spreading the new defense technology.Throughout the eighteenth century,the Qing dynasty enjoyed long-term peace,and the warfare at the frontiers brought few threats to the city walls.There was thus little urgency to develop innovative defensive works and European fortification sunk into oblivion until the mid-nineteenth century.

Is tracheostomy suitable for securing airway after facial fi rearm injuries？

BACKGROUND： Head and neck region have many vital structures, and facial fi rearm injuries（FFIs） more likely lead to life-threatening situations than other body injuies. These injuries have highpotential of airway compromise associated with signifi cant morbidity and mortality.METHODS： We describe an 11-year-old boy who had received tracheostomy after a FFIcomplicated with pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema 8 hours after the procedure. Thepatient was treated at the Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Gazi University School ofMedicine, Turkey.RESULTS： The patient was discharged without any complications from the Critical Care Unitafter treatment for fi ve days.CONCLUSIONS： Airway management is of utmost importance in resuscitation of FFI, butit is always difficult to secure via the orotracheal route due to the deformed facial structures.Tracheostomy is an option for airway management in FFI affecting head and neck region. However,tracheostomy may be associated with life-threatening complications, which should be closelymonitored with early intervention.

An Ensemble Approach to Identify Firearm Listing on Tor Hidden-Services

The ubiquitous nature of the internet has made it easier for criminals to carry out illegal activities online.The sale of illegal firearms and weaponry on dark web cryptomarkets is one such example of it.To aid the law enforcement agencies in curbing the illicit trade of firearms on cryptomarkets,this paper has proposed an automated technique employing ensemble machine learning models to detect the firearms listings on cryptomarkets.In this work,we have used partof-speech(PoS)tagged features in conjunction with n-gram models to construct the feature set for the ensemble model.We studied the effectiveness of the proposed features in the performance of the classification model and the relative change in the dimensionality of the feature set.The experiments and evaluations are performed on the data belonging to the three popular cryptomarkets on the Tor dark web from a publicly available dataset.The prediction of the classification model can be utilized to identify the key vendors in the ecosystem of the illegal trade of firearms.This information can then be used by law enforcement agencies to bust firearm trafficking on the dark web.

Trauma of External Genitalia by Firearm: Therapeutic Strategy and Result, about a Case at CHU-YO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Introduction: Ballistic traumas of the external genitalia are rare especially in civil practice. Emergency surgical exploration is the rule. Case Report: Mr. F.Y., 29 years old, a security agent, admitted to the Urological Emergency Unit of Yalgado Ouédraogo University Hospital of Ouagadougou for trauma of the penile and left purse by firearm. The clinical examination revealed a good hemodynamic status, bladder distension. A suprapubic catheterization was performed. We noted a transfixing and bleeding wound on the penile, and on the left purse which was edematous. The patient was admitted to the operation room 07 hours after trauma. Exploration found a total destruction of the left testicle classified grade 5 of the classification of the American Association of the Surgery of Trauma (AAST). We performed a left orchiectomy. There was a partial rupture of the ventral face of the penile urethra. We performed an end-to-end anastomosis on a Foley catheter CH 18. The Foley catheter was removed after two weeks. Urination was spontaneous without dysuria. Erections were painless and without kinking of penile. Conclusion: Open traumas of the external genitalia are rare and their treatment is an extreme surgical emergency.

Complex experimental analysis of rifle-shooter interaction

In this study, a complex analysis of a man-weapon interaction based on experimental effort is presented.The attention is focused on how a shooter can influence on a rifle, opposite to generally considered in literature rifle's impact on a shooter. It is shown, based on the kbk AKM weapon, that each support point of the rifle has an substantial impact on the system. It is said that identifying human reactions on weapon may let to describe gun movement and thus may be applied to weapon accuracy determination.

GUT BARRIER FUNCTION DAMAGE FOLLOWING MULTIPLE FIREARM INJURIES IN A PORCINE MODEL

Objective. To study the characteristics and pathogenesis of gut barrier damage following multiple firearm injuries in a porcine model. Methods. Twenty four small pigs were divided into 4 groups: control group (n=6, group C), group H (n=6, gunshot induced tangential fracture of parietal bone), group L (n=6, gunshot induced comminuted fracture of bilateral femora) and group M (n=6, combined group H+L). Gastric intramucosal pH (pHi), plasma endotoxin levels in portal vein, and plasma D lactate levels were measured and blood samples were cultured at different intervals after trauma. The animals were sacrificed at 72 h following trauma and intestinal tissues were harvested for pathological examination and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity measurement. Results. In group M at 72 h, pHi was significantly lower than that of group H and L (P< 0.01), and plasma endotoxin level was significantly higher than that of group H (P< 0.01) and group L (P< 0.05). Simultaneously, in groupM, D lactate level was markedly higher than that of group H (P< 0.01), and incidence of positive blood culture was much higher than that of group H and L (P<0.05). Necrosis and exfoliation were revealed at ileum villus top in all traumagroups, especially in group M, in which ileum DAO activity declined most significantly as well. Conclusion. Multiple trauma is prone to cause gastrointestinal ischemia even without hemorrhagic shock. The damage of gut barrier in multiple trauma appears to be more severe than that in one site trauma, thereby promoting gut derived endotoxemia and bacterial translocation and contributing to the development of endogenous infection.SURGICAL TREATMENT OF MALIGNANTESOPHAGEAL TUMORS IN PUMC HOSPITAL Guo Huiqin,Li Zejian ,Zhang Fan1 ,Zhang Zhiyong,Xu Letian ,Li Weidong2,Wang Xiuqin2and Wu Min2Department of Thoracic Surgery, PUMC Hospital, CAMS &PUMC, Beijing 100730Key words malignant esophageal tumors; early diagnosis; FHIT geneTo study how to prolong the postoperative survival time of the patientswith malignant esophageal tumors. The clinical data of 1098 patients with malignant esophageal tumors from 1961 to 1992 were retrospectively analyzed. The deletion of fragile histamine triplet (FHIT) gene (a tumor suppressor gene) in 30 fresh esophageal samples obtained in 1996 was detected with PCR and RT PCR method. The resectability was raised gradually and the operative morbidity and mortality decreased year by year, but there was no significant improvement on the postoperative 5 year survival rate. Delayed diagnosis and irradical resection influenced the long term survival. The deletion of cDNA of FHIT gene was 64.2%in esophageal cancer and 20%in the resected margin of the cancer. We believe that high grade atypical hyperplasia in esophageal epithelium and deletion of FHIT gene in esophageal cancer and its resected margin are pathological and molecular markers for early diagnosis of esophageal cancer respectively, and the latter may be one of the molecular markers for the resection. Early diagnosis and treatment, radical resection, and postoperative nutritional support are very important for the improvement of the postoperative survival time of the patients.

Is laparoscopy equal to laparotomy in detecting and treating small bowel injuries in a porcine model?

AIM: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of laparoscopy compared with laparotomy for diagnosing and treating small bowel injuries (SBIs) in a porcine model. METHODS: Twenty-eight female pigs were anesthetized and laid in the left recumbent position. The SBI model was established by shooting at the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. The pigs were then randomized into either the laparotomy group or the laparoscopy group. All pigs underwent routine exploratory laparotomy or laparoscopy to evaluate the abdominal injuries, particularly the types, sites, and numbers of SBIs. Traditional open surgery or therapeutic laparoscopy was then performed. All pigs were kept alive within the observational period (postoperative 72 h). The postoperative recovery of each pig was carefully observed. RESULTS: The vital signs of all pigs were stable within 1-2 h after shooting and none of the pigs died from gunshot wounds or SBIs immediately. The SBI model was successfully established in all pigs and definitively diagnosed with single or multiple SBIs either by exploratory laparotomy or laparoscopy. Compared with exploratory laparotomy, laparoscopy took a significantly longer time for diagnosis (41.27 ± 12.04 min vs 27.64 ± 13.32 min, P = 0.02), but the time for therapeutic laparoscopy was similar to that of open surgery. The length of incision was significantly reduced in the laparoscopy group compared with the laparotomy group (5.27 ± 1.86 cm vs 15.73 ± 1.06 cm, P < 0.01). In the final post-mortem examination 72 h after surgery, both laparotomy and laparoscopy offered a definitive diagnosis with no missed injuries. Postoperative complications occurred in four cases (three following laparotomy and one following laparoscopy, P = 0.326). The average recovery period for bowel function, vital appearance, and food re-intake after laparoscopy was 10.36 ± 4.72 h, 14.91 ± 3.14 h, and 15.00 ± 7.11 h, respectively. All of these were significantly shorter than after laparotomy (21.27 ± 10.17 h, P = 0.004; 27.82 ± 9.61 h, P < 0.001; and 24.55 ± 9.72 h, respectively, P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Compared with laparotomy, laparoscopy offers equivalent efficacy for diagnosing and treating SBIs, and reduces postoperative complications as well as recovery period.

Sexual Assault: Epidemiological Profile and Clinical Aspects at the Brazzaville University Hospital Center

Objective: to identify the socio-demographic profile of the alleged victims of sexual assault, to define the characteristics of the aggressors, to describe the types of clinical lesions, and to analyze the link between these different parameters.?During the study period, 5620 clients were admitted to gynecological emergencies, including 150 for sexual assault (2.6%). The alleged victims of aggression were 14 years old on average [range: 2?-?49 years]. Among these clients, there were 147 (98%) women and 3 (2%) men [sex ratio: 0.02]. They had a primary education level of 38%, secondary to 42.7%, and single in 87.2% of cases. Clients came from home (69.3%) or police station (24.7%). The perpetrator was male, with an average age of 25.5 years [range: 16 to 35 years]. Regarding the relationship with the victim, the neighborhood accounted for 83%. The perpetrator was alone in 76.7% of cases, two (14%) or more (16.7%), up to 18.?The aggressor’s home was the place of aggression (39.3%). The threats were made using knives (49.3%) and firearms (8.5%). The perpetrator used either his sex (79.9%), his fingers (34.2%) or an object (2.7%). The route of entry was vaginal (94.6%), anal (21.7%) and oral (10%). The abuser used the condom in 74.7% of cases.?Customers had viewed within 24 hours (40.7%). The general state and hemodynamics at admission was normal for all clients. Physical injuries were injuries (23%) and scrapes (34.5%). External genitalia included perineal tears (28%), vaginal tears (8.6%), hymenal tears (7.3%), and old deflowering (72.7%). The hymen was intact in 20%.?The bi-varied analysis found a correlation with a statistically significant difference in the age range of the alleged victims with the number of aggressors, the time of aggression, the path and type of penetration, and the weapon used for the threat.

The European Source of Firearm Knowledge in Bing lu (Records of Military Art)

European firearms entered China from the sixteenth century and played a significant role in the warfare of the Ming and Qing dynasties.Some Chinese military books,which include contents on European firearms,appeared in the early seventeenth century and helped to expand the weapons’influence.Certain parts in these books concerning European artilleries are highly similar,indicating that they might have been extracted from a mutual source.Bing lu兵錄(Records of military art)is a typical example of such Chinese military treatises.Its illustrations and data demonstrate that Pratica manuale di arteglieria written by Luys Collado in 1586 is an important source of the Western knowledge in certain chapters of Bing lu.

Thoracic Wounds by Firearm at the University Hospital Yalgado Ouedraogo (YO)

Introduction: Thoracic wounds by firearms are frequent and severe. They may involve the patient’s prognosis. Objective: To study the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of the thoracic wounds by firearms. Material and method: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study of all patients over the age of 15 who consulted in the university hospital-YO in the department of general and digestive surgery over a period of 5 years. Results: We collected 50 cases of thoracic wounds by firearms on 183 thoracic wounds with a prevalence of 27.3%. There were 48 men (96%). The average age was 30 years. The patients came from urban areas in 66% of cases;the informal sector accounted for 44% of the cases. The pistol was the most involved firearm (46.9%). The consultation period was less than 6 hours in 78% of patients. An unstable hemodynamic state was found in 42% (n = 21). A fluid and mixed pleural effusion syndrome was found in 46% and 26% of patients, respectively. Associated lesions were diaphragm involvement, and lesions of intra-abdominal hollow organs. Thoracic drainage was performed in 24 patients (48%) and was associated with a laparotomy in 8 patients. The average hospital stay was 7.5 days. Mortality was 14%. Conclusion: the thoracic wounds by firearms are frequent in civilian practice. The thoracic CT allows mapping of the lesions and thoracic drainage constitutes the essential part of surgical treatment. The fight against the proliferation of weapons deserves to be promoted.

Pediatric firearm-associated fractures:Analysis of management and outcomes

BACKGROUND Firearm-associated injuries(FAIs)are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children living in the United States.Most victims of such injuries survive,but may experience compromised function related to musculoskeletal injuries.Although complex firearm-associated fractures(FAFs)often require specialized orthopaedic,vascular,and plastic surgical intervention,there is minimal research describing their management and outcomes.The purpose of this study is to describe the epidemiology and presentation of pediatric FAFs,as well as evaluate the management and outcomes of these injuries.AIM To describe the epidemiology and presentation of pediatric FAFs,as well as evaluate the management and outcomes of these injuries.METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed at a major,pediatric level 1 trauma center.The study included patients aged 18 or younger who presented with FAIs between 2008-2018.Additional data was collected on patients with FAFs including demographic and clinical data such as age,sex,race,payor type,fracture location,injury severity score(ISS),and radiographic and clinical outcomes.The management of FAFs was analyzed as well as need for readmission and reoperation.Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results and univariate analyses were performed to assess differences between groups.RESULTS Between 2008 and 2018,there were a total of 61 patients who presented with FAIs.In this cohort,21 patients(34%)sustained FAFs(25 fractures)with a mean age of 11(Range:10 mo to 18 years old)at the time of presentation.Approximately 52%(n=11)of patients with FAFs were male,76%(n=8 and n=8,respectively)identified as black or other,and 71%(n=15)had government insurance.FAFs were most commonly noted in the upper extremity(n=7)and lower extremity(n=6).In patients with FAFs,the mean ISS at presentation was 11.38(Range:2-38),and 24%of patients(n=5)were classified as having a major trauma.There were no significant differences in age,sex,race,and payor type in FAF patients that presented with and without major trauma(P>0.05).When comparing FAF and non-FAF patients,there was a statistically significant difference in ISS(11.38 vs 14.45,P=0.02).In total,33%(n=7)of patients with FAFs required orthopaedic surgical management,which was most commonly comprised of debridement(n=6/7,86%),and 14%(n=1/7)of these patients required coordinated care with plastic and/or vascular surgery.There were no significant differences in age and payor type in patients with FAFs treated with and without orthopaedic surgery.Of the patients with FAFs,52%(n=11)had a minimum 90-d follow-up,and 48%(n=10)had a minimum 2-year follow-up.Two patients were readmitted within 90-d,while one patient required a reoperation within 2-years.CONCLUSION Over 25%of FAIs in pediatric patients result in FAFs.FAFs often present to pediatric trauma centers and the majority of these injuries occur in non-Caucasian males with government insurance.Most FAFs do not need orthopaedic surgical management;14%of these injuries require subspecialty care by orthopaedic surgery,vascular surgery,or plastic surgery.Patients with FAFs also have lower ISS compared to patients who sustained FAIs without fracture.Thus,these patients should be treated at pediatric trauma centers with specialty care and additional research is needed to focus prevention efforts,understand reasons for poor follow-up,and evaluate outcomes after injury.

Cardiac Perforation by Firearm:Case Report

Heart trauma caused by a firearm projectile is the most fatal of cardiac injuries due to the great potential for death. The increase in the number of cases in recent years is observed, due to the greater urban violence. We report the case of a patient, a victim of firearm perforation, who suffered a cardiac transfixing lesion, with clinical presentation and with an unusual cardiac injury, operated at our service with success.

Total hip arthroplasty for post-firearm hip arthritis complicated by coloarticular fistula:A case report

Hip firearm injuries are rare injuries that could lead to serious complications,such as posttraumatic hip arthritis and coloarticular fistula.We report a case of a 25-year-old male who sustained a pelvic injury caused by a single bullet which led to a bilateral acetabular fracture,concomitant with a colon injury treated on an emergency basis by a diverting colostomy;acetabular fractures were treated conservatively by traction.After the patient recovered from the abdominal injury,he was presented with bilateral hip pain and limited motion;plain radiographs showed bilateral hip arthritis with proximal migration of the femoral head and bilateral acetabular defect classified as Paprosky type IIIA.Reconstruction of the hips was performed using the same technique:impaction bone grafting for acetabular defect reconstruction and a reversed hybrid total hip arthroplasty(THA)6 months apart.The patient presented with loosening of the left THA acetabular cup 3 years later,which was revised;then he presented with a discharging sinus from the left THA with suspicion of coloarticular fistula,which was confirmed using CT with contrast material.A temporary colostomy and fistula excision were performed,and a cement spacer was applied to the hip.After clearing the infection,a final revision THA for the left hip was performed.Treating post-firearm hip arthritis by THA is challenging,especially in the situation of neglected cases with the presence of an acetabular defect.Concomitant intestinal injury increases the risk of infection with the possibility of coloarticular fistula formation,which could present later.Working with a multidisciplinary team is paramount.