Optimization of the Formulation Process of Glucosamine Chondroitin Sulfate Tablets

[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the Formulation Process of glucosamine chondroitin sulfate tablets. [Methods] The orthogonal design with three levels was carried out with microcrystalline cellulose, calcium hydrophosphate and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone as three factors to optimize the preparation process. [Results] When microcrystalline cellulose 200 mg/tablet, calcium hydrophosphate 150 mg/tablet, and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone 80 mg/tablet were added, the angle of repose could meet the requirements of tablet pressing, and the dissolution could reach more than 95% in 30 min. The results of the orthogonal test showed that the dissolution effect of self-made tablets was faster than that of commercial products. [Conclusions] The glucosamine hydrochloride chondroitin sulfate tablets prepared by this prescription have better quality.

Formulation optimization and in vitro antibacterial ability investigation of azithromycin loaded FDKP microspheres dry powder inhalation

Azithromycin loaded fumaryl diketopiperazine(FDKP)dry powder inhalation was designed and prepared for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.The solubility of FDKP and stability of azithromycin solution was investigated.Formulation of azithromycin loaded FDKP microparticle was investigated and optimized by the single factor experiment.High-pressure homogenization and spray drying conditions were also optimized to prepare the particles by spray drying azithromycin dissolved FDKP microparticle suspension at pH 4.5.The in vitro antibacterial efficiency and in vitro dispersion performance was also investigated to confirm the antibacterial efficiency,dispersion and deposition behavers.FDKP/azithromycin mass ratio(3:2)was the optimized formulation of azithromycin loaded FDKP microparticle with the maximal drug loading efficiency.High-pressure homogenization and spray drying conditions were also optimized.The in vitro antibacterial results indicated that only with the antibiotic concentration higher than mutant prevention concentration could totally inhibit the reproduction of bacteria.In vitro dispersion performance of azithromycin loaded FDKP microparticles(AZM@FDKP-MPs)also shows remarkable improvement of dispersion and deposition behavers of AZM.AZM@FDKP-MPs dry powder inhalation as a targeting delivery route has better potential for lung infection treatment.

Formulation optimization and characterization of transdermal film of curcumin by response surface methodology

Objective:India is referred as goldmine of herbal drugs but still lack of optimization of herbal drugs,which has kept us on the back foot.The rationale of the study is to prepare optimized transdermal drug delivery system of curcumin employing response surface methodology to study the collective effect of independent variables like concentration of ethyl cellulose,hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and dibutyl phthalate which significantly influenced characteristics like percentage elongation and in vitro drug release.Method:Twenty formulations containing varying concentrations of polymers and permeation enhancer were prepared using solvent casting technique.Result:The study revealed that the effect of dibutyl phthalate(DBP) concentration was the highest on percentage elongation(P <0.0001),while hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose(HPMC) concentration exhibited pronounced effect on drug release(P <0.0001) through dialysis membrane.Linear model fitted the best for curcumin release and elongation for all formulations.According to Derringer's desirability prediction tool,the composition of optimized film was found to be 242.14% of HPMC,109.59% of ethyl cellulose(EC),and 1.03% of DBP.Under these conditions,the optimized patch exhibited a predicted value of%elongation and in vitro drug release of 94.35% and 80.0306%,respectively,which was comparable to the actual values of percent elongation and in vitro drug release i.e.95.02% and 81.03% respectively.FTIR and thermal studies were also performed which revealed no interaction or complexation between drug and excipients.The ex vivo study performed using rat skin showed that the cumulative drug release from the optimized patch showed flux of(30.68±18) μg/cm~2/h.Conclusion:It can be concluded that in future if proper optimization of herbal formulations is carried out,they can become the first choice for patients as compare to synthetic drugs.

Joint Optimization of Channel Allocation,Link Assignment and Power Control for Device-to-Device Communication Underlaying Cellular Network

Device-to-Device(D2D) communication has been proposed to facilitate cellular network with system capacity(SC) and quality of service(QoS).We consider the design of link assignment(LA),channel allocation(CA)and power control(PC) in D2D-aided content delivery scenario for both user fairness(UF)and system throughput(ST) under QoS requirement.Due to the complexity of the problem,we decompose it into two components:CA is formulated from graph perspective to mitigate severe co-channel interference,which turns out to be the Max K-cut problem;LA and PC are jointly optimized to utilize the gain achieved from CA for supreme performance,and specifically,genetic algorithm(GA) is adopted to optimize LA,but when deriving the fitness of each chromosome,PC optimization will be involved.Thanks to numerical results,we elucidate the efficacy of our scheme.

OPTIMIZING FORMULATION OF HYBRID MODEL FOR THIN AND MODERATELY THICK PLATES

A 20 - DOF hybrid stress element based upon Mindlin plate theory is developed using the optimization design method for thin and moderately thick plates. Numerical tests consist of the convergency and performance to the plates with arbitrary thickness and shape and of the ultimate thin plate problems.

Formulation and Assessment of the Efficacy and Stability of an Ointment Containing Ocimum americanum L.Extract

Background:Ocimum americanum L.is an annual herbaceous plant used to manage pain and inflammation.Lack of standard dosage forms,and safety and efficacy data potentially exposes users of this medicinal plant to the risk of toxic or sub-therapeutic effects,as well as drug-herb interactions.Objective:The study developed a standard dosage form containing O.americanum extract and assessed its anti-inflammatory efficacy and stability.Methods:The fusion method was used to formulate an ointment comprising acetone extract,beeswax,and soft-paraffin.Formulation optimization involved the application of Box-Behnken Design(BBD)to design an exper-iment whose input variables were%beeswax and%soft-paraffin and its melting temperature.Output variables were drug release and viscosity which were quantified using a vertical diffusion cell(VDC)and stanhope-seta viscometer,respectively.Wistar albino rats were used in carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema(n=6/test,positive and negative control)to assess the anti-inflammatory effect.Stability studies comprised assessment of spreadability,thin layer chromatograms(TLC),and microbial growth in ointment batches stored at 25±2℃/60±5%RH and 40±2℃/75±5%RH.Results:Temperature and%beeswax significantly influenced drug release(P=0.0024).Optimal drug release and viscosity were obtained at 5.4%beeswax,89.6%soft-paraffin melted at 58℃.The predominant drug release mechanism was Higuchi(R^(2)=0.967±0.023),which implied longer contact between formulation and skin favours drug diffusion.Inhibition of edema by the ointment was comparable to 1%(w/w)diclofenac gel(t=2.1;CI=(-8.29)-1.15),and both differed significantly with negative control(t=11.3 and 13.4;CI=14.5-23.9 and 18.1-27.5 respectively).Insignificant changes in spreadability(P=0.112),absence of new spots on chromatograms,and deficiency of microbial colonies on agar plates implied physical,chemical,and microbial stability,respectively.Conclusion:A formulated ointment containing O.americanum extract exhibited predictable and stable drug release characteristics to produce anti-inflammatory activity.The ointment formulation can potentially be considered as an effective option in management of peripheral inflammation.

Preparation Technology and Property Research of Ultra-Concentrated Liquid Detergent

A series of ultra-concentrated liquid detergents （active matter content 〉 60%） was designed and formulated. The cold resisting, heat resisting and freeze-thaw stability of liquid detergent were tested, and their foaming power, detergency, pH value as well as water-saving property were evaluated by Ross-Miles foam meter, Terg-O-tometer, pH detector and surface tensionmeter, respectively. The results showed that the ultra-concentrated liquid detergents product displayed excellent stability. pH value of liquid detergents were less than 9 with less skin irritation. The foaming power of 0.05% （weight fraction） of liquid detergents was appreciably lower than 0.2% standard liquid detergent.The detergency of 0.05% （weight fraction） of liquid detergents was better than 0.2% standard liquid detergent, especially for artificial sebum stained clothes; the water-saving of liquid detergents was better than standard liquid detergent, the surfactant concentration of second rinse solution of standard liquid detergent was 5.3 times than that of concentrated liquid detergent.

Modeling and multi-response optimization of machining performance while turning hardened steel with self-propelled rotary tool

There are many advanced tooling approaches in metal cutting to enhance the cutting tool performance for machining hard-to-cut materials. The self propelled rotary tool （SPRT） is one of the novel approaches to improve the cutting tool performance by providing cutting edge in the form of a disk, which rotates about its principal axis and provides a rest period for the cutting edge to cool and allow engaging a fresh cutting edge with the work piece. This paper aimed to present the cutting performance of SPRT while turning hardened EN24 steel and optimize the machining conditions. Surface roughness （Ra） and metal removal rate （rMMR） are considered as machining perfor- mance parameters to evaluate, while the horizontal incli- nation angle of the SPRT, depth of cut, feed rate and spindle speed are considered as process variables. Initially, design of experiments （DOEs） is employed to minimize the number of experiments. For each set of chosen process variables, the machining experiments are conducted on computer numerical control （CNC） lathe to measure the machining responses. Then, the response surface method- ology （RSM） is used to establish quantitative relationships for the output responses in terms of the input variables. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） is used to check the adequacy of the model. The influence of input variables on the output responses is also determined. Consequently, these models are formulated as a multi-response optimi- zation problem to minimize the Ra and maximize the rMMR simultaneously. Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II （NSGA-II） is used to derive the set of Pareto-optimal solutions. The optimal results obtained through the pro- posed methodology are also compared with the results of validation experimental runs and good correlation is found between them.