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Modelling and Simulation of Performance of the Microgrid Frequency Stability Control during Unplanned Islanding: The Case Study of Mwenga Hydropower
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作者 Eligard Kyaruzi Francis Arthur M. Omari John P. John 《Smart Grid and Renewable Energy》 CAS 2022年第7期160-171,共12页
A grid connected microgrid connects to the grid at a point of common coupling. Due to the great inertia of the grid which accelerates and decelerates the generator when its frequency tends to deviate, the grid connect... A grid connected microgrid connects to the grid at a point of common coupling. Due to the great inertia of the grid which accelerates and decelerates the generator when its frequency tends to deviate, the grid connected microgrid operates at a frequency of the infinity bus. Frequency instability is one of the major challenges facing the grid connected microgrid during islanding. The power demand variation causes the variation in rotor speed, resulting to frequency deviation. Frequency can be brought back to standard by varying the power generation to match with the varying load. The performance of the frequency stability control system at Mwenga hydroelectric microgrid has been studied. Through site visitation, the power demand and generation status data were collected and analysed for model preparation. The results of the study indicate that, during islanding, the Mwenga rural electrification project is observed to be subjected to power imbalance which leads to frequency instability. Although the frequency control system tries to keep the system at a nominal frequency by maintaining the continuous balance between generation and varying load demand, however the system still operates with large magnitude of overshoot, undershoot and longer settling time. 展开更多
关键词 MODELLING frequency stability Unplanned Islanding Mwenga
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Analysis and Control of Frequency Stability in Low-Inertia Power Systems:A Review
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作者 Changjun He Hua Geng +1 位作者 Kaushik Rajashekara Ambrish Chandra 《IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica》 2024年第12期2363-2383,共21页
Power electronic-interfaced renewable energy sources(RES)exhibit lower inertia compared to traditional synchronous generators.The large-scale integration of RES has led to a significant reduction in system inertia,pos... Power electronic-interfaced renewable energy sources(RES)exhibit lower inertia compared to traditional synchronous generators.The large-scale integration of RES has led to a significant reduction in system inertia,posing significant challenges for maintaining frequency stability in future power systems.This issue has garnered considerable attention in recent years.However,the existing research has not yet achieved a comprehensive understanding of system inertia and frequency stability in the context of low-inertia systems.To this end,this paper provides a comprehensive review of the definition,modeling,analysis,evaluation,and control for frequency stability.It commences with an exploration of inertia and frequency characteristics in low-inertia systems,followed by a novel definition of frequency stability.A summary of frequency stability modeling,analysis,and evaluation methods is then provided,along with their respective applicability in various scenarios.Additionally,the two critical factors of frequency control—energy sources at the system level and control strategies at the device level—are examined.Finally,an outlook on future research in low-inertia power systems is discussed. 展开更多
关键词 frequency control frequency stability definition low inertia power system with high penetration of renewable energy sources
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Robust external cavity diode laser system with high frequency stability for Cs atomic clock 被引量:5
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作者 阮军 刘杰 +3 位作者 马杰 杜志静 吴长江 张首刚 《Chinese Optics Letters》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2010年第3期300-302,共3页
A robust external cavity diode laser (ECDL) insensitive to mechanical vibration is built with an interference filter for selecting wavelength and a cat-eye reflector for light feedback. The free-running laser has a ... A robust external cavity diode laser (ECDL) insensitive to mechanical vibration is built with an interference filter for selecting wavelength and a cat-eye reflector for light feedback. The free-running laser has a linewidth of 72 kHz. The laser frequency stability reaches 3×10^-12 at 1-s integration time in terms of relative Allan variance based on the saturation absorption spectrum. 展开更多
关键词 Absorption spectroscopy CESIUM frequency stability Vibrations (mechanical)
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Improving frequency stability of laser by means of temperature-controlled Fabry-Perot cavity 被引量:4
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作者 赵法刚 潘庆 彭堃墀 《Chinese Optics Letters》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2004年第6期334-336,共3页
The frequency stability of an all-solid-state Nd:YVO4 laser is significantly improved by means of a specially designed Fabry-Perot (F-P) interferometer used for the frequency standard in the frequency-stabilizing syst... The frequency stability of an all-solid-state Nd:YVO4 laser is significantly improved by means of a specially designed Fabry-Perot (F-P) interferometer used for the frequency standard in the frequency-stabilizing system. The ten.peraturo of the F-P cavity is accurately controlled by a set of thermoelectric cooler (TEC) modules attached on th dy of the cavity and the electronic feedback circuit. We find that the long-term unidirectional frequency shift of the output laser, resulting from the slow increase of the cavity length under the effect of the temperature integration on the cavity body, is essentially eliminated. The frequency stability of the output laser with the power of 530 mW is better than ±200 kHz in 1 minute and ±2.3 MHz iu 40 minutes, respectively. The fluctuation of output power is smaller than ±0.5% over one hour. 展开更多
关键词 frequency stability Solid state lasers Temperature control Thermoelectric equipment
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All-fiber-based ultrastable laser with long-term frequency stability of 1.1×10^(-14) 被引量:4
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作者 黄亚峰 胡笛 +8 位作者 叶美凤 王亚婷 李彦黎 李明 陈胤男 屈求智 汪凌珂 刘亮 李唐 《Chinese Optics Letters》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第3期84-89,共6页
We demonstrate an ultrastable miniaturized transportable laser system at 1550 nm by locking it to an optical fiber delay line[FDL].To achieve optimized long-term frequency stability,the FDL was placed into a vacuum ch... We demonstrate an ultrastable miniaturized transportable laser system at 1550 nm by locking it to an optical fiber delay line[FDL].To achieve optimized long-term frequency stability,the FDL was placed into a vacuum chamber with a five-layer thermal shield,and a delicate two-stage active temperature stabilization,an optical power stabilization,and an RF power stabilization were applied in the system.A fractional frequency stability of better than 3.2×10^[-15]at 1 s averaging time and1.1×10^[-14]at 1000 s averaging time was achieved,which is the best long-term frequency stability of an all-fiber-based ultrastable laser observed to date. 展开更多
关键词 fiber delay line frequency stability ultrastable laser
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Frequency Stability of Power System with Large Share of Wind Power Under Storm Conditions 被引量:2
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作者 Kaushik Das Feng Guo +1 位作者 Edgar Nuno Nicolaos A.Cutululis 《Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy》 SCIE EI CSCD 2020年第2期219-228,共10页
The operation of transmission systems with large share of wind power is specially challenging under storm conditions.Under the stormy wind speed conditions,wind turbine protection system is designed to shut down the t... The operation of transmission systems with large share of wind power is specially challenging under storm conditions.Under the stormy wind speed conditions,wind turbine protection system is designed to shut down the turbine to avoid excessive mechanical load.The sudden loss of wind power from large offshore plants is difficult to forecast accurately,which results in a large amount of power imbalance.The severity of such a wind power imbalance towards frequency stability needs to be studied for the future power systems.In addition,the overhead transmission lines can also be affected during storms,thereby increasing their probability of failure in the operation of power system under the islanded conditions.This paper investigates how the stormy weather can threaten the frequency stability of future Danish power system with large share of wind power and how to avoid the frequency instability through proper control and defence strategies such as high-voltage direct current(HVDC)control and load shedding.Sensitivity studies are performed for ramp rates of HVDC control,load shedding strategies,inertia of the system with different volumes of disturbances to understand their impact on frequency stability. 展开更多
关键词 Emergency control frequency stability STORM SECURITY wind power
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Frequency stability of an RF oscillator with an MEMS-based encapsulated resonator
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作者 彭波华 骆伟 +3 位作者 赵继聪 袁泉 杨晋玲 杨富华 《Journal of Semiconductors》 EI CAS CSCD 2015年第7期103-107,共5页
This paper presents a high-Q RF MEMS oscillator consisting of a micro-disk resonator and low noise feedback circuits. The oscillator has high frequency stability and low phase noise. The two-port resonator was hermeti... This paper presents a high-Q RF MEMS oscillator consisting of a micro-disk resonator and low noise feedback circuits. The oscillator has high frequency stability and low phase noise. The two-port resonator was hermetically encapsulated using low-cost Sn-rich Au-Sn solder bonding, which significantly improves the frequency stability. A low noise oscillator circuit was designed with a two-stage amplifying architecture which effectively improves both the frequency stability and phase noise performance. The measured phase noise is -96 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz offset and-128 dBc/Hz at far-from-carrier offsets. Moreover, the medium-term frequency stability and Allan deviation of the oscillator are 4-4 ppm and 10 ppb, respectively. The oscillator is a promising component in future wireless communication application. 展开更多
关键词 MEMS disk resonator oscillator phase noise frequency stability ENCAPSULATION
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Stability Analysis and Improvement of Power Systems
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作者 Jinrui Deng 《控制工程期刊(中英文版)》 2024年第2期18-22,共5页
Power system stability is essential for the reliable operation of electrical grids,especially with the increasing integration of renewable energy sources.This paper reviews the types of power system stability-transien... Power system stability is essential for the reliable operation of electrical grids,especially with the increasing integration of renewable energy sources.This paper reviews the types of power system stability-transient,dynamic,voltage,and frequency stability-and explores the challenges posed by renewable energy,such as intermittency and the lack of inertia.The paper also discusses strategies for improving stability,including advanced control techniques,energy storage systems(ESS),demand response,and grid optimization.The integration of these technologies is critical to maintaining grid stability as power systems evolve with greater renewable penetration. 展开更多
关键词 Power System stability Renewable Energy Transient stability Dynamic stability Voltage stability frequency stability Smart Grids
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Dynamic Stability Analysis of Caisson Breakwater in Lifetime Considering the Annual Frequency of Severe Storm
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作者 王禹迟 王元战 洪宁宁 《China Ocean Engineering》 SCIE EI CSCD 2015年第2期287-300,共14页
In the dynamic stability analysis of a caisson breakwater, most of current studies pay attention to the motion characteristics of caisson breakwaters under a single periodical breaking wave excitation. And in the life... In the dynamic stability analysis of a caisson breakwater, most of current studies pay attention to the motion characteristics of caisson breakwaters under a single periodical breaking wave excitation. And in the lifetime stability analysis of caisson breakwater, it is assumed that the caisson breakwater suffers storm wave excitation once annually in the design lifetime. However, the number of annual severe storm occurrence is a random variable. In this paper, a series of random waves are generated by the Wen Sheng-chang wave spectrum, and the histories of successive and long-term random wave forces are built up by using the improved Goda wave force model. It is assumed that the number of annual severe storm occurrence is in the Poisson distribution over the 50-year design lifetime, and the history of random wave excitation is generated for each storm by the wave spectrum. The response histories of the caisson breakwater to the random waves over 50-year design lifetime are calculated and taken as a set of samples. On the basis of the Monte Carlo simulation technique, a large number of samples can be obtained, and the probability assessment of the safety of the breakwater during the complete design lifetime is obtained by statistical analysis of a large number of samples. Finally, the procedure of probability assessment of the breakwater safety is illustrated by an example. 展开更多
关键词 caisson breakwater dynamic stability lifetime wave spectrum annual storm frequency
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Finite-time economic model predictive control for optimal load dispatch and frequency regulation in interconnected power systems
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作者 Yubin Jia Tengjun Zuo +3 位作者 Yaran Li Wenjun Bi Lei Xue Chaojie Li 《Global Energy Interconnection》 EI CSCD 2023年第3期355-362,共8页
This paper presents a finite-time economic model predictive control(MPC)algorithm that can be used for frequency regulation and optimal load dispatch in multi-area power systems.Economic MPC can be used in a power sys... This paper presents a finite-time economic model predictive control(MPC)algorithm that can be used for frequency regulation and optimal load dispatch in multi-area power systems.Economic MPC can be used in a power system to ensure frequency stability,real-time economic optimization,control of the system and optimal load dispatch from it.A generalized terminal penalty term was used,and the finite-time convergence of the system was guaranteed.The effectiveness of the proposed model predictive control algorithm was verified by simulating a power system,which had two areas connected by an AC tie line.The simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the algorithm. 展开更多
关键词 Economic model predictive control Finite-time convergence Optimal load dispatch frequency stability
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A combined magnetic field stabilization system for improving the stability of 40Ca^(+) optical clock
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作者 曾孟彦 马子晓 +6 位作者 胡如明 张宝林 郝艳梅 张华青 黄垚 管桦 高克林 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第11期226-231,共6页
Future applications of portable40Ca^(+)optical clocks require reliable magnetic field stabilization to improve frequency stability, which can be achieved by implementing an active and passive magnetic field noise supp... Future applications of portable40Ca^(+)optical clocks require reliable magnetic field stabilization to improve frequency stability, which can be achieved by implementing an active and passive magnetic field noise suppression system. On the one hand, we have optimized the magnetic shielding performance of the portable optical clock by reducing its apertures and optimizing its geometry;on the other hand, we have introduced an active magnetic field noise suppression system to further suppress the magnetic field noise experienced by the ions. These efforts reduced the ambient magnetic field noise by about 10000 times, significantly reduced the linewidth of the clock transition spectrum, improved the stability of the portable40Ca+optical clock, and created the conditions for using portable optical clocks in non-laboratory magnetic field environments. This active magnetic field suppression scheme has the advantages of simple installation and wide applicability. 展开更多
关键词 40Ca^(+)optical clock magnetic field compensation frequency stability
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Research on the Impacts of the Inertia and Droop Control Gains from a Variable-Speed Wind Turbine Generator on the Frequency Response
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作者 Dejian Yang Yien Xu +6 位作者 Tong Zhu Yang Wang Qiuhan Cao Yuang Ma Enshu Jin Xinsong Zhang Haochen Sun 《Energy Engineering》 EI 2022年第2期539-554,共16页
System frequency must be kept very close to its nominal range to ensure the stability of an electric power grid.Excessive system frequency variations are able to result in load shedding,frequency instability,and even ... System frequency must be kept very close to its nominal range to ensure the stability of an electric power grid.Excessive system frequency variations are able to result in load shedding,frequency instability,and even generator damage.With increasing wind power penetration,there is rising concern about the reduction in inertia response and primary frequency control in the electric power grid.Converter-based wind generation is capable of providing inertia response and primary frequency response;nevertheless,the primary frequency and inertia responses of wind generation are different from those of conventional synchronous fleets;it is not completely understood how the primary frequency and inertia responses affect the given system under various disturbances and available kinetic energy levels.Simulations are used to investigate the influences of inertia and droop control strategies on the dynamic frequency responses,particularly the index of the second frequency drop under various disturbance and wind conditions.A quantitative analysis provides insight into setting of inertia and droop control coefficients for various wind and disturbance conditions to facilitate adequate dynamic frequency responses during frequency events. 展开更多
关键词 Wind power inertia control droop control frequency stability
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A long-term frequency-stabilized erbium-fiber-laser-based optical frequency comb with an intra-cavity electro-optic modulator 被引量:6
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作者 张颜艳 闫露露 +6 位作者 赵文宇 孟森 樊松涛 张龙 郭文阁 张首刚 姜海峰 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2015年第6期366-370,共5页
We demonstrate an optical frequency comb based on an erbium-doped-fiber femtosecond laser with the nonlinear polarization evolution scheme. The repetition rate of the laser is about 209 MHz. By controlling an intra-ca... We demonstrate an optical frequency comb based on an erbium-doped-fiber femtosecond laser with the nonlinear polarization evolution scheme. The repetition rate of the laser is about 209 MHz. By controlling an intra-cavity electro- optic modulator and a piezo-transducer, the repetition rate can be stabilized with a high-bandwidth servo in a frequency range of 3 kHz, enabling long-term repetition rate phase-locking. The in-loop frequency stability of repetition rate is about 1.6× 10-13 in an integration time of 1 s, limited by the measurement system; and it is inversely proportional to integration time in the short term. Furthermore, using a common path f-2f interferometer, the carrier envelope offset frequency of the comb is obtained with a signal-to-noise ratio of 40 dB in a 3-MHz resolution bandwidth. Stabilized cartier envelope offset frequency exhibits a deviation of 0.6 mHz in an integration time of 1 s. 展开更多
关键词 optical frequency comb fiber laser frequency stabilization frequency instability
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Frequency stabilization of a 399-nm laser by modulation transfer spectroscopy in an ytterbium hollow cathode lamp 被引量:3
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作者 王文丽 叶捷 +3 位作者 蒋海灵 毕志毅 马龙生 徐信业 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2011年第1期310-315,共6页
The modulation transfer spectroscopy in an ytterbium hollow cathode lamp at 399 nm is measured. The error signal for frequency locking is optimized by measuring the dependences of its slope, linewidth and magnitude on... The modulation transfer spectroscopy in an ytterbium hollow cathode lamp at 399 nm is measured. The error signal for frequency locking is optimized by measuring the dependences of its slope, linewidth and magnitude on various parameters. Under the optimum condition, the laser frequency at 399 nm can be stabilized. The long-term stability of laser frequency is measured by monitoring the fluorescence signal of the ytterbium atomic beam induced by the locked laser. The laser frequency is shown to be tightly locked, and the stabilized laser is successfully applied to the cooling of ytterbium atoms. 展开更多
关键词 laser frequency stabilization modulation transfer spectroscopy YTTERBIUM hollow cathode lamp
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Arbitrary frequency stabilization of a diode laser based on visual Labview PID VI and sound card output 被引量:2
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作者 冯国胜 武寄洲 +5 位作者 王晓锋 郑宁宣 李玉清 马杰 肖连团 贾锁堂 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2015年第10期248-251,共4页
We report a robust method of directly stabilizing a grating feedback diode laser to an arbitrary frequency in a large range. The error signal, induced from the difference between the frequency measured by a wavelength... We report a robust method of directly stabilizing a grating feedback diode laser to an arbitrary frequency in a large range. The error signal, induced from the difference between the frequency measured by a wavelength meter and the preset target frequency, is fed back to the piezoelectric transducer module of the diode laser via a sound card in the computer. A visual Labview procedure is developed to realize a feedback system. In our experiment the frequency drift of the diode laser is reduced to 8 MHz within 25 min. The robust scheme can be adapted to realize the arbitrary frequency stabilization for many other kinds of lasers. 展开更多
关键词 frequency stabilization Labview PID VI diode laser target frequency
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Flexible control of semiconductor laser with frequency tunable modulation transfer spectroscopy 被引量:2
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作者 Ning Ru Yu Wang +3 位作者 Hui-Juan Ma Dong Hu Li Zhang Shang-Chun Fan 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2018年第7期321-324,共4页
We introduce a new method of simultaneously implementing frequency stabilization and frequency shift for semiconductor lasers. We name this method the frequency tunable modulation transfer spectroscopy (FTMTS). To r... We introduce a new method of simultaneously implementing frequency stabilization and frequency shift for semiconductor lasers. We name this method the frequency tunable modulation transfer spectroscopy (FTMTS). To realize a stable output of 780 nm semiconductor laser, an FTMTS optical heterodyne frequency stabilization system is constructed. Before entering into the frequency stabilization system, the probe laser passes through an acousto-optical modulator (AOM) twice in advance to achieve tunable frequency while keeping the light path stable. According to the experimental results, the frequency changes from 120 MHz to 190 MHz after the double-pass AOM, and the intensity of laser entering into the system is greatly changed, but there is almost no change in the error signal of the FTMTS spectrum. Using this signal to lock the laser frequency, we can ensure that the frequency of the laser changes with the amount of AOM shift. Therefore, the magneto-optical trap (MOT)-molasses process can be implemented smoothly. 展开更多
关键词 semiconductor laser frequency stabilization frequency shift frequency tunable modulation trans-fer spectroscopy
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Analytical Study of Magnetohydrodynamic Propulsion Stability 被引量:3
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作者 M.Y. Abdollahzadeh Jamalabadi 《Journal of Marine Science and Application》 2014年第3期281-290,共10页
In this paper an analytical solution for the stability of the fully developed flow drive in a magneto-hydro-dynamic pump with pulsating transverse Eletro-magnetic fields is presented. To do this, a theoretical model o... In this paper an analytical solution for the stability of the fully developed flow drive in a magneto-hydro-dynamic pump with pulsating transverse Eletro-magnetic fields is presented. To do this, a theoretical model of the flow is developed and the analytical results are obtained for both the cylindrical and Cartesian configurations that are proper to use in the propulsion of marine vessels. The governing parabolic momentum PDEs are transformed into an ordinary differential equation using approximate velocity distribution. The numerical results are obtained and asymptotic analyses are built to discover the mathematical behavior of the solutions. The maximum velocity in a magneto-hydro-dynamic pump versus time for various values of the Stuart number, electro-magnetic interaction number, Reynolds number, aspect ratio, as well as the magnetic and electrical angular frequency and the shift of the phase angle is presented. Results show that for a high Stuart number there is a frequency limit for stability of the fluid flow in a certain direction of the flow. This stability frequency is dependent on the geometric parameters of a channel. 展开更多
关键词 stability frequency Stuart number transient flow Eletro-magnetic interaction number duct flow MHD propulsion
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High-performance frequency stabilization of ultraviolet diode lasers by using dichroic atomic vapor spectroscopy and transfer cavity 被引量:1
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作者 Danna Shen Liangyu Ding +4 位作者 Qiuxin Zhang Chenhao Zhu Yuxin Wang Wei Zhang Xiang Zhang 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2020年第7期356-362,共7页
We develop a high-performance ultraviolet(UV)frequency stabilization technique implemented directly on UV diode lasers by combining the dichroic atomic vapor laser lock and the resonant transfer cavity lock.As an exam... We develop a high-performance ultraviolet(UV)frequency stabilization technique implemented directly on UV diode lasers by combining the dichroic atomic vapor laser lock and the resonant transfer cavity lock.As an example,we demonstrate a stable locking with measured frequency standard deviations of approximately 200 kHz and 300 kHz for 399 nm and 370 nm diode lasers in 20 min.We achieve a long-term frequency drift of no more than 1 MHz for the target 370 nm laser within an hour,which is further verified with fluorescence count rates of a single trapped ^171Yb+ion.We also find strong linear correlations between lock points and environmental factors such as temperature and atmospheric pressure.Our approach provides a simple and stable solution at a relatively low cost,and features flexible control,high feedback bandwidth and minimal power consumption of the target UV laser. 展开更多
关键词 frequency stabilization ultraviolet diode laser dichroic atomic vapor spectroscopy transfer cavity
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Study of a low power dissipation,miniature laser-pumped rubidium frequency standard 被引量:1
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作者 刘国宾 赵峰 顾思洪 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2009年第9期3839-3843,共5页
This paper studies a miniature low power consumption laser-pumped atom vapour cell clock scheme. Pumping ^87Rb with a vertical cavity surface emitting laser diode pump and locking the laser frequency on a Doppler-broa... This paper studies a miniature low power consumption laser-pumped atom vapour cell clock scheme. Pumping ^87Rb with a vertical cavity surface emitting laser diode pump and locking the laser frequency on a Doppler-broadened spectral line, it records a 5 × 10^-11τ-1/2 (τ〈500 s) frequency stability with a table-top system in a primary experiment. The study reveals that the evaluated scheme is at the level of 2.7 watts power consumption, 90 cm^3 volume and 10^-12τ-1/2 short-term frequency stability. 展开更多
关键词 laser-pumped atom clock laser frequency stabilization rubidium vapour cell clock
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Improvement of Laser Frequency Stabilization for the Optical Pumping Cesium Beam Standard 被引量:2
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作者 王青 段俊 +2 位作者 齐向晖 张胤 陈徐宗 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2015年第5期69-72,共4页
A method is presented to improve the laser frequency stabilization for the optical pumping cesium clock. By comparing the laser frequency stabilization of different schemes, we verify that the light angle is an import... A method is presented to improve the laser frequency stabilization for the optical pumping cesium clock. By comparing the laser frequency stabilization of different schemes, we verify that the light angle is an important factor that limits the long-term frequency stability. We minimize the drift of the light angle by using a fiber- coupled output, and lock the frequency of a distributed-feedback diode laser to the fluorescence spectrum of the atomic beam. The measured frequency stability is about 3.5 ×10^-11 at i s and reaches 1.5 × 10^-12 at 2000s. The Allan variance keeps going down for up to thousands of seconds, indicating that the medium- and long-term stability of the laser frequency is significantly improved and perfectly fulfills the requirement for the optical pumping cesium clock. 展开更多
关键词 Improvement of Laser frequency Stabilization for the Optical Pumping Cesium Beam Standard
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