Research Progress in Effect of Bagging,Reflective Film and Greenhouse Film on Fruit Size of Peach

Referring to a large number of literatures, the effects of bagging, reflective film and greenhouse film on fruit size of peach were reviewed in this paper so as to provide basis for conducting relevant researches and producing larger fruits. The effects of different types of bags on fruit size of peach were analyzed. The weight variation of single fruit after bagged was investigated, and the relevant reasons were analyzed. In addition, the complexity of effect of greenhouse film on fruit size was also discussed. It is proposed that further comprehensive study on effect of bagging on fruit size should be carried out.

QTL Mapping for Cucumber Fruit Size and Shape with Populations from Long and Round Fruited Inbred Lines

To gain insight into the molecular and genetic basis of fruit size and shape in cucumber,we conducted Quantitative Trait Locus(QTL)mapping with F2 and BC1F1 populations derived froma cross between the Northern-China type inbred line CNS21 and the Southern-China type inbred line RNS7.Populations were evaluated during two developmental stages,ovary at anthesis and commercial fruit(immature fruit).A total of 13 major-effect QTLs(R2>10%)were detected for six traits,and one of them,fruit shape index 2.1,explained more than 50%of phenotypic variation.All QTLs distributed on chromosome(chr)1 and 2.We constructed a physical map containing almost all of the QTLs with their physical location from previous studies.For fruit size and shape,the highest number of QTLs were mapped on chr1 and chr6,and the fewest number were mapped on chr2 and chr7.At least one consensus region was presented on each chromosome.In addition,three candidate genes were predicted between the long-fruited and round-fruited inbred lines by comparing the sequences of the consensus region of chr3,where many QTLs for marketable fruit length had been detected.Our results provide a base for additional QTLs and molecular markers for fruit size and shape in cucumber breeding.

Correlation of soil properties and fruit size of Callgonum mongolicum and related species

Correlations of soil properties and fruit size of Calligonum mongolicum Turcz. and related species were analyzed. The resullLs showed that the particle size characteristics of soils for growing Calligonum mongolicum and related species were similar, and the soils belonged to sandyones. The organic matter contents of soils were low （averaging 1.772 to 3.054 g/kg）, and the total salt content of soils was low too （averaging 0.471 g/kg）. The pH values indicated that the soils were alkaline, varying from pH 7.65 to 10.25. The results of Principal Component Analysis （PCA） and hierarchical cluster showed that 9 habitats could be divided into 6 types according to salt contents and pH values. Fruit sizes of different populations and the soil properties had significant linear correlations （P〈0.000）. It was concluded that the differences in fruit sizes among the populations of Calligonum mongolicum and related species werre related to soil variability, especially the nutrient contents of soils, and fruit size can not be considered as a taxonomic index of Calligonum mongofcum and related species.

Fruit size control by a zinc finger protein regulating pericarp cell size in tomato

Fruit size is largely defined by the number and size of cells in the fruit.Endoreduplication–a specialized cell cycle–is highly associated with cell expansion during tomato fruit growth.However,how endoreduplication coupled with cell size is regulated remains poorly understood.In this study,we identified a zinc finger gene SlPZF1(Solanum lycopersicum PERICARP-ASSOCIATED ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 1)that was highly expressed in the pericarp of developing fruits.Plants with altered SlPZF1 expression produced smaller fruits due to the reduction in cell size associated with weakened endoreduplication.Overexpressing SlPZF1 delayed cell division phase by enhancing early expression of several key cell cycle regulators including SlCYCD3;1 and two plant specific mitotic cyclin-dependent protein kinase(SlCDKB1 and SlCDKB2)in the pericarp tissue.Furthermore,we identified 14 putative SlPZF1 interacting proteins(PZFIs)via yeast two hybrid screening.Several PZFIs,including Pre-mRNA-splicing factor(SlSMP1/PZFI4),PAPA-1-like conserved region family protein(PZFI6),Fanconi anemia complex components(PZFI3 and PZFI10)and bHLH transcription factor LONESOME HIGHWAY(SILHW/PZFI14),are putatively involved in cell cycle regulation.Our results demonstrate that fruit growth in tomato requires balanced expression of the novel cell size regulator SlPZF1.

Review on Effects of Application of Exogenous Growth Regulating Substance on Fruits Weight of Peach

The effects of exogenous growth regulating substance on the fruit weight of peach were reviewed. Paclobutrazol could increase the single fruit weight in dif- ferent degree, and cytokinins could also increase the single fruit weight. GA3 and B9 had no effect on fruit size or on reducing single fruit weight. Chlorflurenol-methy, ABT and salicylic acid had no effect on fruit size. Suggestions on the future re- search were put forward.

Cloning,localization and expression analysis of two fw2.2-like genes in small-and large-fruited pear species

Fruit size is one of the most important agronomic characters,which is mainly determined by cell number and cell size.However,our current knowledge about pear is largely unknown.Through counting of pear mesocarp cells at different stages,we found that the cell number,rather than the cell size,is responsible for the differences between small- and large-fruited cultivars.Fruit weight-2.2（fw2.2） is an important quantitative trait locus（QTL） affecting fruit weight in tomato and functions as a negative regulator in carpel cell division.To get more insights into this QTL in pear fruit development,we isolated two putative homologous fw2.2 genes,which were designated as fw2.2-like（PbFWL） genes.PbFWLs encode Cys-rich proteins with the CCXXXXCPC motif and belong to the PLAC8 superfamily.In addition,results from the subcellular localization indicated that PbFWLs were localized in the plasma membrane.The expression profile of the PbFWL genes by qRT-PCR showed they expressed higher in small-sized fruit cultivar than that in large-sized fruit cultivar during the cell division period.In summary,our data suggest that these two PbFWLs might be negatively related to the cell division in pear fruit.

Effect of Forchlorfenuron (CPPU) and Ethychlozate on Fruit Development and Quality of Mango Cultivar 'Tainong 1'

The fruit swelling effect of forchlorfenurun （CPPU） and fruit thinning effect of ethychlozate on Tainong 1 mango （Mangifera indica L. cv. ） were studied. Spraying 32 mg/L CPPU at 7 and 21 d post flowering for just once significantly improved the fruit size of mango, but had no significant impact on fruit quality and flavor. Spraying 200 mg/L ethychlozate at 7 d post flowering for just once significantly increased fruit drop rate and single fruit weight of mango; fruit grade was improved and total soluble solid increased to the maximum value, so ethychlozate had good fruit thinning effect.

Effect of Fertilization in Organic Nursery for Later Growth and Fruiting of Apple Trees in the Orchard

There is a deficiency of nurseries in the world producing fruit trees using the organic material management. However, such material has been produced since 2009 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. To stimulate plant growth, various biopreparations were applied in an organic nursery. Apple trees （＇Topaz＇/M26） obtained from the organic nursery were used to establish an orchard in 2011. One of the combinations in the orchard consisted of trees produced in a conventional nursery. Trees whose maidens had not been fertilized at all in the organic nursery served as the control. The study was conducted for four years （2011-2014）. The least vigorously growing trees were the control trees and those that had been treated in the nursery with the preparation Tytanit, and the most vigorously--those that had been treated there with manure and the biopreparations Micosat, Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM, and BF Quality and BF Amin. Trees whose maidens had been produced by the conventional method did not differ, in terms of growth vigour, from those treated with the biopreparations Humus UP or Vinassa. The highest cumulative fruit yields from the four-year-old trees were obtained in the combinations where the maidens had been treated in the nursery with the biopreparations BF Amin and BF Quality. The type of fertilization applied to maiden trees in the nursery had no significant effect on mean fruit weight, but it influenced the distribution of fruit in size classes.

果型和抗性基因协同对番茄黄化曲叶病毒带毒量的影响

以12份番茄种质为试材,其具有2类果实大小和3种不同抗性基因,通过检测番茄黄化曲叶病毒病田间抗性和带毒量指标,探索果实大小、抗病基因与田间抗性、带毒量之间的关系。结果显示,在自然传毒情况下,所有番茄材料都能检测到病毒感染。在番茄定植后28 d,小果型番茄M8(I)、M5(I)、M3(I)、M7(I)、M9(I)和M11(HR)带毒量均较低,大果型番茄M6(S)、M10(S)、M4(S)和M2(S)带毒量均较高,且小果型番茄田间发病率明显低于大果型番茄。除了Ty-1/ty-1单基因抗性不受番茄果实大小影响外,携带其他单基因或聚合基因抗性的番茄种质均与果实大小有关。在此节点上,带毒量越高抗性越弱,带毒量越低抗性越强。总体来说,在遭受番茄黄化曲叶病毒侵染时,小果型番茄田间抗性强于大果型番茄。

栽培措施对西瓜果实大小的影响

为研究栽培措施对西瓜果实大小的影响,以“苏蜜518”为试材,“8424”为对照,采用不同整蔓方式结合不同坐瓜数以及不同整蔓方式结合不同种植密度2种处理方式,调查不同处理下果实重量、纵横径、果皮厚度、心糖、边糖等性状。结果发现,采用4蔓留不同坐瓜数试验无法获得预期结果,每株只能坐瓜2个,且果实重量差异显著。“苏蜜518”的小瓜重量为2.09~2.54 kg,“8424”的小瓜重量为2.24~2.54 kg。采用高密度栽培可以有效控制西瓜果重;高密度栽培结合整蔓留2个瓜,大小瓜差异显著,小瓜与大瓜相比,皮薄,中心糖略低,边糖差异不大。3蔓2瓜,株距30 cm,可以把小瓜重控制在2 kg以内。该研究探索了通过栽培措施调控西瓜果实大小的可行性,对生产中调控西瓜果实大小和产量有一定的应用价值。

锦红冰糖橙大果芽变果实结构解剖、激素变化和转录组分析

【目的】探究锦红冰糖橙大果芽变的形成原因。【方法】以锦红和大果芽变为试材,采用石蜡切片、HPLC-MS/MS和转录组测序技术对其在细胞形态、激素含量和基因表达方面进行比较分析。【结果】与锦红相比,大果芽变果肉内汁胞数量增多,且汁胞变大。石蜡切片结果表明,大果芽变汁胞内细胞数量多于锦红。大果芽变内生长素和赤霉素含量在花后70和120 d均高于锦红,玉米素含量在花后70、120和170 d均低于锦红。对盛花后70、120和170 d的汁胞进行转录组分析得到4597个差异基因,其中24个激素信号相关基因在两个及以上时期差异表达。在大果芽变中有4个生长素相关基因在花后70 d上调表达。细胞分裂素相关基因ARR2在大果芽变花后70和120 d均下调表达。细胞周期蛋白CycD3在大果芽变花后170 d上调表达。【结论】锦红冰糖橙大果芽变的变异可能与汁胞发育有关,并且受激素水平影响。转录组分析为解析锦红冰糖橙大果芽变的分子机制奠定了基础。

罗汉果品质受气候因子影响及其分子调控机制

为了探讨气候因子对不同季节授粉罗汉果品质影响及其分子作用机制,该文以主栽“青皮果”品种夏季与秋季授粉果实为研究对象,采用不同发育时间气候因子监测、形态大小测量、罗汉果苷代谢检测和基因表达qRT-PCR分析方法,统计分析二者生境气候因子、品质性状和基因表达差异。结果表明:(1)秋季授粉果实与夏季授粉果实相比,生境平均温度和有效积温35 d以后明显降低,昼夜温差65 d以前明显增加,并且平均温度、有效积温差异大于昼夜温差,光照强度和空气湿度则相近。(2)横径、纵径和单果重均增加,但是差异不显著。(3)罗汉果苷Ⅴ和11-O-罗汉果苷Ⅴ合成积累速度滞后10 d左右,含量从55 d开始均显著降低并且成熟时分别降低了40.66%和46.07%。(4)罗汉果苷Ⅴ合成酶基因55 d协同表达的一致性差,上调数目和幅度少,而且负责最后一步合成反应的葡萄糖基转移酶基因SgUGT94-289-3均下调表达。综上所述,夏季与秋季授粉罗汉果形态大小未受气候因子影响,而罗汉果苷Ⅴ品质则受温度影响显著,温度可能通过调控罗汉果苷Ⅴ合成酶基因协同表达的一致性和水平致使春季和秋季的罗汉果苷Ⅴ品质具有差异性。该研究结果为罗汉果优质栽培和遗传育种提供了理论依据。

柑橘扩张蛋白(EXP)基因家族的鉴定及其在橙类汁胞膨大中的表达模式

以柑橘属橘类(克里曼丁橘)、橙类(甜橙)、柚类(晚白柚)为研究对象,应用生物信息学方法对柑橘扩张蛋白(EXP)基因家族成员进行鉴定,对其进化发育、结构特征、顺式作用元件和共线性进行分析;研究‘黔阳冰糖橙’和‘纽荷尔脐橙’汁胞膨大变化过程中EXP基因的表达模式。结果从橙类(甜橙)、橘类(克里曼丁橘)、柚类(晚白柚)中分别鉴定出30、32和26个扩张蛋白成员;橙类、橘类和柚类分别含有7对、8对和5对片段重复,橘类和柚类分别含有1对串联重复,推测在EXP基因进化过程中以片段重复为主;监测膨大期不同品种甜橙果实发现,‘纽荷尔脐橙’单个汁胞体积显著大于‘黔阳冰糖橙’的,且随着果实的膨大,单个汁胞体积差异逐渐增加;基因表达分析结果显示,CsEXPA6、CsEXPA9、CsEXPA12、CsEXPA15在甜橙果实汁胞组织中高度表达;果实膨大期CsEXPA6和CsEXPA15在‘纽荷尔脐橙’汁胞中的表达量显著高于‘黔阳冰糖橙’的,CsEXPA6、CsEXPA15的表达与汁胞体积呈极显著正相关,推测CsEXPA6、CsEXPA15可能通过调控汁胞膨大影响果实大小。

超高压及热处理后不同果块竹笋软罐头质地差异的研究

为了改善不同果块竹笋软罐头的质地及提高其食用品质,该文探究了超高压(ultra-high pressure,UHP)及热处理(thermal processing,TP)对半条状、丝状、片状及丁状等不同果块竹笋的硬度、汤汁黏度及pH、相对电导率、微观结构、纤维素及木质素含量、果胶含量及酯化度等影响。结果表明,经UHP和TP后,与热烫对照相比,半条状、丝状、片状、丁状果块硬度分别下降了3.2%、8.6%、14.7%、23.5%和37.4%、46.2%、52.4%、64.8%;加工后罐头汤汁黏度及pH随着果块体积的减小而升高,TP汤汁黏度远高于UHP;微观结构显示UHP后细胞排列更为紧密,而TP后细胞间隙增大,且TP电导率远高于UHP,果块越小加工后细胞破损越严重、电导率越大;与TP相比,UHP竹笋有更高的螯合性果胶(chelator soluble pectin,CSP)和碱溶性果胶(sodium carbonate soluble pectin,NSP)以及更低的水溶性果胶(water soluble pectin,WSP),果块越小加工后其CSP、NSP越低,WSP越高;UHP果胶酯化度显著低于TP,但不同果块之间酯化度无显著差异;UHP/TP后不同果块纤维素及木质素含量未产生显著变化。综上,加工后不同果块竹笋的质地保持效果由高到低依次为:半条状>丝状>片状>丁状,且与TP相比,UHP能更好地保持竹笋质地。

砧木对中华猕猴桃“建香”果实品质的影响

为筛选适宜中华猕猴桃“建香”(Actinidia chinensis‘Jianxiang’)的砧木,取“建香”接穗分别在美味猕猴桃(A.deliciosa)实生砧、对萼猕猴桃(A.valvata)实生砧和对萼猕猴桃实生砧“米良1号”美味猕猴桃中间砧上嫁接,对不同砧木嫁接的“建香”猕猴桃果实大小、内在品质以及香气物质进行比较。结果表明,在果实大小和可溶性固形物方面,对萼猕猴桃实生砧和中间砧处理显著高于美味猕猴桃实生砧处理;在可滴定酸、干物质含量和维生素C方面,中间砧处理显著优于另两个砧木处理。砧木对果实挥发性代谢物种类无影响,对挥发性代谢物含量影响较大,差异物质主要包括萜类、酮类和醛类物质。中间砧处理能显著提高果实的芳烃类及部分酮类、萜类挥发性代谢物含量,使香气更浓郁。为提高果实大小、内在品质以及香气品质,在生产上推荐使用对萼猕猴桃(基砧)+“米良1号”(中间砧)作为“建香”的砧木。

库尔勒香梨大果芽变的鉴定与评价

为鉴定和评价库尔勒香梨大果芽变的性状,为生产栽培和遗传育种提供理论依据,在2020—2021年对库尔勒香梨(对照)及其大果芽变的植物学形态、生物学特性、品质特性进行比较分析。结果表明,大果芽变果实呈倒卵形,库尔勒香梨呈纺锤形;大果芽变的叶片保卫细胞宽度和果肉细胞长度均显著增大;在果实动态发育过程中,大果芽变的单果重及果实含水率均显著高于库尔勒香梨,在果实成熟期,与库尔勒香梨相比,大果芽变果实的可溶性糖含量及糖酸比分别显著提高78.39%和84.54%,石细胞含量显著降低33.33%。经表型性状和品质特性分析,判定大果芽变为库尔勒香梨的优良芽变,可作为品种改良及新品种选育的亲本材料。

两种秦岭野生猕猴桃果实性状比较

【目的】对两种野生猕猴桃的果实大小与种子数量等相关性状进行研究,进一步阐明猕猴果实大小与种子数量及含糖量的关系,为猕猴桃生产和品种选育提供参考与借鉴。【方法】采集两种秦岭野生猕猴桃——中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃的果实,并对这两种猕猴桃按照果实大小分类,比较大小果实的单果重、横纵径、果实糖度、种子数等相关性状。【结果】猕猴桃果实大果与小果的单果质量、纵径之间差异显著;大果和小果的果实糖度与大小无明显差异;果实大小和种子数呈正相关。【结论】猕猴桃果实种子数量越多,果实就越大,因此,充分授粉提高结籽率能显著增加猕猴桃果实的单果质量及其产量。

不同大小库尔勒香梨果实品质综合评价

以成熟香梨为试材,按照果实单果质量分为<100 g、100~120 g、120~140 g、140~160 g、160~180 g、180~200 g、>200 g 7个等级,对外观品质和内在品质进行测定,采用模糊综合评判等权法和模糊综合评判加权法进行综合评价,探究库尔勒香梨果实大小与品质之间的关系,以期为库尔勒香梨分级标准提供参考依据。结果表明:随着果实增大,硬度先减小后增大、总糖含量增大、细润度等级变差,不同果实大小总酸含量无显著差异,果形指数、总酸含量、糖酸比在不同果实大小中无显著性差异。单果质量与总糖均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与细润度、果点呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。模糊综合评判等权法和模糊综合评判加权法结果较为一致,2种综合评价方法中综合评分前3位果实大小均大于140 g,综合评价表明,单果质量140~160 g果实品质最佳。

网销中果型鲜食番茄全产业链生产管理技术

为了提高中果型鲜食番茄生产经营者的积极性,保护全产业链各方利益,保证产业健康有序发展,从产前、产中、产后3个方面系统阐述了中果型鲜食番茄产地环境、GAP要求、品种选择、壮苗培育、田间管理、采摘收获、生产记录、产品包装、等级标准、存储条件、快递服务、售后服务及运营管理等全产业链生产管理技术,该技术推广应用后,可实现番茄的周年安全、稳定供应,得到了菜农的积极响应,农户不仅获得了番茄种植的收益,还参与视频直播,获得了网络销售的收益。

中国东部亚热带青冈果实形态变异的研究

青冈为我国亚热带地区广泛分布，并具有较强耐寒和耐瘠薄能力的少数几个常绿树种之一。以果实长度、宽度和体积作为果实大小的指标，宽／长作为果实形状的指标，对采自东部亚热带的 １０ 个青冈种群果实形态进行了比较分析，结果如下：①青冈果实的大小和形状在种群间、种群内均存在着显著差异、变异幅度最大的是果实的体积（种群间的变异幅度 Ｃ Ｖｓ 为 ５７１％ ，种群间平均单粒果实体积的最大差异为 ３５ 倍），其次为宽度（２１２％ 和 １８ 倍）和长度（１５５％ 和 １３倍），变异幅度最小的是宽／长（１３０％ ）。但重复率分析表明果实的性状在种群内较种群间相对稳定；近缘种间的比较分析显示出果实的形态在种内则是相当稳定的。②青冈果实的形状可以分为 ３ 类，即近园球形（宽／长＞ ０７３）、长球形（宽／长＜ ０５７）和中间类型（宽／长在０６１～０６６ 之间）。③尽管影响青冈果实形态变异的因素很多，但与纬度和经度的变化有着较大相关性；南部种群的果实通常大而偏园，北部种群的果实相对小而偏长，这可能是对不同环境所采取的不同的繁殖策略。④体积指标不仅能反映重量指标变化的规律，而且可以指示果实或种子的形态变化，这在种群生态研究中优于重量指标?