基于祛风解痉法则的方药对过敏性支气管哮喘小鼠肺组织gob-5基因表达的影响

目的:探讨基于祛风解痉法则的方药对过敏性支气管哮喘小鼠肺组织gob-5基因表达的影响。方法:应用实时荧光PCR法观察祛风解痉法则方药三首(风哮方、定喘汤、射干麻黄汤)对过敏性支气管哮喘小鼠肺组织gob-5基因表达的影响,探讨其干预过敏性支气管哮喘小鼠的作用机理。结果:风哮方、定喘汤、射干麻黄汤均使过敏性支气管哮喘小鼠肺组织gob-5基因表达明显下调。结论:风哮方、定喘汤、射干麻黄汤可能通过下调gob-5基因表达而起到治疗过敏性支气管哮喘的作用。

Domino instability effect of surrounding rock-coal pillars in a room-and-pillar gob

To discuss the domino instability effect and large area roof falling and roof accidents of surrounding rockcoal pillars in a room-and-pillar gob,the equilibrium equation for a roof-coal pillar-floor system with the influence of mining floor was developed based on the engineering conditions of the surrounding rock in a room-and-pillar gob in the 3^(-2)coal seam of Tanggonggou mine.The conditions of system instability and the relationship between system stability and system stiffness were analyzed from an energetic point of view.Numerical simulation using the discrete element software UDEC was also carried out to simulate conditions causing the domino effect on surrounding rock-coal pillars in a 3^(-2)room-and-pillar gob.The results show that:if we want the system to destabilize,the collective energy in roof-and-floor must be larger than that in the coal pillar.When the stiffness of the coal pillars and the roof-and-floor are both greater than zero,the system is stable.When the stiffness of the coal pillars is negative but the summed stiffness of the coal pillars and roof-and-floor is larger than or equal to zero,the system is statically destroyed.When the sum of the coal pillars and the roof-floor stiffness is negative,the system suffers from severe damages.For equal advance distances of the coal mining face,the wider coal pillars can reduce the probability of domino type instability.Conversely,the smaller width pillars can increase the instability probability.Domino type instability of surrounding rock-coal pillars is predicted to be unlikely when the width of coal pillars is not less than 8 m.

Bulking factor of the strata overlying the gob and a three-dimensional numerical simulation of the air leakage flow field

The present study examines the results of the researches related to the gob bulking factor carried out at home and abroad.A mathematical function of a three-dimensional gob bulking factor is described based on a three-dimensional gob model.The method of taking value for interstice and permeability ratios is also proposed.The law of air leakage of fully mechanized top coal is researched in this study.The results show that the speed of air flow near the upper and lower crossheadings is higher than that in the central section of the gob at the same distance from the working face.When the amount of air at the working face exceeds a critical amount,the width of the spontaneous combustion zone in the upper and lower crossheadings is also larger than that in the central section.In this situation,the key is preventing the coal left in the upper and lower crossheadings from self-igniting.Reducing the amount of air at the working face can decrease the width of the spontaneous combustion zone,especially the width near the upper and lower crossheadings.This also moves the spontaneous combustion zone in the direction of the working face.It can prevent the coal in the gob from self-igniting by making the coal left in the crossheadings to be inert and by effectively controlling the amount of air at the working face.

Rock burst mechanism analysis in an advanced segment of gob-side entry under different dip angles of the seam and prevention technology

In order to investigate the frequent occurrences of rock burst in gob-side entry during the mining process of the mining zone No. 7, the mechanical model of main roof of fully-mechanized caving mining before breaking was established by the Winkler foundation beam theory, and the stress evolution law of surrounding rock with different dip angles of the seam during the mining process was analyzed by using FLAC3 D. The results show that: with the dip angle changing from 45° to 0°, the solid-coal side of gobside entry begins to form an L-shaped stress concentration zone at a dip angle of 30°, and the stress concentration degree goes to higher and higher levels. However, the stress concentration degree of the coalpillar side goes to lower and lower levels; the influence range and peak stress of the abutment at the lateral strata of adjacent gob increase with dip angle decreasing and reach a maximum value at a dip angle of 0°, but the tailgate is not affected; the abutment pressure superposition of two adjacent gobs leads to stress concentration further enhancing in both sides of gob-side entry. With the influence of strong mining disturbance, rock burst is easily induced by dynamic and static combined load in the advanced segment of gob-side entry. To achieve stability control similar to that in the roadway, the key control strategy is to reinforce surrounding rock and unload both sides. Accordingly, the large-diameter drilling and high-pressure water injection combined unloading and reinforced support cooperative control technology was proposed and applied in field test. The results of Electromagnetic Emission(EME) and field observation showed that unloading and surrounding rock control effect was obvious.

Criterion of local energy release rate of gob instability in deep mines considering unloading stress path

The stress path characteristics of surrounding rock in the formation of gob were analyzed and the unloading was solved. Taking Chengchao Iron Mine as the engineering background, the model for analyzing the instability of deep gob was established based on the mechanism of stress relief in deep mining.The energy evolution law was analyzed by introducing the local energy release rate index(LERR), and the energy criterion of the instability of surrounding rock was established based on the cusp catastrophe theory. The results show that the evolution equation of the local energy release of the surrounding rock is a quartic function with one unknown and the release rate increases gradually during the mining process.The calculation results show that the gob is stable. The LERR per unit volume of the bottom structure is relatively smaller which means that the stability is better. The LERR distribution showed that there was main energy release in the horizontal direction and energy concentration in the vertical direction which meets the characteristics of deep mining. In summary, this model could effectively calculate the stability of surrounding rock in the formation of gob. The LERR could reflect the dynamic process of energy release,transfer and dissipation and that provided an important reference for the study of the stability of deep mined out area.

Unanticipated multiple seam stresses from pillar systems behaving as pseudo gob–case histories

Underground coal mining in the U.S. is conducted in numerous regions where previous workings exist above and/or below an actively mined seam. Miners know that overlying or underlying fully extracted coal areas, also known as gob regions, can result in abutment stresses that affect the active mining. If there was no full extraction, and the past mining consists entirely of intact pillars, the stresses on the active seam are usually minimal. However, experience has shown that in some situations there has been sufficient yielding in overlying or underlying pillar systems to cause stress transfer to the adjoining larger pillars or barriers, which in turn, transfer significant stresses onto the workings of the active seam. In other words, the overlying or underlying pillar system behaves as a ‘‘pseudo gob." The presence of a pseudo gob is often unexpected, and the consequences can be severe. This paper presents several case histories, summarized briefly below, that illustrate pseudo gob phenomenon:(1) pillar rib degradation at a West Virginia mine at 335 m depth that contributed to a rib roll fatality,(2) pillar rib deterioration at a Western Kentucky mine at 175 m depth that required pillar size adjustment and installation of supplemental bolting,(3) roof deterioration at an eastern Kentucky mine at 400 m depth that stopped mine advance and required redirecting the section development,(4) coal burst on development at an eastern Kentucky mine at 520 m depth that had no nearby pillar recovery, and(5) coal burst on development at a West Virginia mine at the relatively shallow depth of 335 m that also had no nearby pillar recovery. The paper provides guidance so that when an operation encounters a potential pseudo gob stress interaction the hazard can be mitigated based on an understanding of the mechanism encountered.

Numerical simulation on deformation character of surrounding rock masses of Changjiashan tunnel through the gob of coalmine

Based on the construction project of the Changjiashan tunnel of the freeway,the variety rule of surrounding rock masses of the tunnel through the gob of coalmine wasstudied by using of finite element methed(FEM).The status of the stress and strain,thevariety of the plastic area were simulated in the whole rock mass before and after thetunnel was excavated.The characters of stress and deformation of surrounding rockmasses were analyzed when the tunnel was built.It concluded from the numerical simula-tion that the influence on the tunneling is great when the tunnel passing through the gob ofcoalmine is excavated,and the relative measures should be taken.

Surrounding rock control of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar and roadway side sealing technology in Yangliu Coal Mine

Gob-side entry driving can increase coal recovery ratio, and it is implied in many coal mines. Based on geological condition of 10416 working face tailentry in Yangliu Coal Mine, the surrounding rock deformation characteristics of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar is analysed, reasonable size of coal pillar and reasonable roadway excavation time after mining are achieved. Surrounding rock control technology and effective roadway side sealing technology are proposed and are taken into field practice. The results showed that a safer and more efficient mining of working face can be achieved. In addition, results of this paper also have important theoretical significance and valuable reference for surrounding rock control technology of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar under special geological condition.

Control mechanism and technique of floor heave with reinforcing solid coal side and floor corner in gob-side coal entry retaining

Floor heave is the most common convergence in gob-side entry retaining.The paper analyzes the form,process and characteristics of gob-side entry retaining with the comprehensive methods of theoretical analysis,numerical simulation and the field trial.Research results present that bending and folding floor heave is the main factor in the stage of the first panel mining;squeezing and fluidity floor heave plays a great role in the stable stage of gob-side entry retaining;the combination of the former two factors affects mainly the stage of the second mining ahead;abutment pressure is a fundamental contribution to the serious floor heave of gob-side entry retaining,and sides corners of solid coal body are key part in the case of floor heave controlling of gob-side entry retaining.Floor heave of gob-side entry retaining can be significantly controlled by reinforcing sides and corners of solid coal body,and influence rules on the floor heave of gob side entry retaining of sides supporting strength and the bottom bolt orientation in solid coal side are obtained.Research results have been successfully applied in gob-side entry retaining of G20-F23070 face haulage roadway in #2 coal mine of Pingmei Group,and the field observation shows that the proposed technique is an effective way in controlling the floor heave of gob-side entry retaining.

Spatiotemporal evolution rule of rocks fracture surrounding gob-side roadway with model experiments

A series of plane-strain physical model experiments are carried out to study the spatiotemporal evolution rule of rocks fracture surrounding gob-side roadway, which is subjected to the pressure induced by the mining process. The digital photogrammetry technology and large deformation analysis method are applied to measure the deformation and fracture of surrounding rocks. The experimental results indicate that the deformation and fracture of coal pillars are the cause to the instability and failure of the surrounding rocks. The spatiotemporal evolution rule of the rock deformation and fracture surrounding gob-side roadway is obtained. The coal pillar and the roof near coal pillar should be strengthened in support design. The engineering application results also can provide a useful guide that the combined support with wire meshes, beam, anchor bolt and cable is an effective method.

Computational fluid dynamics simulation on the longwall gob breathing

In longwall mines, atmospheric pressure fluctuations can disturb the pressure balance between the gob and the ventilated working area, resulting in a phenomenon known as ‘‘gob breathing". Gob breathing triggers gas flows across the gob and the working areas and may result in a condition where an oxygen deficient mixture or a methane accumulation in the gob flows into the face area. Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFDs) modeling was carried out to analyze this phenomenon and its impact on the development of an explosive mixture in a bleeder-ventilated panel scheme. Simulation results indicate that the outgassing and ingassing across the gob and the formation of Explosive Gas Zones(EGZs) are directly affected by atmospheric pressure changes. In the location where methane zones interface with mine air, EGZ fringes may form along the face and in the bleeder entries. These findings help assess the methane ignition and explosion risks associated with fluctuating atmospheric pressures.

Cable-truss supporting system for gob-side entry driving in deep mine and its application

In order to solve the large deformation controlling problem for surrounding rock of gob-side entry driving under common cable anchor support in deep mine, site survey, physical modeling experiment, numerical simulation and field measurement were synthetically used to analyze the deformation and failure characteristics of surrounding rock. Besides, applicability analysis, prestress field distribution characteristics of surrounding rock and the control effect on large deformation of surrounding rock were also further studied for the gob-side entry driving in deep mine using the cable-truss supporting system. The results show that, first, compared with no support and traditional bolt anchor support, roof cable-truss system can effectively restrain the initiation and propagation of tensile cracks in the roof surrounding rock and arc shear cracks in the two sides, moreover, the broken development of surrounding rock, roof separation and extrusion deformation between the two sides of the roadway are all controlled; second, a prestressed belt of trapezoidal shape is generated in the surrounding rock by the cable-truss supporting system, and the prestress field range is wide. Especially, the prestress concentration belt in the shallow surrounding rock can greatly improve the anchoring strength and deformation resisting capability of the rock stratum;third, an optimized support system of ‘‘roof and side anchor net beam, roof cable-truss supporting system and anchor cable of the narrow coal pillar" was put forward, and the support optimization design and field industrial test were conducted for the gob-side entry driving of the working face 5302 in Tangkou Mine, from which a good supporting effect was obtained.

Optimization of gob ventilation boreholes design in longwall mining

Gob ventilation boreholes(GVBs)are widely used for degasification in U.S.longwall coal mines.Depending on geological conditions,30–50%of methane can be recovered from longwall gob using GVBs.A NIOSH funded research at the Colorado School of Mines confirmed that GVBs can efficiently reduce methane at the face.However,GVBs can also draw some fresh air from the face and create explosive gas zones(EGZs).Explosive gas mixtures may be formed in gob areas due to the increased ingress of oxygen from GVBs.It is critical to identify the locations for GVBs for maximizing extraction of methane and minimizing hazards of explosion.This study analyzes the effect of operating parameters and design of GVB on methane extraction,EGZs formation,and face and tailgate methane concentrations.Methane extraction,formation of EGZs,and concentration of methane in working areas are significantly impacted by various factors.These factors include the distance of work face and tailgate from GVBs,diameter of GVBs,vacuum pressure of wellhead,GVB distance from the roof of the coal seam,and number of operating GVBs in a panel.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)evaluations suggest optimal design and operating parameters of GVBs that can contribute to maximum benefits with minimum risks.

Failure laws of narrow pillar and asymmetric control technique of gob-side entry driving in island coal face

In allusion to the problems of complex stress distribution in the surrounding rock and deformation failure laws, as well as the difficulty in roadway supporting of the gob-side entry driving in the island coal face, 2107 face in Chengjiao Colliery is researched as an engineering case. Through physical mechanical test of rock, theoretical and numerical simulation analyses of rock, the analysis model of the roadway overlying strata structure was established, and its parameters quantified. To reveal the deformation law of the surrounding rock, the stability of the overlying strata structure was studied before, during and after the roadway driving. According to the field conditions, the stress distribution in coal pillar was quantified, and the surrounding rock deformation feature studied with different widths of the pillars in gob-side entry driving. Finally, the pillar width of 4 m was considered as the most reasonable. The research results show that there is great difference in support conditions among roadway roof, entity coal side and narrow pillar side. Besides, the asymmetric control technique for support of the surrounding rock was proposed. The asymmetric control technique was proved to be reasonable by field monitoring, support by bolt-net, steel ladder and steel wire truss used in narrow pillar side.

Stability assessment of the freeway over the gob of coalmine

The freeway passes over the gob area of the Zaibo coalmine or its neighbor- hood when it is built. It is a noticeable problem that the construction of freeway and the underground coal mining interact, especially the deformation and destruction of the gob area of the coalmine influence the long-term stability of the freeway. In the paper, based on the actual data of the exploration about the gob area of Zaibo coalmine and the built project of the freeway,the variety rule of the coal beds below the freeway was studied by using of FEM during the process of coal mining. The statuses of the stresses and strains,the varieties of the plastic area were simulated in the whole rock mass. The characters of stresses and deformation of the gob area of the coalmine were analyzed and evaluated after the freeway built. The long-term stability of the gob area was pre- dicted. The deformation of the gob area under the freeway has not been finished, and the relative measures must be taken.

Calculation and analysis of stress in strata under gob pillars

Aiming at the difficulty in stress analysis for strata under pillars with actual bearing conditions, an approach was proposed to apply multi-sectional linear approximation to the characteristic curves of pillar loads, and stress of strata was calculated under pillars with linear load by calculation method for uniform load. This approach leads to a rapid analyzing method for strata stress under pillars with any form of loads. Through theoretical analysis, strata stress expressions for pillars under linear bearing conditions are obtained. In addition, two concepts, stress increase factor and stress factor, are proposed for the approximate analysis of strata stress by uniform load approximation method. It is also found that the stress increase factor of strata is related to the strata stress factor and the ratio of the minimum load on the pillar' two ends to the maximum one; and the distribution features of stress factors and the sizes of their influencing areas in strata influenced by overlying pillars are obtained. Combining with the gob pillar conditions of Jurassic coal seam in Tongxin Coal Mine, it is demonstrated that the results obtained by stress distribution analysis of the strata stress in non-influencing areas of pillars with linear bearing through uniform load approximation are in basic accordance with the results obtained for pillars under linear bearing condition. Therefore, it is feasible and accurate to calculate stress in non-influencing area in strata under pillars with linear bearing condition by uniform load calculation method.

Research on ＂three zone＂ classification of spontaneous combustion and its numerical simulation in gob of mines under the sea

According to the classification standard of spontaneous combustion ＂three zone＂ in gob and the analysis of aerodynamics and energy equation of relax loose coal body, the paper used the method of computer simulation analysis to get the air distribution. The paper also determined the three zone area of H2103 fully mechanized caving face in Beizao Mine.

Stability of coal pillar in gob-side entry driving under unstable overlying strata and its coupling support control technique

Considering the situation that it is difficult to control the stability of narrow coal pillar in gob-side entry driving under unstable overlying strata, the finite difference numerical simulation method was adopted to analyze the inner stress distribution and its evolution regularity, as well as the deformation characteristics of narrow coal pillar in gob-side entry driving, in the whole process from entry driving of last working face to the present working face mining. A new method of narrow coal pillar control based on the triune coupling support technique (TCST), which includes that high-strength prestressed thread steel bolt is used to strain the coal on the goaf side, and that short bolt to control the integrity of global displacement zone in coal pillar on the entry side, and that long grouting cable to fix anchor point to constrain the bed separation between global displacement zone and fixed zone, is thereby generated and applied to the field production. The result indicates that after entry excavating along the gob under unstable overlying strata, the supporting structure left on the gob side of narrow coal pillar is basically invalid to maintain the coal-pillar stability, and the large deformation of the pillar on the gob side is evident. Except for the significant dynamic pressure appearing in the coal mining of last working face and overlying strata stabilizing process, the stress variation inside the coal pillar in other stages are rather steady, however, the stress expansion is obvious and the coal pillar continues to deform. Once the gob-side entry driving is completed, a global displacement zone on the entry side appears in the shallow part of the pillar, whereas, a relatively steady fixed zone staying almost still in gob-side entry driving and present working face mining is found in the deep part of the pillar. The application of TCST can not only avoid the failure of pillar supporting structure, but exert the supporting capacity of the bolting structure left in the pillar of last sublevel entry, thus to jointly maintain the stability of coal pillar.

Non-harmonious deformation controlling of gob-side entry in thin coal seam under dynamic pressure

The behavior of gob-side entry under dynamic pressure is totally different from the one driven after the movement of overlying strata above the adjacent coalface goal. The gob-side entry will experience severe roof lateral structural adjustments caused by adjacent coalface mining. Thus the deformation and failure characteristics of narrow coal pillar along the gob should be carefully considered. On the basis of the data of the gob-side entry obtained in a thin coal seam under dynamic pressure, the measures to reinforce the narrow coal pillar are put forward. In addition, the non-harmonious controlling of the rock structures and non-equilibrium gob-side entry deformation is proposed to avoid potential failure. Field practices show that the supporting problems of the gob-side entry under dynamic pressure can be well addressed, which could be used in other similar minin~ cases.

Local dynamic balance theory and technology of flow field in multilayer gob area

Flow field in multilayer gob area, which formed in small hiden-depth, multi-coal layer groups, close distance, hard coal layer, and hard roof, possesses characteristics such as complex, changeable and unstable. Dynamic balance theory of local flow field in multilayer gob area was built based on the realistic requirement that the serious threat on current mining coal layer by large-scale spontaneous combustion fire on close spontaneous combustion coal layer group of Datong Coal mining area at the ＇di-hard＇ conditions was caused by small coal pit mining. The kernel was in dynamic balance between flow field pressures of working face and local flow field in multilayer gob area was kept by transformation. Corresponding technology and set of devices were developed.