Spatiotemporal landscape pattern changes and their effects on land surface temperature in greenbelt with semi-arid climate:A case study of the Erbil City,Iraq

Urban expansion of cities has caused changes in land use and land cover(LULC)in addition to transformations in the spatial characteristics of landscape structure.These alterations have generated heat islands and rise of land surface temperature(LST),which consequently have caused a variety of environmental issues and threated the sustainable development of urban areas.Greenbelts are employed as an urban planning containment policy to regulate urban expansion,safeguard natural open spaces,and serve adaptation and mitigation functions.And they are regarded as a powerful measure for enhancing urban environmental sustainability.Despite the fact that,the relation between landscape structure change and variation of LST has been examined thoroughly in many studies,but there is a limitation concerning this relation in semi-arid climate and in greenbelts as well,with the lacking of comprehensive research combing both aspects.Accordingly,this study investigated the spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern of LULC and their relationship with variation of LST within an inner greenbelt in the semi-arid Erbil City of northern Iraq.The study utilized remote sensing data to retrieve LST,classified LULC,and calculated landscape metrics for analyzing spatial changes during the study period.The results indicated that both composition and configuration of LULC had an impact on the variation of LST in the study area.The Pearson's correlation showed the significant effect of Vegetation 1 type(VH),cultivated land(CU),and bare soil(BS)on LST,as increase of LST was related to the decrease of VH and the increases of CU and BS,while,neither Vegetation 2 type(VL)nor built-up(BU)had any effects.Additionally,the spatial distribution of LULC also exhibited significant effects on LST,as LST was strongly correlated with landscape indices for VH,CU,and BS.However,for BU,only aggregation index metric affected LST,while none of VL metrics had a relation.The study provides insights for landscape planners and policymakers to not only develop more green spaces in greenbelt but also optimize the spatial landscape patterns to reduce the influence of LST on the urban environment,and further promote sustainable development and enhance well-being in the cities with semi-arid climate.

Effects of Greenbelts in Different Variety under Solar Thermal Radiation on Temperature Reduction

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of greenbelts in different varieties on temperature drop under solar thermal radiation. [Method] In residential regions, effects of temperature reduction by five varieties of greenbelts （megaphanerophyte, dungarunga, shrub, herbaceous plant and bare land） and changing rules with days under the same solar thermal radiation were researched. [Result] Greenbelts＇ temperature changed with intensity of solar thermal radiation, among which greenbelt of megaphanerophyte absorbed, transfered and reflected thermal radiation through crown canopy. Temperature of underlying surface was reduced accordingly, where correlation between underlying surface＇s temperature and solar thermal radiation （R） was 0.156 and the temperature declined by 1.9 ℃. In contrast, correlation of temperature of underlying surface （of lawn） with solar thermal radiation （R） was as high as 0.820, but the temperature only declined by 0.6℃. [Conclusion] The established linear relationship between crown＇s temperature and air temperature actually provides references for temperature measurement of greenbelts at scale.

Investigation on the Characteristics of the Senior Citizens' Activities in the Parks and Greenbelts——A Case Study of Nanjing City

From the perspective of senior citizens,questionnaire survey and field investigation were carried on and analyzed in three parks in Nanjing City.The results showed that outdoor activities are the principal ways for the senior citizens to spend their time,the parks near home is their prior choice,and the radiation range of the park and greenbelt mostly is no more than 2 km;most of the senior citizens come to parks on foot and the parks are always within 30 minutes walking distance;the senior citizens always have fixed partners and groups for their exercise-dominant activities.

Road Greenbelt Design of Zhangye City

Road greenbelt design is one of the important parts in urban road system.Zhangye City's road greenbelt design,relying on the general planning concept,namely,'water leads to green space,green space blends the city',emphasizes the harmonious relation between the greenbelt and ecological environment.The concept is adopted to guide the green design of the major roads,subsidiary roads,and trunk roads.It will offer some references for the similar engineering design.

Evaluation and classification of residential greenbelt quality based on factor analysis & clustering analysis:An example of Xinxiang City,China

Five factors expressing greenbelt quality and one factor expressing quantity were adopted for evaluation of the residential greenbelt, and the AHP （Analytical Hierarchy Process） method was used to determine the value of factors. Thirty residential areas were selected as the samples. Two principal components were extracted and their expression was constructed by method of factor anlysis, therefore, quality evaluation of residential greenbelt was obtained. The accuracy of the function and implement quality classification toward the residential greenbelts in Xinxiang City were validated by clustering analysis method. The results showed that the greenbelt quality of fourteen residential areas was higher than the average level, of which eleven were newly-built residential areas. The 30 residential areas were classified into three types according to their greenbelt features and their formation by clustering analysis method. Finally rational proposal basing on aforesaid evaluating results was proposed for construction and renewal of residential greenbelt, upon which directive basis was provided for construction and renewal of residential greenbelt.

Species and Distribution Characteristics of Alien Invasive Plants in Garden Greenbelt of Shijiazhuang City

[Objectives]The paper was to investigate the garden greenbelt in 30 sample plots such as parks,roads,communities,etc.in Shijiazhuang City.[Methods]The species,abundance and frequency of weeds in the greenbelt of public gardens were recorded through point-line-surface investigation,and typical plants were sampled.[Results]There were 56 species of alien invasive plants in garden greenbelts of Shijiazhuang City,belonging to 44 genera and 20 families.In terms of life form,herbaceous plants were absolutely dominant,accounting for 92.8%of the total.The most alien invasive plants were native to America,accounting for 66.1%of the total.In terms of introduction path,the plants introduced artificially and unintentionally accounted for almost half.The species and quantity of alien invasive plants were related to the size of greenbelt area,the length of the build time of the surveyed plot,the composition structure of greenbelt and the level of green management and protection.There was larger distribution of alien invasive plants in the sample plots with large greenbelt area,long build time,herbaceous-dominated greenbelt and low level of green management and protection.Among the 56 alien invasive plants,3 plants were toxic.From the perspective of invasiveness,the alien invasive plants in the garden greenbelt of Shijiazhuang City could be divided into 5 levels:invasive alien species of malignant consequences,invasive alien species of severe consequences,invasive alien species of partial consequences,invasive alien species of average consequences,and invasive alien species to be observed.[Conclusions]This study will provide a reference for the prevention and control of alien plant invasion,and lay a foundation for the prevention and control of existing invasive plants.

Construction of Greenbelt and Sustainable Development in Harbin City

Through analyzing the current urban greenbelt construction and relative issues during the development in northeastern parts in Harbin of China, some feasible solutions were proposed. In order to improve the urban ecological environment and upgrading the constructive level of the urban greenbelt along with the sustainable development in the future, the paper provided some solutions in details

A Preliminary Study on Effects of Four Urban Greenbelt Types on Human Comfort in Shenzhen,P.R.China

Four urban greenbelt types including roadside greenbelt, resident-area greenbelt, landscape forest, and forest park, were simultaneously investigated in Shenzhen, China, in such measures as air temperature, air humidity, wind speed, air anion ratio, and inhalabal particle concentration, which were strongly related with pleasing feeling of human body. The results show that the average air temperature in both forest park and landscape forest is much closer to the pleasing feeling of human body temperature than that of the rest two greenbelts, where it is 1.782 ℃ and 0.837℃ in forest park as well as 3.084 ℃ and 2.140 ℃ in landscape forest less than that of roadside and resident-area greenbelts, respectively. In terms of mean air humidity, forest park and landscape forest are 3.034% and 7.563% higher than that of roadside greenbelt, and 1.205% and 5.734% higher than that of resident-area greenbelt, respectively, implying a sound humidity feeling of human comfort in the former two types. The air cleanness holds a descending rank as forest park, landscape forest, resident-area greenbelt, and roadside greenbelt, whereas the rank in inhalable particle concentration is completely reverse. In general, landscape forest and forest park that mainly consist of trees have a comparatively higher feeling of human comfort whereas roadside and resident-area greenbelts fluctuate irregularly to some extent for the measures studied. The four greenbelt types investigated could be summarized in human comfort as the following descending rank, forest park, landscape forest, resident-area greenbelt, and roadside greenbelt.

北京市绿隔地区生态环境质量变化与驱动因素分析——以“基于自然的解决方案”为视角

引入“基于自然的解决方案”(NBS)视角,借助空间计量模型,分析绿隔地区的生态环境质量变化及其驱动因素,得到以下结果:1)从生态环境质量变化看,2005—2020年,绿隔地区整体上呈现先下降后回升的趋势,空间上圈层格局明显;2)两道绿隔地区的生态环境质量变化趋势不同,第一道绿隔地区相对更低,且一直延续下降趋势,第二道绿隔地区2015年后止降回升;3)从驱动因素看,NBS措施对绿隔地区生态环境质量改善具有驱动作用,其中绿色基础设施在两道绿隔地区都表现出显著的驱动作用,而生态基础设施仅在第二道绿隔地区表现出显著的驱动作用。北京市进入减量发展新阶段以来,绿隔地区的生态环境质量明显改善。未来可以更有针对性地应用NBS措施,进一步提升城市生态环境质量,完善城市绿色空间体系建设。

张家口市宿根花卉资源及绿化应用潜力分析

[目的]引用宿根花卉可有效解决张家口地区园林绿地一年生观赏草本花卉花期短、品种单调、更换次数多和维护成本高的问题。[方法]本研究基于实地踏勘,调查了张家口地区具有代表性的绿地中宿根花卉应用情况,并分析了宿根花卉生长发育的相关性状指标。[结果]相比于一年生草本花卉,张家口市宿根花卉种类较多,各类绿地共有宿根花卉17科41属45种,其中菊科9种、唇形科5种、鸢尾科3种,分别比同科一年生草本花卉多2倍、1.5倍、1倍。相比于一年生草本花卉,宿根花卉花色更为丰富,其花色共计11种,比一年生草本花卉多1.2倍。张家口市宿根花卉花色为黄色、蓝色和白色的花卉占据比例较高,分别为24.4%、17.1%和14.6%。不同种类宿根花卉观赏期在210~240 d之间,比一年生草本花卉长130%~160%。宿根花卉的萌动期集中在3月下旬到4月中旬,同一植物种植不同地点萌动期不同,公园游园植物萌动期比主干道提前3~5 d。不同种类宿根花卉覆盖度、越冬成活率和萎蔫率分别在90%~95%、81.6%~100%和0%~36.7%。宿根花卉第1年种植人工费及后期养护成本比一年生草本花卉低12元,第2年及以后投入成本仅为一年生草本花卉的6%左右。[结论]张家口地区宿根花卉种类较多,且具有更高的观赏价值和更低的后期管理成本,应用潜力比一年生草本花卉更大。

不同类型配生土与固体废弃物大田配施对绿地土壤理化性质和白玉兰生长的影响

为研究白玉兰配生土与固体废弃物配施对绿地土壤理化性质和白玉兰生长的影响,利用4种白玉兰配生土(降盐型、沃土型、消污型和疏松型)与3种固体废弃物(建筑废弃物、农林废弃物和餐厨垃圾有氧发酵初产物)进行大田配施,于白玉兰种植后180d、360d和720d分别测定表层土壤(0—30cm)pH、水溶性盐分含量、有机质含量、容重以及白玉兰相对生长率和叶绿素含量。结果表明:4种配生土和3种固体废弃物大田配施后,与原土处理(CK)相比,土壤pH和容重分别降低了8.53%—13.36%和22.62%—48.61%,水溶性盐分和有机质含量分别提高了182.9%—745.9%和38.45%—279.3%;种植后720d,白玉兰株高相对生长率提高了25.9%—102.9%,叶绿素含量提高了46.95%—67.38%。综合考虑土壤改良效果和固体废弃物消纳能力,处理降盐型Y2、沃土型F3、消污型M2和疏松型S2对土壤质量的改良及白玉兰植株生长作用较好,同时有助于固体废弃物的消纳和资源化利用。

临沂市高架桥雨水收集利用探讨

为了解决高架桥下绿化带的灌溉问题,结合临沂市双岭路高架路海绵城市改造提升建设工程,研究开发了一种新型高架桥雨水收集利用系统。该系统利用雨水收集箱和塑料模块蓄水池收集高架桥面的雨水,灌溉桥下绿化带。应用结果表明:该系统降低了市政管网建设和城市道路运营维护成本,具有操作简单、成本低、维护方便等优势,适合临沂市高架桥工程现状,对临沂市高架桥道路雨水收集系统的建设发展有着促进作用,同时对推动市区海绵城市道路建设的可持续发展,有较大的创新性与推广价值。本文成果可为国内其他城市道路海绵城市建设、雨水收集利用方面的研究与实践提供一定的借鉴。

Landscape Planning Characteristics of "Tianchi Hill" Residential Area in Nanning of Guangxi Province

There existed a large area of lakes and original ecological mountain in "Tianchi Hill" in Nanning of Guangxi Province due to geographic advantage. Its design and planning should be in accordance with original topography, and landscape design was in harmonious integration with original ecological environment. There were five greening landscape groups in the residential area, which were equipped with stilt space greenbelt, garden feature greenbelt, water-front greenbelt and waterscape system, lending the whole planning the characteristics of "restoration of nature, unity of heaven and human, integration of modernity and classics".

城市绿地对雨水径流污染物的削减作用

采用模拟城市绿地和降雨系统装置研究城市绿地对径流雨水污染物的削减作用,通过对降雨过程及降雨后装置内土壤微生物数量、生化作用强度及土壤性质的分析,初步研究了城市绿地对雨水径流污染物的削减作用机理.结果表明:在2h的降雨过程中模拟绿地对雨水中COD_(Cr)、氨氮、硝态氮、总氮和总磷的平均削减率分别为41.3%,44.1%,38.5%,38.2%和39.0%.随着降雨时间的延长,削减率逐渐降低.绿地系统对径流污染物的去除是生物与非生物共同作用的结果.在降雨过程中污染物的去除主要依靠土壤及植物根系的吸附、过滤和截流作用,降雨后的5～8d内土壤微生物的生化作用最强,并且土壤有机质、总氮和总磷含量逐渐降低,主要进行的是微生物对吸附于土壤颗粒表面的污染物的分解作用.两周后总氮和有机质在土壤中还有一定的累积,总磷含量基本达到降雨前的水平.

再生水灌溉对绿地土壤环境的影响

以二级水(常规生化处理)、三级水(连续微滤处理)和自来水分别灌溉3种草坪草、3种乔木和3种灌木,对比研究再生水灌溉绿地对绿地土壤环境的影响.结果表明,再生水灌溉与自来水相比土壤全N、全P、全盐含量均无显著差异,重金属(铬、镉、汞、铅、砷)含量无明显变化.二级处理水灌溉后,土壤有机质含量和土壤细菌数量有增加的趋势.二级处理水和三级处理水灌溉对绿地土壤环境均无明显的影响,但要加强长期灌溉的土壤盐分的监控,防避土壤盐分的积累.使用二级处理水灌溉要严格控制卫生学指标,以规避影响人体健康的风险.

武钢工业区绿地景观格局分析及综合评价

城市绿地作为工业区生态系统中主要的自然成分和初级生产者 ,在改善环境质量、调节生态平衡、维持生态安全上具有不可替代的作用。近年来 ,城市绿地景观生态研究虽然得到普遍关注 ,但现有的研究多倾向于一般空间格局分析 ,针对不同功能区的绿地景观生态综合比较评价研究却少见报道。以武钢工业区为例 ,选用 IKONOS为主要信息源 ,结合外业调查 ,建立工业区绿地地理信息系统 ,以景观生态学理论为指导 ,从物种丰富度、群落结构、绿地类型斑块特征、景观异质性等方面进行了武钢工业区绿地景观生态学分析 ,并运用主成分分析法 ,对不同功能区绿地景观生态学作了综合评价 ,为区域景观生态综合评价提供一定的参考。研究结果表明 :工业区中普遍运用的是抗性较强的树种 ,种类较丰富 ,其中物种数量为 7～ 8的斑块出现频率及面积均最高。武钢绿化覆盖率为 30 .5 8% ,绿地破碎 ,主要由中小型绿地斑块组成 ,附属绿地是工业区绿化主体。公园绿地物种搭配最为丰富 ,绿化质量较高 ,其它绿地空间呈团聚状态分布 ,防护绿地形态格局比较简单 ,生产绿地分离度最大 (0 .718)。不同区域绿地景观格局表现差异显着 ,生活区绿地斑块规模普遍较大 ,绿化覆盖率高 (4 3.2 7% ) ,景观多样性高 (3.39) ;主厂区绿地破碎度为1.32 4 6 ,物?

住区低势绿地设计的关键参数及其影响因素分析

通过对低势绿地雨水量平衡及其影响因素的分析,讨论了低势绿地下凹深度、低势绿地面积负荷率、淹水时间等关键参数,提出了低势绿地的设计思想和设计方法,并对北京地区某住区实例进行了分析,为住区低势绿地设计提供了方法和依据。

北京市环城绿化隔离带生态规划

研究运用生态规划方法、地理信息技术和遥感数据,在分析北京城市发展所面临的城市布局与生态环境问题,以及在规划范围内土地利用与生态环境功能的基础上,探讨了北京绿化隔离带的功能,提出了北京绿化隔离带的总体结构,景观格局与生态规划控制指标。研究表明:规划区内城镇建设用地已达4 0 .2 % ,现有土地景观布局零乱,各类开发建设活动十分活跃,扩张趋势明显,要保证足够的土地资源以发展绿化控制带的难度很大。绿化隔离带土地潜力和适宜性的评价结果揭示,如果能够严格控制城镇建设用地的进一步扩张,充分利用各类适宜性土地发展绿地,如林地、裸地、水体、耕地,重新规划分散的乡村居民点,释放一定的建设用地,则估计有6 5 .8%的潜力土地可发展为绿地。根据北京城市发展对近郊生态功能的要求以及规划区土地利用现状,北京绿化隔离带的总体结构应是楔型环城绿化隔离带,即沿交通干线贯穿绿带,中-小型生活社区与小城镇分布在绿化隔离带之中。绿化隔离带的景观生态格局应是以森林为基质、河流道路为廊道。

大城市绿化控制带的结构与生态功能

绿化控制带是指在城市周围建设的绿色植被带。从国际上特大城市建设绿化控制带的效果来看,城市绿化控制带对控制城市格局,改善城市环境,提高城市居民生活质量具有显著作用。随着我国城市化进程加快,大城市的建成区面积将迅速扩大。城市向周边扩展失去有效的控制、城市热岛效应加剧、城市环境恶化、城市绿地生态服务功能低已成为我国大城市发展所面临的难题。借鉴国际上大城市规划与建设城市绿化控制带的经验,加强我国大城市绿化控制带的建设,是我国大城市有效控制城市无序扩大和改善城市生态环境的一个重要途径。

宜昌市城区不同绿地类型环境效应

选取宜昌市 5个具典型代表性的绿地类型 ,以水泥垫面作为对照 ,同步监测了包括地表温度、最高最低气温、辐射热、噪音、大气粉尘含量等环境指标。研究结果表明 :城市绿地类型环境效应与其空间结构、绿量大小有密切关系 ,具乔、灌、草垂直结构的绿地类型环境效应最佳 ,而结构单一、绿量含量小的草坪类型对环境质量改善程度有限 ,环境效应相对较差。