Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Using Helmets in Children amongst Parents to Prevent Head Injuries: A Cross-Sectional Study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Objectives: The primary objective was to characterize the range of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of Helmet use in children amongst parents to prevent head injuries and death. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, done by online survey using a snowball sampling technique, the number of included responses were 386 parents (Male and female) living in Riyadh Aged 21 - 60 years old or above. Results: The study showed that there is a difference in Parents’ belief in the importance of helmet use while riding a Bicycle vs Motorcycle/Quad bike and that was affected by parents’ education level, almost all the people who answered the survey (76.7%) agree that it is important for their children to wear a helmet when riding both a Bicycle and a Motorcycle or Quadbike with a cumulative percentage of (93.8%). And almost all agreed on multiple approaches to help increase helmet use be it by forcing rental shops to give out helmets, forcing sellers to recommend the use of helmets, increasing awareness campaigns, and imposing fines for not wearing helmets. Conclusions: This study is the first to explore Family helmet use while riding Bicycles and Motorcycles/Quad bikes. Although Parent’s belief in the importance of helmet use for their children was high, it is clear that the level of practice is low. With that the risk of head injuries might be high, our findings suggest that safety interventions for increasing pediatric helmet use are needed to increase helmet use and reduce the risk of head injury and hospitalization.

基于改进Double-Head RCNN的无人机航拍图像小目标检测算法

为解决无人机航拍图像中小目标特征信息少且容易被噪声干扰导致现有算法漏检率和误检率高的问题,提出一种改进Double-Head Region-卷积神经网络(RCNN)的无人机航拍图像小目标检测算法。在骨干网络ResNet-50上引入Transformer和可变形卷积(DCN)模块,更有效提取小目标特征信息和语义信息;提出一种基于内容感知特征重组(CARAFE)的特征金字塔网络(FPN)结构模块,解决特征融合过程中小目标被背景噪声干扰而丢失特征信息的问题;在区域建议网络中针对小目标尺度分布特点重新设置Anchor生成尺度,进一步提升小目标检测性能。在VisDrone-DET2021数据集上的实验结果表明:所提算法能提取更具有表征能力的小目标特征信息和语义信息,对比Double-Head RCNN算法,所提算法的参数量增加了9.73×10^(6),FPS损失了0.6,但是AP、AP50和AP75分别提升了2.6%、6.2%和2.1%,APs提升了3.1%。

Long non-coding RNA H19 regulates neurogenesis of induced neural stem cells in a mouse model of closed head injury

Stem cell-based therapies have been proposed as a potential treatment for neural regeneration following closed head injury.We previously reported that induced neural stem cells exert beneficial effects on neural regeneration via cell replacement.However,the neural regeneration efficiency of induced neural stem cells remains limited.In this study,we explored differentially expressed genes and long non-coding RNAs to clarify the mechanism underlying the neurogenesis of induced neural stem cells.We found that H19 was the most downregulated neurogenesis-associated lnc RNA in induced neural stem cells compared with induced pluripotent stem cells.Additionally,we demonstrated that H19 levels in induced neural stem cells were markedly lower than those in induced pluripotent stem cells and were substantially higher than those in induced neural stem cell-derived neurons.We predicted the target genes of H19 and discovered that H19 directly interacts with mi R-325-3p,which directly interacts with Ctbp2 in induced pluripotent stem cells and induced neural stem cells.Silencing H19 or Ctbp2 impaired induced neural stem cell proliferation,and mi R-325-3p suppression restored the effect of H19 inhibition but not the effect of Ctbp2 inhibition.Furthermore,H19 silencing substantially promoted the neural differentiation of induced neural stem cells and did not induce apoptosis of induced neural stem cells.Notably,silencing H19 in induced neural stem cell grafts markedly accelerated the neurological recovery of closed head injury mice.Our results reveal that H19 regulates the neurogenesis of induced neural stem cells.H19 inhibition may promote the neural differentiation of induced neural stem cells,which is closely associated with neurological recovery following closed head injury.

融合MacBERT和Talking⁃Heads Attention实体关系联合抽取模型

针对现有的医学文本关系抽取任务模型在训练过程中存在语义理解能力不足,可能导致关系抽取的效果不尽人意的问题,文中提出一种融合MacBERT和Talking⁃Heads Attention的实体关系联合抽取模型。该模型首先利用MacBERT语言模型来获取动态字向量表达,MacBERT作为改进的BERT模型,能够减少预训练和微调阶段之间的差异,从而提高模型的泛化能力;然后,将这些动态字向量表达输入到双向门控循环单元(BiGRU)中,以便提取文本的上下文特征。BiGRU是一种改进的循环神经网络(RNN),具有更好的长期依赖捕获能力。在获取文本上下文特征之后,使用Talking⁃Heads Attention来获取全局特征。Talking⁃Heads Attention是一种自注意力机制,可以捕获文本中不同位置之间的关系,从而提高关系抽取的准确性。实验结果表明,与实体关系联合抽取模型GRTE相比,该模型F1值提升1%,precision值提升0.4%,recall值提升1.5%。

Tilapia Head Glycolipid Alleviates Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer via Regulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Through COX/PGE2 Signaling Pathway in Adult Rats

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the ameliorative effect and molecular mechanism of tilapia head glycolipid(TH-GL)on indomethacin(IDM)-induced gastric ulcer in male Sprague Dawley(SD)rats.The gastric ulcer model was established by oral administration of 30mgkg^(-1) IDM after 7 days of TH-GL or omeprazole(OME)administration in rats.Then the macroscopic gastric injury symptoms,gastric mucosa protective factor cyclooxygenase 1(COX-1),cyclooxygenase 2(COX-2),prostaglandin E_(2)(PGE_(2)),the levels of oxidative stress,and inflammatory cytokine expression levels in the rats were analyzed.The experimental results showed that multiple ulcers appeared on the gastric surface of the rats in the model group.Compared to the model group,TH-GL significantly alleviated gastric ulcers and reduced the gastric damage index in rats.In addition,TH-GL significantly promoted the expression of constitutive enzyme COX-1 while inhibited the expression of inducible enzyme COX-2,and make PGE2 maintain at normal levels.TH-GL also inhibited oxidative stress and inflammatory responses,increased superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity and glutathione(GSH)content,decreased the level of malondialdehyde(MDA)and the content of pro-inflammatory factor.In conclusion,these results suggested that TH-GL could maintain the expression levels of COX-1 and PGE2 while inhibit the expression of COX-2 in the gastric of rat and then prevent IDM-induced gastric ulcer,which may be related to the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory response.Therefore,TH-GL might be a new option for the prevention of gastric diseases induced by IDM.

Basal defense is enhanced in a wheat cultivar resistant to Fusarium head blight

Fusarium head blight(FHB),mainly caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum,is one of the most destructive wheat diseases.Besides directly affecting the yield,the mycotoxin residing in the kernel greatly threatens the health of humans and livestock.Xinong 979(XN979)is a widely cultivated wheat elite with high yield and FHB resistance.However,its resistance mechanism remains unclear.In this study,we studied the expression of genes involved in plant defense in XN979 by comparative transcriptomics.We found that the FHB resistance in XN979 consists of two lines of defense.The first line of defense,which is constitutive,is knitted via the enhanced basal expression of lignin and jasmonic acid(JA)biosynthesis genes.The second line of defense,which is induced upon F.graminearum infection,is contributed by the limited suppression of photosynthesis and the struggle of biotic stress-responding genes.Meanwhile,the effective defense in XN979 leads to an inhibition of fungal gene expression,especially in the early infection stage.The formation of the FHB resistance in XN979 may coincide with the breeding strategies,such as selecting high grain yield and lodging resistance traits.This study will facilitate our understanding of wheat-F.graminearum interaction and is insightful for breeding FHB-resistant wheat.

Experimental and numerical simulation study on forced ventilation and dust removal of coal mine heading surface

In order to study the problems of unreasonable airflow distribution and serious dust pollution in a heading surface,an experimental platform for forced ventilation and dust removal was built based on the similar principles.Through the similar experiment and numerical simulation,the distribution of airflow field in the roadway and the spatial and temporal evolution of dust pollution under the conditions of forced ventilation were determined.The airflow field in the roadway can be divided into three zones:jet zone,vortex zone and reflux zone.The dust concentration gradually decreases from the head to the rear of the roadway.Under the forced ventilation conditions,there is a unilateral accumulation of dust,with higher dust concentrations away from the ducts.The position of the equipment has an interception effect on the dust.The maximum error between the test value and the simulation result is 12.9%,which verifies the accuracy of the experimental results.The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the application of dust removal technology in coal mine.

YOLO-MFD:Remote Sensing Image Object Detection with Multi-Scale Fusion Dynamic Head

Remote sensing imagery,due to its high altitude,presents inherent challenges characterized by multiple scales,limited target areas,and intricate backgrounds.These inherent traits often lead to increased miss and false detection rates when applying object recognition algorithms tailored for remote sensing imagery.Additionally,these complexities contribute to inaccuracies in target localization and hinder precise target categorization.This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a solution:The YOLO-MFD model(YOLO-MFD:Remote Sensing Image Object Detection withMulti-scale Fusion Dynamic Head).Before presenting our method,we delve into the prevalent issues faced in remote sensing imagery analysis.Specifically,we emphasize the struggles of existing object recognition algorithms in comprehensively capturing critical image features amidst varying scales and complex backgrounds.To resolve these issues,we introduce a novel approach.First,we propose the implementation of a lightweight multi-scale module called CEF.This module significantly improves the model’s ability to comprehensively capture important image features by merging multi-scale feature information.It effectively addresses the issues of missed detection and mistaken alarms that are common in remote sensing imagery.Second,an additional layer of small target detection heads is added,and a residual link is established with the higher-level feature extraction module in the backbone section.This allows the model to incorporate shallower information,significantly improving the accuracy of target localization in remotely sensed images.Finally,a dynamic head attentionmechanism is introduced.This allows themodel to exhibit greater flexibility and accuracy in recognizing shapes and targets of different sizes.Consequently,the precision of object detection is significantly improved.The trial results show that the YOLO-MFD model shows improvements of 6.3%,3.5%,and 2.5%over the original YOLOv8 model in Precision,map@0.5 and map@0.5:0.95,separately.These results illustrate the clear advantages of the method.

Induced neural stem cells regulate microglial activation through Akt-mediated upregulation of CXCR4 and Crry in a mouse model of closed head injury

Microglial activation that occurs rapidly after closed head injury may play important and complex roles in neuroinflammation-associated neuronal damage and repair.We previously reported that induced neural stem cells can modulate the behavior of activated microglia via CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling,influencing their activation such that they can promote neurological recovery.However,the mechanism of CXCR4 upregulation in induced neural stem cells remains unclear.In this study,we found that nuclear factor-κB activation induced by closed head injury mouse serum in microglia promoted CXCL12 and tumor necrosis factor-αexpression but suppressed insulin-like growth factor-1 expression.However,recombinant complement receptor 2-conjugated Crry(CR2-Crry)reduced the effects of closed head injury mouse serum-induced nuclear factor-κB activation in microglia and the levels of activated microglia,CXCL12,and tumor necrosis factor-α.Additionally,we observed that,in response to stimulation(including stimulation by CXCL12 secreted by activated microglia),CXCR4 and Crry levels can be upregulated in induced neural stem cells via the interplay among CXCL12/CXCR4,Crry,and Akt signaling to modulate microglial activation.In agreement with these in vitro experimental results,we found that Akt activation enhanced the immunoregulatory effects of induced neural stem cell grafts on microglial activation,leading to the promotion of neurological recovery via insulin-like growth factor-1 secretion and the neuroprotective effects of induced neural stem cell grafts through CXCR4 and Crry upregulation in the injured cortices of closed head injury mice.Notably,these beneficial effects of Akt activation in induced neural stem cells were positively correlated with the therapeutic effects of induced neural stem cells on neuronal injury,cerebral edema,and neurological disorders post–closed head injury.In conclusion,our findings reveal that Akt activation may enhance the immunoregulatory effects of induced neural stem cells on microglial activation via upregulation of CXCR4 and Crry,thereby promoting induced neural stem cell–mediated improvement of neuronal injury,cerebral edema,and neurological disorders following closed head injury.

Repeatability,interocular correlation and agreement of optic nerve head vessel density in healthy eyes:a sweptsource optical coherence tomographic angiography study

AIM:To assess the repeatability,interocular correlation,and agreement of quantitative swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)optic nerve head(ONH)parameters in healthy subjects.METHODS:Thir ty-three healthy subjects were enrolled.The ONH of both eyes were imaged four times by a swept-source-OCTA using a 3 mm×3 mm scanning protocol.Images of the radial peripapillary capillary were analyzed by a customized Matlab program,and the vessel density,fractal dimension,and vessel diameter index were measured.The repeatability of the four scans was determined by the intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC).The most well-centered optic disc from the four repeated scans was then selected for the interocular correlation and agreement analysis using the Pearson correlation coefficient,ICC and Bland-Altman plots.RESULTS:All swept-source-OCTA ONH parameters exhibited certain repeatability,with ICC>0.760 and coefficient of variation(CoV)≤7.301%.The obvious interocular correlation was observed for papillary vessel density(ICC=0.857),vessel diameter index(ICC=0.857)and fractal dimension(ICC=0.906),while circumpapillary vessel density exhibited moderate interocular correlation(ICC=0.687).Bland-Altman plots revealed an agreement range of-5.26%to 6.21%for circumpapillary vessel density.CONCLUSION:OCTA ONH parameters demonstrate good repeatability in healthy subjects.The interocular correlations of papillary vessel density,fractal dimension and vessel diameter index are high,but the correlation for circumpapillary vessel density is moderate.

A Dual-Cluster-Head Based Medium Access Control for Large-Scale UAV Ad-Hoc Networks

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)ad hoc network has achieved significant growth for its flexibility,extensibility,and high deployability in recent years.The application of clustering scheme for UAV ad hoc network is imperative to enhance the performance of throughput and energy efficiency.In conventional clustering scheme,a single cluster head(CH)is always assigned in each cluster.However,this method has some weaknesses such as overload and premature death of CH when the number of UAVs increased.In order to solve this problem,we propose a dual-cluster-head based medium access control(DCHMAC)scheme for large-scale UAV networks.In DCHMAC,two CHs are elected to manage resource allocation and data forwarding cooperatively.Specifically,two CHs work on different channels.One of CH is used for intra-cluster communication and the other one is for inter-cluster communication.A Markov chain model is developed to analyse the throughput of the network.Simulation result shows that compared with FM-MAC(flying ad hoc networks multi-channel MAC,FM-MAC),DCHMAC improves the throughput by approximately 20%~50%and prolongs the network lifetime by approximately 40%.

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as a prognostic biomarker in multiple tumors and its therapeutic potential in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Background:Fibroblast activation protein(FAP),a cell surface serine protease,plays roles in tumor invasion and immune regulation.However,there is currently no pan-cancer analysis of FAP.Objective:We aimed to assess the pan-cancer expression profile of FAP,its molecular function,and its potential role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSC).Methods:We analyzed gene expression,survival status,immune infiltration,and molecular functional pathways of FAP in The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)and Genotype Tissue Expression(GTEx)tumors.Furthermore,to elucidate the role of FAP in HNSC,we performed proliferation,migration,and invasion assays post-FAP overexpression or knock-down.Results:FAP expression was elevated in nine tumor types and was associated with poor survival in eight of them.In the context of immune infiltration,FAP expression negatively correlated with CD8+T-cell infiltration infive tumor types and positively with regulatory T-cell infiltration in four tumor types.Our enrichment analysis highlighted FAP’s involvement in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.In HNSC cells,FAP overexpression activated the PI3K-Akt pathway,promoting tumor proliferation,migration,and invasion.Conversely,FAP knockdown showed inhibitory effects.Conclusion:Our study unveils the association of FAP with poor tumor prognosis across multiple cancers and highlights its potential as a therapeutic target in HNSC.

New perspectives on biology,disease progression,and therapy response of head and neck cancer gained from single cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide.The main risk factors are consumption of tobacco products and alcohol,as well as infection with human papilloma virus.Approved therapeutic options comprise surgery,radiation,chemotherapy,targeted therapy through epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition,and immunotherapy,but outcome has remained unsatisfactory due to recurrence rates of~50%and the frequent occurrence of second primaries.The availability of the human genome sequence at the beginning of the millennium heralded the omics era,in which rapid technological progress has advanced our knowledge of the molecular biology of malignant diseases,including HNSCC,at an unprecedented pace.Initially,microarray-based methods,followed by approaches based on next-generation sequencing,were applied to study the genetics,epigenetics,and gene expression patterns of bulk tumors.More recently,the advent of single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNAseq)and spatial transcriptomics methods has facilitated the investigation of the heterogeneity between and within different cell populations in the tumor microenvironment(e.g.,cancer cells,fibroblasts,immune cells,endothelial cells),led to the discovery of novel cell types,and advanced the discovery of cell-cell communication within tumors.This review provides an overview of scRNAseq,spatial transcriptomics,and the associated bioinformatics methods,and summarizes how their application has promoted our understanding of the emergence,composition,progression,and therapy responsiveness of,and intercellular signaling within,HNSCC.

Expression changes of mi RNA-regulated genes associated with the formation of the leafy head in cabbage

The vegetative development of cabbage(Brassica oleracea var.capitata)passes through seedling,rosette,folding and heading stages.Leaves that form the rosette are large and mostly flat.In the following developmental stages,the plants produce leaves that curve inward to produce the leafy head.Many microRNAs and their target genes have been described participating in leaf development and leaf curvature.The aim of this study is to investigate the role of miRNA-regulated genes in the transition from the rosette to the heading stage.We compared the mi RNA and gene abundances between emerging rosette and heading leaves.To remove transcripts(miRNAs and genes)whose regulation was most likely associated with plant age rather than the change from rosette to heading stage,we utilized a non-heading collard green(B.oleracea var.acephala)morphotype as control.This resulted in 33 DEMs and 1998 DEGs with likely roles in the transition from rosette to heading stage in cabbage.Among these 1998 DEGs,we found enriched GO terms related to DNA-binding transcription factor activity,transcription regulator activity,iron ion binding,and photosynthesis.We predicted the target genes of these 33 DEMs and focused on the subset that was differentially expressed(1998DEGs)between rosette and heading stage leaves to construct mi RNA-target gene interaction networks.Our main finding is a role for miR396b-5p targeting two Arabidopsis thaliana orthologues of GROWTH REGULATING FACTORs 3(GRF3)and 4(GRF4)in pointed cabbage head formation.

PPP1R14A is Associated with Immunotherapy Resistance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Identified by Single-Cell and Bulk RNA-Sequencing

Objective To identify nivolumab resistance-related genes in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)using single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing data.Methods The single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing data downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were analyzed to screen out differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between nivolumab resistant and nivolumab sensitive patients using R software.The Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator(LASSO)regression and Recursive Feature Elimination(RFE)algorithm were performed to identify key genes associated with nivolumab resistance.Functional enrichment of DEGs was analyzed with Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses.The relationships of key genes with immune cell infiltration,differentation trajectory,dynamic gene expression profiles,and ligand-receptor interaction were explored.Results We found 83 DEGs.They were mainly enriched in T-cell differentiation,PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint,and T-cell receptor pathways.Among six key genes identified using machine learning algorithms,only PPP1R14A gene was differentially expressed between the nivolumab resistant and nivolumab sensitive groups both before and after immunotherapy(P<0.05).The high PPP1R14A gene expression group had lower immune score(P<0.01),higher expression of immunosuppressive factors(such as PDCD1,CTLA4,and PDCD1LG2)(r>0,P<0.05),lower differentiation of infiltrated immune cells(P<0.05),and a higher degree of interaction between HLA and CD4(P<0.05).Conclusions PPP1R14A gene is closely associated with resistance to nivolumab in HNSCC patients.Therefore,PPP1R14A may be a target to ameliorate nivolumab resistance of HNSCC patients.

Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Efficient Cluster Head Selection in WSN

Numerous wireless networks have emerged that can be used for short communication ranges where the infrastructure-based networks may fail because of their installation and cost.One of them is a sensor network with embedded sensors working as the primary nodes,termed Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),in which numerous sensors are connected to at least one Base Station(BS).These sensors gather information from the environment and transmit it to a BS or gathering location.WSNs have several challenges,including throughput,energy usage,and network lifetime concerns.Different strategies have been applied to get over these restrictions.Clustering may,therefore,be thought of as the best way to solve such issues.Consequently,it is crucial to analyze effective Cluster Head(CH)selection to maximize efficiency throughput,extend the network lifetime,and minimize energy consumption.This paper proposed an Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization(APSO)algorithm based on the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH),Neighboring Based Energy Efficient Routing(NBEER),Cooperative Energy Efficient Routing(CEER),and Cooperative Relay Neighboring Based Energy Efficient Routing(CR-NBEER)techniques.With the help of APSO in the implementation of the WSN,the main methodology of this article has taken place.The simulation findings in this study demonstrated that the suggested approach uses less energy,with respective energy consumption ranges of 0.1441 to 0.013 for 5 CH,1.003 to 0.0521 for 10 CH,and 0.1734 to 0.0911 for 15 CH.The sending packets ratio was also raised for all three CH selection scenarios,increasing from 659 to 1730.The number of dead nodes likewise dropped for the given combination,falling between 71 and 66.The network lifetime was deemed to have risen based on the results found.A hybrid with a few valuable parameters can further improve the suggested APSO-based protocol.Similar to underwater,WSN can make use of the proposed protocol.The overall results have been evaluated and compared with the existing approaches of sensor networks.

Three-dimensional analysis of age and sex differences in femoral head asphericity in asymptomatic hips in the United States

BACKGROUND The sphericity of the femoral head is a metric used to evaluate hip pathologies and is associated with the development of osteoarthritis and femoral-acetabular impingement.AIM To analyze the three-dimensional asphericity of the femoral head of asymptomatic pediatric hips.We hypothesized that femoral head asphericity will vary significantly between male and female pediatric hips and increase with age in both sexes.METHODS Computed tomography scans were obtained on 158 children and adolescents from a single institution in the United States(8-18 years;50%male)without hip pain.Proximal femoral measurements including the femoral head diameter,femoral head volume,residual volume,asphericity index,and local diameter difference were used to evaluate femoral head sphericity.RESULTS In both sexes,the residual volume increased by age(P<0.05).Despite significantly smaller femoral head size in older ages(>13 years)in females,there were no sex-differences in residual volume and aspherity index.There were no age-related changes in mean diameter difference in both sexes(P=0.07)with no significant sex-differences across different age groups(P=0.06).In contrast,there were significant increases in local aspherity(maximum diameter difference)across whole surface of the femoral head and all quadrants except the inferior regions in males(P=0.03).There were no sex-differences in maximum diameter difference at any regions and age group(P>0.05).Increased alpha angle was only correlated to increased mean diameter difference across overall surface of the femoral head(P=0.024).CONCLUSION There is a substantial localized asphericity in asymptomatic hips which increases with age in.While 2D measured alpha angle can capture overall asphericity of the femoral head,it may not be sensitive enough to represent regional asphericity patterns.

Changes in postoperative depression and anxiety and their relationship with recovery from femoral head necrosis:A longitudinal study

BACKGROUND Femoral head necrosis(FHN)can significantly affect patients'psychological well-being and functional outcomes.However,the long-term relationship between postoperative depression,anxiety,and functional recovery in patients with FHN remains unclear.AIM To investigate the dynamic changes in postoperative depression and anxiety and their relationship with functional recovery in patients with FHN for 3 years.METHODS Ninety-three patients with FHN who underwent surgical treatment in March 2020 to 2023 were enrolled in this longitudinal study.Depression and anxiety status were assessed using the hospital anxiety and depression scale(HADS)at baseline,6 months,1,2,and 3 years postoperatively.Functional recovery was evaluated using the Harris hip score(HHS).The dynamic changes in HADS and HHS were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA;the relationship between depre-ssion/anxiety status and functional recovery was examined using Pearson’s correlation analysis.RESULTS The mean HADS-depression(HADS-D)and HADS-anxiety(HADS-A)scores significantly improved over time(P<0.001).The prevalence of depression and anxiety decreased from 36.6%and 41.9%at baseline to 10.8%and 12.9%,respectively,at 3 years postoperatively.The mean HHS increased sig-nificantly from 52.3±10.5 at baseline to 88.1±7.2 at 3 years postoperatively(P<0.001).Significant negative correl-ations were found between HADS-D/HADS-A scores and HHS at all time points(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The severity of depression and anxiety negatively correlated with functional recovery,highlighting the importance of psychological interventions in the management of patients with FHN.

Treatment of a femoral neck fracture combined with ipsilateral femoral head and intertrochanteric fractures: A case report

BACKGROUND This article presents a rare case of a complex hip fracture involving the ipsilateral femoral neck,trochanter,and femoral head,that was accompanied by hip dislocation.Currently,there is no established standard treatment method for this specific type of fracture.Therefore,it is crucial to comprehensively consider factors such as patient age,fracture type,and degree of displacement to achieve a successful outcome.CASE SUMMARY A 38-year-old man sustained a comminuted fracture of his right hip as a result of a car accident.The injuries included a fracture of the femoral head,a fracture of the femoral neck,an intertrochanteric fracture of the femur,and a posterior dislocation of the hip on the same side.We opted for a treatment approach combining the use of a proximal femoral locking plate,cannulated screws,and Kirschner wires.Following the surgery,we developed an individualized rehabil-itation program to restore patient limb function.CONCLUSION For this complex fracture,we selected appropriate internal fixation and for-mulated individualized rehabilitation,which ultimately achieved good results.

Nanomaterials for refining tumor microenvironment and enhancing therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a review

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a prevalent and lethal solid tumor with a high mortality rate. Conventional cancertreatments, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, primarily target cancer cell eradication. However, uncontrolled proliferation and metabolic activities of these cells result in abnormalities in nutrient levels, hypoxia, and immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment (TME). These factors constrain the efficacy of traditional treatments by promoting drug resistance, recurrence, and metastasis. Nanomaterials (NMs), such as nanozymes, can exhibit enzymatic activity similar to that of natural enzymes and offer a promising avenuefor the direct modification of the TME through catalytic oxidation-reduction processes. Moreover, they can serve as sensitizers or drug deliverycarriers, enhancing the efficacy of traditional treatment methods. Recently, NMs have garnered significant attention from oncologists. Thisreview begins with an overview of the composition and unique characteristics of the TME. Subsequently, we comprehensively exploredthe application of NMs in the treatment of HNSCC. Finally, we discuss the potential prospects and challenges associated with usingNMs in biomedical research.