Cross influence of discharge and circulation on head loss of conduit of pump system with low head

The relationship between the head loss and the discharge and circulation of the conduit of a pump system with low head is an important problem with an obvious influence on the improvement of its hydraulic performance. The velocity circulation from the pump guide vane makes the relationship more complicated, which has to be understood comprehensively. The results indicate that, under the condition of zero circulation, the head loss of the inlet and outlet conduits is in proportion to the square of discharge. Under the condition that the Reynolds number is satisfied with the resistant square area, the conduit loss is in proportion to the square of discharge for the similar working points with different speeds in a certain rotational speed range, indicating that the pump system efficiency is constant. The outlet conduit loss of design discharge for a pump system with low head depends on the velocity circulation from the guide vane exit, and the relationship between the loss and the circulation is an open curve with an upward direction, meaning that there is an optimal circulation for the loss. Under the condition of various working points for a pump system with low head, the head loss of the outlet conduit is under the cross influence of both the discharge and the circulation. As a result, the relationship between the head loss and the discharge is almost linear, and the mechanism needs to be further studied.

Evaluation of “C” Values to Head Loss and Water Pressure Due to Pipe Aging: Case Study of Uni-Central Sarawak

Samarahan has transformed from a small village into education hub for the past 2 decades. Rapid development and population growth had led to speedy growth in water demand. The situation is getting worse as the pipes are deteriorating due to pipe aging. Therefore, there is a need to study the adequacy of water supply and relationships among roughness coefficient (C) values in Hazen Williams’ Equation with head loss and water pressure due to pipe aging at Uni-Central, a residential area located at Samarahan Sarawak. Investigations were carried out with Ductile Iron, Abestos Cement and Cast Iron pipes at age categories of 0 - 10 years, 10 - 30 years, 30 - 50 years, 50 - 70 years and >70 years. Six critical nodes named as A, B, C, D, E and F were identified to study the water pressure and head loss. Model was developed with InfoWorks Water Supply (WS) Pro software. The impact of pipe aging and materials to water pressure and head loss was not significant at Nodes A, B, C and F. However, max water pressure at Nodes D and F were only reaching 6.30 m and 7.30 m, respectively for all investigations. Therefore, some improvement works are required. Results also show that Asbestos Cement pipe has the least impact on the head loss and water pressure, followed by Ductile Iron pipe and lastly Cast Iron pipe. Simulation results also revealed that older pipes have higher roughness coefficients, indicated with lower “C” values, thus increase the head loss and reduce the water pressure. In contrast, as “C” values increased, head loss will be reduced and water pressure will be increased.

Experimental and numerical investigation of groundwater head losses on and nearby short intersections between disc-shaped fractures

Discrete fracture models are used for investigating precise processes of groundwater flow in fractured rocks,while a disc-shaped parallel-plates model for a single fracture is more reasonable and efficient for computational treatments.The flow velocity has a large spatial differentiation which is more likely to produce non-linear flow and additional head losses on and nearby intersections in such shaped fractures,therefore it is necessary to understand and quantify them.In this study,both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations were performed to investigate the total head loss on and nearby the intersections as well as the local head loss exactly on the intersections,which were not usually paid sufficient attention or even ignored.The investigation results show that these two losses account for 29.17%-84.97%and 0-73.57%of the entire total head loss in a fracture,respectively.As a result,they should be necessarily considered for groundwater modeling in fractured rocks.Furthermore,both head losses become larger when aperture and flow rate increase and intersection length decreases.Particularly,the ratios of these two head losses to the entire total head loss in a fracture could be well statistically explained by power regression equations with variables of aperture,intersection length,and flow rates,both of which achieved high coefficients of determination.It could be feasible through this type of study to provide a way on how to adjust the groundwater head from those obtained by numerical simulations based on the traditional linear flow model.Finally,it is practicable and effective to implement the investigation approach combining laboratory experiments with numerical simulations for quantifying the head losses on and nearby the intersections between disc-shaped fractures.

A Value Engineering Analysis of Head Loss in Pumping Mains

With net zero carbon emissions targets approaching over the next 20 to 30 years, the water industry must act now to develop energy efficient techniques and designs to reduce emissions and reduce the carbon footprint of water utility providers. There is also the potential for significant energy and therefore financial savings to be realised from the adoption of more energy efficient designs approaches. Water utility providers account for a significant proportion of national electricity consumption. The purpose of this research is to determine if, over the long term, opting for a larger diameter pipe at design stage can lead to significant financial and emissions savings for water utility providers when considering pumping mains. Pumping mains are widely used throughout the water and wastewater industry where a gravity solution is not possible. 72 hypothetical water main design scenarios were analysed and the long term financial and environmental impact of each hypothetical water main was assessed. It was found across all design scenarios that larger diameter water mains were capable of delivering the same rate of flow of smaller diameter pipes at a much reduced velocity and requiring reduced pumping power. It was concluded that pumped mains of larger diameters can ultimately be more energy efficient and cost effective over the long term when selected in favour of smaller diameter pumped mains in otherwise identical design scenarios.

Thermodynamic Head Loss in a Channel with Combined Radiation and Convection Heat Transfer

Losses in channel flows are usually determined using a frictional head loss parameter. Fluid friction is however not the only source of loss in channel flows with heat transfer. For such flow problems, thermal energy degradation, in addition to mechanical energy degradation, add to the total loss in thermodynamic head. To assess the total loss in a channel with combined convection and radiation heat transfer, the conventional frictional head loss parameter is extended in this study. The analysis is applied to a 3D turbulent channel flow and identifies the critical locations in the flow domain where the losses are concentrated. The influence of Boltzmann number is discussed, and the best channel geometry for flows with combined heat transfer modes is also determined.

基于改进YOLOv5s的无人机图像识别

无人机在军事情报、航拍检测等领域能够提供目标相关的图像信息,为处理任务提供目标信息。针对无人机图像背景复杂、检测目标小、可提取特征少等问题,提出基于YOLOv5s的改进无人机图像识别算法。首先,结合CotNet模块对网络结构进行优化,提升模型自学习能力并增强识别精度;其次,对颈部网络进行改进,通过跨层链接和提高特征图分辨率更好地利用浅层特征图中包含的丰富信息来定位目标,并且在检测头部分采用解耦检测头,减少预测过程中定位与分类任务对于特征信息的冲突;最后,为了提高收敛速度和模型精度,在CIoU和EIoU损失函数的基础上对损失函数的宽高纵横比进行优化。在公开数据集VisDrone测试集上进行测试,所提算法相比原始YOLOv5s算法的mAP_(50)与mAP_(50∶95)分别提升了6.1与2.9个百分点,实验结果表明,所提模型能够有效提升无人机图像识别的准确率。

基于PPR和NSGA-Ⅱ的泵前微压过滤器水力与过滤性能研究

【目的】探究泵前微压过滤器的性能。【方法】开展5组流量(2~8m^(3)/h)、5组含沙量(0.5~2.0g/L)、3组滤网过滤面积(1 105、1 582、2 060 cm^(2))和4组分水器型式(不加、1型、2型、3型)的物理模型试验,采用投影寻踪回归分析法(PPR)、多目标遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ),建立水头损失、截沙质量和总过滤效率的预测模型,探究各指标的影响因素排序,确定泵前微压过滤器的最佳运行工况。【结果】影响泵前微压过滤器水头损失的因素排序为进水流量?含沙量?滤网过滤面积;影响截沙质量的因素排序为含沙量?滤网过滤面积?进水流量;影响总过滤效率的因素排序为滤网过滤面积?含沙量?进水流量;以相对误差≤10%作为判定标准,建立的截沙质量和总过滤效率PPR预测模型合格率为100%,模型精度较高,但水头损失PPR预测模型合格率仅为70%,模型不可靠。本试验范围下泵前微压过滤器的最佳运行工况为:含沙量2 g/L、进水流量7 m^(3)/h、滤网过滤面积2 060 cm^(2)。【结论】PPR预测模型对截沙质量和总过滤效率的预测精度较高,对水头损失的预测误差较大,在后期可用量纲分析与多元回归相结合预测水头损失、截沙质量和总过滤效率。

基于投影寻踪回归方法的微压过滤冲洗池水头损失与过滤效率预测模型

以微压过滤冲洗池的水头损失与过滤效率为考核指标,考虑进水流量、矿化度、含沙量与滤网孔径4个因素进行正交试验设计,采用投影寻踪回归方法PPR分析各个因素对考核指标的影响权重,选取20组试验数据建立含沙微咸水条件下微压过滤冲洗池水头损失和过滤效率的预测模型,探究了含沙微咸水对微压过滤冲洗池的水头损失和过滤效率的影响。研究结果表明,影响微压过滤冲洗池水头损失的因素由大到小依次为进水流量、含沙量、矿化度、滤网孔径;影响过滤效率的因素由大到小依次为含沙量、进水流量、矿化度、滤网孔径;构建的PPR预测模型的预测精度整体合格率达100%;当进水流量为6~7 m^(3)/h、含沙量为0.5~1.0 g/L、矿化度为0~2.0 g/L及滤网孔径为0.125~0.180 mm时,水头损失存在最小值;当进水流量为9~10 m^(3)/h、含沙量为1.75~2.00 g/L、矿化度为0~3.0 g/L及滤网孔径为0.125~0.150 mm时,过滤效率存在最大值。物理模型的试验结果可为微压过滤冲洗池的实际应用提供研究基础。

南水北调中线总干渠冰盖糙率观测分析

冰盖糙率是确定渠道冰期输水水位和流量关系的基础参数,一直是明渠冰工程研究的重点之一。鉴于当前大型混凝土渠道冰盖糙率研究成果相当匮乏,以南水北调中线总干渠石家庄以北唯一无输水建筑物的唐河节制闸—放水河节制闸渠段为研究区域,依据全线通水以来唯一生成全渠段封冻冰盖的2016年1—2月逐日水位和流量实测数据,采用伯努利能量方程和谢才-曼宁公式推求渠道糙率,定性定量分析封冻前后渠道糙率变化特征。结果表明:①研究渠段畅流期渠道糙率n b为0.0167,封冻期冰盖综合糙率n c为0.0146,冰盖下表面糙率n i为0.0118。②由于水力磨蚀作用,封冻期冰盖糙率随时间呈波动减小的趋势。③渠道一旦生成封冻冰盖,输水能力大幅降低,仅占渠道设计流量的66.7%。该研究给出了大型混凝土渠道封冻冰盖糙率和输水能力降低的确切数值,以期为冰期输水调度和类似工程设计提供科学依据。

侧式进/出水口水头损失系数多元线性回归分析

进/出水口水头损失是抽水蓄能电站输水系统水头损失的重要组成部分,准确计算水头损失是评估电站运行经济效益的重要需求。本文通过数值模拟方法研究了14个实际侧式进/出水口的水头损失系数;利用多元线性回归方法,建立了基于侧式进/出水口体型参数计算水头损失系数的回归方程,分析了侧式进/出水口体型参数对其水头损失系数的影响规律。结果表明:侧式进/出水口体型参数对水头损失系数的影响程度,对出流工况较显著,而对进流工况不显著;出流工况,侧式进/出水口体型参数对水头损失系数的相关性,扩散段长度、扩散段分流墩中墩缩进距离、水平扩散角、垂向扩散角、分流墩墩头中边孔宽度比和反坡段坡比为正相关,调整段长度和防涡梁段长度为负相关;利用回归方程得到的水头损失系数与数值模拟方法的结果吻合较好。本文建立的回归方程为计算侧式进/出水口水头损失系数提供了新方法。

基于CED-YOLOv5s模型的煤矸识别方法研究

由于煤矿井下高噪声、低照度、运动模糊的复杂工况和煤矸易聚集现象,导致煤矸目标检测模型特征提取困难及煤矸分类、定位不准确问题。针对该问题,提出一种基于CED-YOLOv5s模型的煤矸识别方法。首先,在YOLOv5s主干网络中引入坐标注意力(CA)机制,通过将坐标信息嵌入信道关系和长程依赖关系中对特征图进行编码,充分利用通道注意力信息和空间注意力信息,使模型更加关注重要特征,抑制无用信息。其次,在YOLOv5s的检测头部引入EIoU回归损失函数,将目标框与锚框的宽高差异最小化,以增强目标的位置和边界信息,提高模型在密集目标下的定位精度和收敛速度;最后,在YOLOv5s的检测头部引入轻量化解耦头,解耦出单独的特征通道,分别用于分类任务和回归任务,解决了原模型中耦合头部分类任务与回归任务的相互干扰问题,进一步提升了模型的并行运算效率与检测精度。实验结果表明:CED-YOLOv5s模型与其他YOLO系列目标检测模型相比,综合性能最佳,平均检测精度达94.8%,相较于YOLOv5s模型提升了3.1%,检测速度达84.8帧/s,可充分满足煤矿井下煤矸实时检测需求。

CoT-YOLO水下目标检测算法

水下检测由于背景复杂、光线暗淡、目标遮挡重叠等问题导致检测精度较低,提出一种CoT-YOLO水下目标检测算法提高检测精度。使用YOLOv5s作为基础模型,构建注重上下文信息的卷积神经网络,充分利用特征信息,增强全局特征表达能力,解决模型漏检、误检问题;改用解耦头,加快收敛速度;增添新的检测层并重获先验框,增强模型对小目标的检测能力,提高水下小目标检测效果;采用EIoU损失函数提高目标边界框的定位与回归。实验结果表明,改进后算法精确度达到77.9%,相较于基线提升了3.7%,mAP提升了5.2%,验证了该方法的有效性。

不同特征波纹管内流动特性分析

为探究不同特征波纹管内部流场的分布特性,基于ANSYS CFX软件,采用进口质量流量和自由出流的数值计算条件,通过对k-ε湍流模型的数值模拟,揭示了不同弯度、波节数和大小的波纹管内部流动特性和压力场分布规律,计算了相应工况下的水头损失。结果表明:(1)波纹管的弯度、波节数和大小都对其内部流场和产生的水头损失有较大影响;(2)不同弯度波纹管内部流体域的静压和流速分布趋势整体相同,从进口至出口,管内流体的静压和流速逐渐减小,随着弯度增加,进口端流体的静压逐渐增大,出口端流体的静压逐渐减小,不同弯度波纹管波节边缘流体流速都较小,中间部位流体的流速较大;(3)波纹管弯度为180°时,随着波节数的增加,管内流体域静压的变化趋势整体相同,平均最大流速呈递增趋势;(4)波纹管弯度为180°且波节数为25时,随着波纹管整体逐渐缩小,管内流体静压与流速迅速增大,X-Y截面流体静压与流速变化趋势整体不变;(5)波纹管内流场产生的水头损失与弯度和波节数呈正相关,与大小呈负相关。为波纹管的优化设计和改进以及安装使用提供参考与合理建议。

改进YOLOv5s的铁路异物入侵检测算法

行人、车辆等异物侵入铁路界线,严重威胁行人安全和铁路交通安全.针对传统铁路异物入侵检测方法精度低、时效性差等问题,提出改进YOLOv5s算法的铁路异物入侵检测模型SD-YOLO.本文提出SSA混合注意力机制,加强模型的局部表征能力,提高小目标识别效果;提出DW-Decoupled Head解耦检测头,加快网络收敛速度;引入边界框回归损失函数SIoU,提高了模型的检测精度;使用转置卷积作为采样方法,采样更适合铁路侵限障碍物特征的尺寸和比例.在数据集RS和Pascal VOC 2012进行实验验证,与基线YOLOv5s算法相比,平均精度mAP@0.5分别提高了2.7%、1.8%,mAP@.5:.95分别提高了2.9%、2.1%,检测速度分别达到79 FPS和78 FPS,表明该算法在检测精度和速度上均取得良好的性能,有效改善了漏检、误检问题,提高了小目标识别能力.

网式过滤器水头损失动态变化规律

网式过滤器是微灌系统的关键部件之一,对过滤杂质,减缓滴头堵塞起到重要作用,但过滤器水头损失往往随拦截杂质的增多而增大,导致滤网破损或系统被迫停机。为明晰过滤器水头损失变化规律,该研究采用文献数据归纳分析和试验相结合的方法,对7种网式过滤器水头损失数据开展聚类分析;以Y型网式过滤器为例,测试不同流量、泥沙浓度和沙粒级配对过滤器水头损失的影响,以减少水头损失激增、提高拦沙效果为主要目标开展综合评价,优选过滤器适宜的运行工况。结果表明:1)不同类型网式过滤器水头损失随时间变化可分为平稳增加阶段和突然增加阶段,突然增加阶段的水头损失增长速率更大,堵塞均匀度均大于1。2)相同流量和浓度下,以>100~125μm泥沙为主的Ⅲ级配和以>125~150μm泥沙为主Ⅳ级配含沙水较以>54~75μm泥沙为主Ⅰ级配和以>100~125μm泥沙为主Ⅱ级配含沙水更容易产生水头损失激增。相同流量下,高浓度工况更容易出现水头损失激增;相同浓度下,流量为3.5 m^(3)/h时最容易使过滤器水头损失激增。3)CRITIC-TOPSIS综合评价结果表明排名前3的分别是流量2.5 m^(3)/h、泥沙浓度60 mg/L工况下Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅱ级配含沙水,综合得分指数分别为0.726、0.712和0.711;低泥沙浓度、大颗粒级配和高泥沙浓度、小颗粒级配在流量2.5 m^(3)/h时综合性能好,高泥沙浓度、大颗粒级配在流量4.5 m^(3)/h综合性能好,低泥沙浓度、小颗粒级配在3种流量下综合性能差异不大。研究可为减少过滤器水头损失和增加运行时长提供参考。

改进YOLOv5的无人机小目标检测方法研究

无人机拍摄图像的小目标具有特征信息不明显、背景复杂和部分目标遮挡的特点,导致检测时会出现误检和漏检的问题。针对这些问题,提出一种改进YOLOv5的无人机小目标检测方法SDT-YOLOv5。首先对数据集图像进行切片处理,使得每个切片中小目标的占比变高,提高小目标的识别能力。其次采用动态解耦检测头,引入动态卷积和自适应感受野机制,同时将检测头的分类和回归分支解耦,以实现更强的特征表达和提取能力。最后提出了基于最小点距离的交并比损失的最佳传输分配方法。最小化预测边界框与真实边界框之间的左上角和右下角点距离,再基于边界框的位置信息和距离度量,以最小化总成本为目标,找到最优的真实边界框与预测边界框匹配方案,提高检测的准确性。在VisDrone2019数据集上进行实验,结果显示改进YOLOv5的mAP50值达到了58.5%,相比于原始YOLOv5的mAP50值提高了23.2个百分点。这表明改进方法有效地提高了无人机小目标的检测精度,能够更准确地检测到小目标。

隔膜式电磁阀内部流场数值模型构建与流动特性分析

基于k-ε(k为湍流动能,ε为湍流耗散率)湍流模型,以进口质量流量、出口静压为数值计算条件,建立了隔膜阀内部流场的数值模拟模型,并对模型的精度进行了试验验证。在此基础上,应用该模型分析了不同进口流量(2.787~33.273 kg/s)条件下阀体内部流动特性及压力场分布规律,并建立了进口流量与阀体水头损失的精确数量关系。结果表明:(1)数值模拟能较好的预测不同流量条件下阀体的水头损失,在进口流量分别为5.546、11.091和16.637 kg/s时,试验与数值模拟相对误差仅为-6.433%、4.619%和7.264%。(2)在进口流量恒定的条件下,从进口至出口,流道内的静压总体沿程呈减小趋势,在阀体内部由于阀坎的阻挡造成流道收缩以及水流撞击隔膜产生折流而出现较大的静压变化梯度。(3)水流在经过阀坎上的窄流道后,在阀体下游形成明显的空化区,伴随着有一定的回流现象,阀体下游的空化区主要出现在距出口1/3流体域处,随着进口流量的增大,阀体下游的涡流更加剧烈,回流现象更为显著,但回流区的范围并未显著增加。(4)在模型精度验证的基础上,应用该模型进一步分析了18种进口流量条件下阀体内部流动特性及压力场分布规律,并建立了进口质量流量Q与阀体水头损失?P的数量关系,当进口质量流量Q从2.787~15.428 kg/s,雷诺数从37927~215984时的拟合方程为?P=2076.31Q-7567.49,R^(2)=0.964;进口质量流量从17.141~33.273 kg/s,雷诺数从240097~467009时的拟合方程为?P=5688.02Q-67317.39,R^(2)=0.993,为灌溉管网水力计算提供了参考依据。

面向密集场景的多目标车辆检测算法

目标检测可为自动驾驶车辆提供附近目标的位置、大小和类别,但是密集场景中多目标检测仍然存在漏检、误检问题,为此该文提出了一种AD-YOLOv5车辆检测模型。首先,利用轻量型结构CBAM注意力机制对特征提取网络中的C3模块进行了优化得到C-C3模块,提高了对特征信息的获取能力,降低了对其他特征的关注度;其次,在检测头部分对分类和回归任务进行解耦,以实现更强的特征表达;然后,利用广义幂变换对IoU进行转换操作,提出鲁棒性更好的Alpha-IoU损失函数,提升了模型的检测精度并加快模型的收敛速度;最后,采用GridMask数据增强技术,增加了样本的复杂性,并在处理后的数据集上进行了实验。实验结果表明,改进后的目标检测模型的平均精度均值达到72.72%,与原YOLOv5模型相比提高了2.25%,且模型具有较高的收敛速度,通过可视化对比实验,直观展示了本文模型在密集场景能有效避免误检、漏检现象。

FFDNet:复杂环境中的细粒度面部表情识别

针对面部表情识别在复杂环境中遮挡和姿态变化问题,提出一种稳健的识别模型FFDNet(feature fusion and feature decomposition net)。该算法针对人脸区域尺度的差异,采用多尺度结构进行特征融合,通过细粒度模块分解和细化特征差异,同时使用编码器捕捉具有辨别力和微小差异的特征。此外还提出一种多样性特征损失函数,驱动模型挖掘更丰富的细粒度特征。实验结果显示,FFDNet在RAF-DB和FERPlus数据集上分别获得了88.50%和88.75%的精度,同时在遮挡和姿态变化数据集上的性能都优于一些先进模型。实验结果验证了该算法的有效性。

不同流量下泵前微压网式过滤器内部流场的数值模拟

泵前微压网式过滤器作为一种新型的灌溉过滤装置,具有结构简单、适配性高以及能耗低等优点。为了探究泵前微压网式过滤器内部流场的运行状态,采用了物理模型试验、数值计算及理论分析的方法,从微观角度对清水条件下泵前微压网式过滤器在不同流量(5、8、11、14、17 m^(3)/h)的水力性能和水流运动状态进行分析。结果表明:标准k-ε模型可作为模拟泵前微压网式过滤器清水流场的湍流模型;滤网内部流速分布不均匀,随流量呈现不同形态的“火烛”形态,出水口对过滤器内部影响范围随流量增加而增大;过滤器内部同时出现高压区和负压区,滤网底部为水头损失主要发生位置。研究成果可为泵前过滤设备的浑水数值模拟和结构优化提供理论和技术支撑。