Mechanical Stress Analysis of a 600MW Supercritical Boiler Superheater Outlet Header

The mechanical stress distribution and the stress concentrations of the superheater outlet header of a 600MW supercritical boiler were analyzed by the finite element method. The results showed that the stress concentrated at the inside conjunction area between the pipe and the header cylinder , and the value of the maximum mechanical stress concentration factor is 2.51.

A Study on Control System of Robot Working Unit for Automatically Welding Nipples onto Header of Boiler

The difficult problem of automatically welding nipples onto the header is first analyzed in this paper, and then the overall structure and operating principle of the robot working unit are introduced. The robot and the measuring device are located by employing the traveling lorry, and this unit enables the robot to adjust the tracks according to the errors received from the measuring device, and then the nipples are welded properly. This paper emphases on the development of the master-slave control system, in which the prograrmmable Logic Controller (PLC) is used as the master computer.

An Analysis of the Influence of Protective Films on the Inner Surfaces of CCPP Headers and Steam Pipelines on Their Thermal Stress State

At present, the main attention of researchers is paid to the deterioration of heat transfer when heating the outer surface of the pipe with the liquid or steam, flowing inside it, in the presence of films or deposits on its inner surface. However, when pipe is heating by heat carrier medium, flowing inside it, film on the inner pipe surface serve a dual protective function, protecting the pipe from corrosion and reducing its thermal stress. The article represents the results of the computational analysis of protective films influence on the thermal stressed state of headers and steam pipelines of combined-cycle power plants (CCPP) heat-recovery steam generators at different transient operating conditions particularly at startups from different initial temperature states and thermal shock. It is shown that protective films have a significant influence on the stresses magnitude and damage accumulation mainly for great temperature disturbances (for thermal shock). Calculations were carried out at various thicknesses of films and assuming that their thermal conductivity less than thermal conductivity of the steam pipelines metal.

Hopping-Aware Cluster Header Capability for Sensor Relocation in Mobile IoT Networks

Mobile sensor nodes such as hopping sensors are of critical importance in data collection.However,the occurrence of sensing holes is unavoidable due to the energy limitation of the nodes.Thus,it is evident that the relocation of mobile sensors is the most desirable method to recover the sensing holes.The previous research conducted by the authors so far demonstrated the most realistic hopping sensor relocation scheme,which is suitable for the distributed environment.In previous studies,the cluster header plays an essential role in detecting the sensing hole and requesting the neighboring cluster to recover the sensing hole that occurred in the sensor node.However,the limitations of the cluster header in the previously proposed relocation protocol are not fully considered.Because the cluster header jumps more frequently than non-header nodes,its energy con-sumption is relatively high compared to other nodes.Therefore,it is most likely to lead to header node failure and can lead to data loss on the network.In this paper,the jumping ability and energy consumption of the cluster header are seriously considered.Additional ability to replace cluster headers in case of failure is also implemented.Simulation results show that the data collection time can be further increased,which demonstrates the validity of the proposed algorithms.

Impact of Portable Executable Header Features on Malware Detection Accuracy

One aspect of cybersecurity,incorporates the study of Portable Executables(PE)files maleficence.Artificial Intelligence(AI)can be employed in such studies,since AI has the ability to discriminate benign from malicious files.In this study,an exclusive set of 29 features was collected from trusted implementations,this set was used as a baseline to analyze the presented work in this research.A Decision Tree(DT)and Neural Network Multi-Layer Perceptron(NN-MLPC)algorithms were utilized during this work.Both algorithms were chosen after testing a few diverse procedures.This work implements a method of subgrouping features to answer questions such as,which feature has a positive impact on accuracy when added?Is it possible to determine a reliable feature set to distinguish a malicious PE file from a benign one?when combining features,would it have any effect on malware detection accuracy in a PE file?Results obtained using the proposed method were improved and carried few observations.Generally,the obtained results had practical and numerical parts,for the practical part,the number of features and which features included are the main factors impacting the calculated accuracy,also,the combination of features is as crucial in these calculations.Numerical results included,finding accuracies with enhanced values,for example,NN_MLPC attained 0.979 and 0.98;for DT an accuracy of 0.9825 and 0.986 was attained.

The trend of mechanizing road header for coal mine entry

In discussing coal mine entry construction with rock bolt technology, examinedthe craft and machinery problems as well as the conditions in which to use each kind ofmachine and tool.It exposed the intrinsic flaws of the widely used road header.The problemis that it was designed according to early timbering support state but is not suitable forrock bolt technology.The way to improve the function of existing road headers is notthrough parallel operations but using the SUDM (Shield Union Driving Machine), which isa new machine that improves construction.This article proposed a few solutions in designto solve this problem.

STUDY ON THE METHODS OF STRUCTURALDYNAMIC MODIFICATION OPTIMIZATION OF ROAD HEADERS

In this paper, taking AM-50 Road Heaer as an example, the metheds of structural dynamic modification optimization for road headers are studied using experimental modal analysis and physical parameters analysis. The machine’s modal model and lumped mass model are established and the vibration response simulation is calculated for the two models with the load spectral measured. On the above basis, the dynamic parameters of the models are optimised and some useful results have been obtained.The research methods in this paper can be used for the reference to the other lager type mining machines.

Secure Web Application Technologies Implementation through Hardening Security Headers Using Automated Threat Modelling Techniques

This paper investigates whether security headers are enforced to mitigate cyber-attacks in web-based systems in cyberspace. The security headers examined include X-Content-Type-Options, X-Frame-Options, Strict-Transport-Security, Referrer-Policy, Content-Security-Policy, and Permissions-Policy. The study employed a controlled experiment using a security header analysis tool. The web-based applications (websites) were analyzed to determine whether security headers have been correctly implemented. The experiment was iterated for 100 universities in Africa which are ranked high. The purposive sampling technique was employed to understand the status quo of the security headers implementations. The results revealed that 70% of the web-based applications in Africa have not enforced security headers in web-based applications. The study proposes a secure system architecture design for addressing web-based applications’ misconfiguration and insecure design. It presents security techniques for securing web-based applications through hardening security headers using automated threat modelling techniques. Furthermore, it recommends adopting the security headers in web-based applications using the proposed secure system architecture design.

Refrigerant Distribution Characteristics in Vertical Header of Flat-Tube Heat Exchanger without Internal Protrusion

A heat exchanger that arranges flat tubes horizontally has a vertical header that distributes the refrigerant to each tube. When the heat exchanger works as an evaporator, differences in flow conditions at each branch, such as the ratio and distribution of vapor and liquid, due to the differences in densities and momentums of vapor and liquid in the two-phase flow make equal distribution difficult. This paper describes the distribution characteristics of a four-branch header that has a rectangular cross-section without the internal protrusion of flat tubes in the case of the inflow of the refrigerant R32 from the bottom of the header by using an equipment that can estimate the distribution ratio of the liquid and vapor phase to each branch. This paper also discusses the distribution characteristics on the basis of the flow visualization in the header. The flow visualization shows that a liquid level that contains vapor phase exists in the header and affects the distribution greatly.

Structural Optimization of the Inlet Header of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Printed Circuit Board Heat Exchanger

Supercritical carbon dioxide printed circuit board heat exchangers are expected to be applied in third-generation solar thermal power generation.However,the uniformity of supercritical carbon dioxide entering the heat exchanger has a significant impact on the overall performance of the heat exchanger.In order to improve the uniformity of flow distribution in the inlet header,this article studies and optimizes the inlet header of a printed circuit board heat exchanger through numerical simulation.The results indicate that when supercritical carbon dioxide flows through the header cavity,eddy currents will be generated,which will increase the uneven distribution of flow rate,while reducing the generation of eddy currents will improve the uniform distribution of flow rate.When the dimensionless factor of the inlet header is 6,the hyperbolic configuration is the optimal structure.We also reduced the eddy current region by adding transition segments,and the results showed that the structure was the best when the dilation angle was 10°,which reduced the non-uniformity by 21%compared to the hyperbolic configuration,providing guidance for engineering practice.

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF LAMINAR AND LOW TURBULENT FLOW DISTRIBUTIONS IN INLET DIVIDING HEADER OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Flow distribution headers play a major role in heat exchangers.The selection of header diameter,branch pipe diameter,branch pipe spacing etc.is based on the designer＇s experience and general guide lines.The proper selection of the header dimensions will yield uniform flow distribution in heat exchangers,which in turn will enhance the heat exchanger efficiency.In this work,the flow distribution in branch pipes and the pressure variation across the branch pipes in laminar and low turbulence region is studied with two models of the inlet dividing headers.When the numerical analysis has been applied,its inability to predict the no flow condition through the branch pipes is revealed.The results are presented in the form of flow rate ratio through branch pipes and nondimensional coefficients across branch pipes which are useful to apply the existing mathematical models for the present experimental setup.

Effect of Header Configuration on Refrigerant Distribution in Parallel Flow Microchannel Evaporators

The refrigerant flow distribution in the parallel flow microchannel evaporators is experimentally investigated to study the effect of header configuration.Six different configurations are tested in the same evaporator by installing insertion device and partition plate in the header to ensure the consistency of the other structure parameters.The results show that the uniformity of refrigerant flow distribution and the heat transfer rate are greatly improved by reducing the sectional area of header.The heat transfer rate can increase by 67.93%by reducing the sectional area of both inlet and outlet headers.The uniformity of refrigerant flow distribution and the heat transfer rate become worse after installing the partition plate in the insertion devices and changing the inner structure of the header further.

Optical Packet Routing Performance of an Optical Packet Switch With an Optical Digital/Analog-Conversion-Type Header Processor (Wavelength Label Switch)

We demonstrate the routing operation of optical packets by an optical packet switch consisting of an optical digital-to-analog conversion-type header processor, a wavelength converter using an electrically-tunable laser, and an arrayed-waveguide grating router. A packet transfer by two-bit optical header was achieved for the first time.

钠冷快堆小栅板联箱压降对组件流量分配影响研究

钠冷快堆堆芯采用大栅板联箱、小栅板联箱和组件的三级流量分配方式,小栅板联箱的压降影响组件的流量分配,进而影响堆芯的安全,因此进行钠冷快堆小栅板联箱压降对组件流量分配影响研究有重要意义。根据小栅板联箱压降造成组件流量分配偏差的机理,提出了理论计算模型和堆芯组件优化设计的方法,并针对中国实验快堆(CEFR)堆芯进行了组件压降的优化设计,通过优化设计降低了CEFR燃料组件流量分配负偏差。结果表明,在进行钠冷快堆堆芯热工水力设计时,需要结合实际堆芯布置分析组件压降设计值的优化方向,并进行敏感性分析,以确定组件的最优设计压降,将小栅板联箱压降对组件流量分配影响降低到最低程度。本文结果可为钠冷快堆堆芯热工水力设计提供参考。

基于二阶欠阻尼阶跃响应的收获机割台液压缸选型分析

割台是谷物收获机的重要组成部分,割台性能的好坏决定着收获机在收获作业时的作业质量。割台液压缸选型确定方面,传统方式大多采用对割台质量及液压系统工作负载进行分析,利用经典力学的方式进行割台油缸的选型。随着自动控制理论的发展,割台高度闭环控制技术也越来越多地开始出现在国外领先收获机机型上,仅考虑力学负载分析的方法已经无法满足割台高度自动控制系统的需要。针对控制系统稳态分析的要求,割台油缸在满足工作负载的前提下,还需考虑系统的超调量、反应时间及过调震荡时间等因素。为此,进行割台升降运动过程建模分析,论证出割台控制模型为二阶欠阻尼模型系统,发现固有频率ωn与阻尼比ζ决定着系统动态指标。通过对液压缸内部分析,求出了割台液压缸系统的传递函数,确定出当其他机械参数不变时,割台油缸的管径影响着割台液压缸系统的固有频率ωn与阻尼比ζ。综合采用上升时间tr、峰值时间tp、超调量σ%和调节时间ts等4种系统稳态指标确定了最佳割台油缸参数,并进行了Amesim仿真试验。研究结果为后续无人驾驶谷物联合收获机的研发设计提供了割台装置控制策略的理论依据。

机械-液压组合式大豆割台仿形装置设计与仿真

针对传统大豆割台仿形范围有限导致割台损失大、粮箱内含杂量高等问题,设计了一种机械-液压组合式大豆割台仿形装置,通过分段仿形提高了大豆割台的仿形范围。基于大豆割台几何关系,构建了割台液压油缸伸缩量和割台离地高度变化量之间的函数关系,为割台高度自适应调控提供了理论支撑。为了实现割台高度的自动化调控,设计了一种割台离地高度检测装置,并针对其工作过程中出现的仿形板下陷、跳动等问题,利用RecurDyn进行了动力学仿真,确定了复位扭簧的最佳扭矩为16N·m。通过田间试验验证了大豆割台仿形装置的仿形效果,为大豆收获机械设计提供了理论参考。

基于PID调控的割台仿形高度控制系统的设计

为降低谷物联合收获机收获作业时因割台高度不当造成的粮食损失,减少割茬高度过高对后续播种环节的影响,利用传感器监测地面起伏变化,设计了一种基于PID调控的割台高度自适应控制系统;设计了基于角度传感器的地面仿形监测机构与割台高度反馈机构,标定并拟合出割台高度与传感器电压信号的线性关系;加装集成式电磁比例阀替换原有割台控制电控换向阀,并进行PWM控制试验。同时,分析了整套自适应控制系统的结构与电液控制原理,并进行了多组田间对照试验,结果表明:设计的基于地面仿形的割台高度自适应控制系统具有稳定的响应速度和理想的控制效果,在平原地区作业时相较于传统人工控制割台的方式有明显的优势,能适应平原地形环境下5~11km/h收获作业速度的要求。研究结果为后续无人驾驶谷物联合收获机的研发设计提供了割台装置控制策略的理论依据。

谷子联合收获机割台机架的振动分析与结构优化

为了降低谷子联合收获机在田间工作时的振动、减少割台损失率,利用SolidWorks对谷子割台机架进行三维建模,利用ANSYS软件对谷子割台机架优化前和优化后分别进行有限元分析,并用东华DH5902动态测试分析仪对计算机模态分析结果进行了验证。结果表明:优化前的第4阶模态为11.04Hz,其频率落在外部激振频率范围内;优化后的谷子割台机架各个阶次频率均避开了联合收获机各外部激振频率范围,有效避免了割台震动的产生。通过田间试验验证了改进前后的割台损失率,改进后的割台损失率降低了14.5%。研究成果可为降低谷子联合收获机振动及为谷子割台的减震设计提供了理论指导。

适于新疆单膜收获的大豆割台设计及拨禾过程分析

针对新疆大豆覆膜滴灌栽培技术,设计一款带有地形起伏检测装置的大豆割台。通过田间生长特性测量,确定适于新疆单膜大豆收获的拨禾轮主轴长度为2 000 mm、直径为650 mm。依此设计一种前置轮式地形检测装置,该装置安装于大豆割台两侧,确定检测装置角度转动量与割刀离地高度之间的关系式为:H=80-Δh=80-320(sinθ-sinθ′)。对所设计的大豆割台进行地面起伏检测试验,试验中实际距离与检测距离之间的相对误差均值为0.037~0.039。对拨禾轮工作原理进行分析,研究其产生拨禾作用时的拨禾速比范围。将拨禾轮三维模型导入Adams软件中,分析不同拨禾速比下弹齿的运动轨迹,发现当拨禾速比λ≤1.0时拨禾轮无拨禾作用,当λ>1.0时拨禾轮具有拨禾作用,但拨禾速比过大后,相邻弹齿间会产生作用重叠区域。设计的割台利于新疆大豆单膜收获,地形检测装置可为割台高度的实时调节提供依据。

大豆收获机割台关键技术及损失研究现状分析

割台作为大豆收获机的核心部件,其技术性能直接关系到大豆的收获质量和收获损失率。针对割台仿形设计、割台高度控制技术、影响割台损失率的关键技术展开研究和分析。首先,综述割台仿形机构与割台高度控制的结构、工作原理及关键技术,对比分析国内外的研究差距。其次,针对大豆炸荚、割台关键技术与割台损失的相关性进行深入分析,探讨割台损失产生的主要原因和影响因素,提出关键技术的改进建议。最后,展望我国大豆收获机割台在多元化、智能化与自动化方向的发展趋势,大豆炸荚生物特性及大豆收获机收获损失研究方面的发展趋势。研究发现,我国现有大豆收获机存在割台仿形性能差、割台自适应控制技术滞后、割台损失率偏高等问题。同时有效揭示国内大豆收机割台仿形机构、割台升降装置、割台的自适应性及割刀等关键技术存在的问题,割台振动、割台位置与仿形及撞击力导致割台损失率高的原因,为我国大豆收获机割台关键技术的突破创新及降低收获损失的进一步研究提供重要参考。