This paper investigates a microwave heating method for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in seawater. The influences of microwave-power, heating time and standard substances on the results are studied....This paper investigates a microwave heating method for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in seawater. The influences of microwave-power, heating time and standard substances on the results are studied. Using the proposed method, we analyzed the glucose standard solution, the coefficient of variation being less than 2%. Compared with the traditional electric stove heating method, the results of F-test and T-test showed that there was no significant difference between the two methods, but the microwave method had slightly higher precision and reproducibility than the electric stove method. With the microwave heating method, several seawater samples from Jiaozhou Bay and the South Yellow Sea were also analyzed. The recovery was between 97.5% and 104.3%. This new method has the advantages of shortening the heating time, improving the working efficiency and having simple operation and therefore can be used to analyze the COD in seawater.展开更多
Covalent organic frameworks(COFs), as an emerging class of porous crystalline materials constructed by covalent links between the building monomers, have gained tremendous attention. Over the past 15 years, COFs have ...Covalent organic frameworks(COFs), as an emerging class of porous crystalline materials constructed by covalent links between the building monomers, have gained tremendous attention. Over the past 15 years, COFs have made rapid progress and substantial development in the chemistry and materials fields. However, the synthesis of COFs has been dominated by solvothermal methods for a long time and it usually involves high temperature, high pressure and toxic organic solvents, which created many challenges for environmental considerations. Recently,the exploration of new approaches for facile fabrication of COFs has aroused extensive interest. Hence, in this review, we comprehensively describe the synthetic strategies of COFs from the aspects of nonconventional heating methods and reaction media. In addition, the advantages,limitations and properties of the preparation methods are compared. Finally, we outline the main challenges and development prospects of the synthesis of COFs in the future and propose some possible solutions.展开更多
Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) were synthesized by the electric heating catalytic chemical deposition method(CCVD) using acetylene(C2H2) as the carbon source and nitrogen(N2) as carrier gas,and nickel catalyst was loa...Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) were synthesized by the electric heating catalytic chemical deposition method(CCVD) using acetylene(C2H2) as the carbon source and nitrogen(N2) as carrier gas,and nickel catalyst was loaded by electroplating.The electric heating method,as a new method,electrifies the carbon fiber directly by using its conductivity.The morphology and structure of CNTs were characterized by SEM and TEM,and the surface properties of carbon fibers before and after the growth of CNT were characterized by Raman spectroscopy.The experimental results show that the electric heating method is a new method to produce CNT,and can grow a large number of CNTs in a short time,the crystallization degree and surface average crystallite size of carbon fiber increased after the growth of CNT on it.In addition,electroplating loading catalyst can also be used as an ideal loading way,which can control the number,shape,and distribution of nickel particles by controlling the plating time.展开更多
To improve the low-temperature charge-discharge performance of lithium-ion battery,low-temperature experiments of the charge-discharge characteristics of 35 Ah high-power lithium-ion batteries have been conducted,and ...To improve the low-temperature charge-discharge performance of lithium-ion battery,low-temperature experiments of the charge-discharge characteristics of 35 Ah high-power lithium-ion batteries have been conducted,and the wide-line metal film method for heating batteries is presented.At-40℃,heating and charge-discharge experiments have been performed on the battery pack.The results indicate the charge-discharge performance is substantially worse in cold climates,and can be significantly improved by heating the battery pack with a wide-line metal film.Pulse charge-discharge experiments show that at-40℃ambient temperature,the heated battery pack can charge or discharge at high current and offer almost80%power.展开更多
In this paper, an improvement of heating method for measuring wetness of the flowing wet steam is developed, the basic principle of the heating method is presented and the mathematical model has been built for analyzi...In this paper, an improvement of heating method for measuring wetness of the flowing wet steam is developed, the basic principle of the heating method is presented and the mathematical model has been built for analyzing the thermodynamics problezns during the process of heating. Moreover, an instru-ment for measuring wetness of wet steam flow was designed and made out. This instrument has been used for measuring wetness of the wet steam flow at the outlet of the nozzle rig in Thermal TUrbine Laboratory Xi’an Jiaotong University. By analyzing the relative error of the result, it was found that this instrument has fairly high accuracy it can be used as the prototype of practical instrument and has an important applicable value in engineering.展开更多
A new method of fabricating C/C composite materials, namely electric heating CVD method, was used, which electrified the carbon fiber directly by using the conductivity of itself. Acetylene was used as the carbon sour...A new method of fabricating C/C composite materials, namely electric heating CVD method, was used, which electrified the carbon fiber directly by using the conductivity of itself. Acetylene was used as the carbon source with nitrogen as dilution gas, and the pyrolytic carbon started to deposit on the carbon fiber surface when the deposition temperature was reached. The morphology of pyrolytic carbon was characterized by SEM, and the surface properties of carbon fibers before and after CVD were characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The experimental results show that the electric heating method is a novel method to fabricate C/C composite materials, which can form a dense C/C composite material in a short time. The order degree and the average crystallite size of the carbon fiber surface were decreased after the experiment.展开更多
The cathode material of carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO4/C)lithium-ion battery was synthesized by a self-winding thermal method.The material was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron...The cathode material of carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO4/C)lithium-ion battery was synthesized by a self-winding thermal method.The material was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The electrochemical properties of LiFePO4/C materials were measured by the constant current charge-discharge method and cyclic voltammetry.The results showed that the LiFePO4/C material prepared by the self-propagating heat method has a typical olivine crystal structure,and the product had fine grains and good electrochemical properties.The optimal sintering temperature is 700℃,the sintering time is 24 h,the particle size of the lithium iron phosphate material is about 300 nm,and the maximum discharge capacity is 121 mAh/g at 0.1 C rate.展开更多
Transitional metal alloy and compounds have been developed as the low cost and efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).However,a high mass loading o...Transitional metal alloy and compounds have been developed as the low cost and efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).However,a high mass loading of these catalysts is commonly needed to achieve acceptable catalytic performance,which could cause such problems as battery weight gain,mass transport blocking,and catalyst loss.We report herein the preparation of fine CoNi nanoparticles(5-6 nm)anchored inside a nitrogendoped defective carbon nanotube network(CoNi@N-DCNT)by a transient Joule heating method.When utilized as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution in alkaline media,the CoNi@N-DCNT film catalyst with a very low mass loading of 0.06 mg cm^(-2) showed excellent bifunctional catalytic performance.For ORR,the onset potential(Eonset)and the half-wave potential(E_(1/2))were 0.92 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(vs.RHE)and 0.83 V(vs.RHE),respectively.For OER,the potential at the current density(J)of 10 mA cm^(-2)(E_(10))was 1.53 V,resulting in an overpotential of 300 mV much lower than that of the commercial RuO_(2) catalyst(320 mV).The potential gap between E_(1/2) and E_(10) was as small as 0.7 V.Considering the low mass loading,the mass activity at E_(10) reached at 123.2 A g^(-1),much larger than that of the RuO_(2) catalyst and literature results of transitional metal-based bifunctional catalysts.Moreover,the CoNi@N-DCNT film catalyst showed very good long-term stability during the ORR and OER test.The excellent bifunctional catalytic performance could be attributed to the synergistic effect of the bimetal alloy.展开更多
A new hybrid method, Monte-Carlo-Heat-Flux (MCHF) method, was presented to analyze the radiative heat transfer of participating medium in a three-dimensional rectangular enclosure using combined the Monte-Carlo meth...A new hybrid method, Monte-Carlo-Heat-Flux (MCHF) method, was presented to analyze the radiative heat transfer of participating medium in a three-dimensional rectangular enclosure using combined the Monte-Carlo method with the heat flux method. Its accuracy and reliability was proved by comparing the computational results with exact results from classical "Zone Method".展开更多
A simple and highly accurate semi-analytical method, called the differential transformation method(DTM), was used for solving the nonlinear temperature distribution equation in solid and porous longitudinal fin with t...A simple and highly accurate semi-analytical method, called the differential transformation method(DTM), was used for solving the nonlinear temperature distribution equation in solid and porous longitudinal fin with temperature dependent internal heat generation. The problem was solved for two main cases. In the first case, heat generation was assumed variable by fin temperature for a solid fin and in second heat generation varied with temperature for a porous fin. Results are presented for the temperature distribution for a range of values of parameters appearing in the mathematical formulation(e.g. N, εG, and G). Results reveal that DTM is very effective and convenient. Also, it is found that this method can achieve more suitable results in comparison to numerical methods.展开更多
In this paper, the complex variable reproducing kernel particle (CVRKP) method and the finite element (FE) method are combined as the CVRKP-FE method to solve transient heat conduction problems. The CVRKP-FE metho...In this paper, the complex variable reproducing kernel particle (CVRKP) method and the finite element (FE) method are combined as the CVRKP-FE method to solve transient heat conduction problems. The CVRKP-FE method not only conveniently imposes the essential boundary conditions, but also exploits the advantages of the individual methods while avoiding their disadvantages, then the computational efficiency is higher. A hybrid approximation function is applied to combine the CVRKP method with the FE method, and the traditional difference method for two-point boundary value problems is selected as the time discretization scheme. The corresponding formulations of the CVRKP-FE method are presented in detail. Several selected numerical examples of the transient heat conduction problems are presented to illustrate the performance of the CVRKP-FE method.展开更多
For the sake of a more accurate shell boundary and calculation of radiation heat transfer in the Directional Solidification(DS) process, a radiation heat transfer model based on the Finite Element Method(FEM)is develo...For the sake of a more accurate shell boundary and calculation of radiation heat transfer in the Directional Solidification(DS) process, a radiation heat transfer model based on the Finite Element Method(FEM)is developed in this study. Key technologies, such as distinguishing boundaries automatically, local matrix and lumped heat capacity matrix, are also stated. In order to analyze the effect of withdrawing rate on DS process,the solidification processes of a complex superalloy turbine blade in the High Rate Solidification(HRS) process with different withdrawing rates are simulated; and by comparing the simulation results, it is found that the most suitable withdrawing rate is determined to be 5.0 mm·min^(-1). Finally, the accuracy and reliability of the radiation heat transfer model are verified, because of the accordance of simulation results with practical process.展开更多
This paper presents a combined finite element method for solving conjugate heat transfer problems where heat conduction in a solid is coupled with heat convection in viscous fluid flow. The streamline upwind finite el...This paper presents a combined finite element method for solving conjugate heat transfer problems where heat conduction in a solid is coupled with heat convection in viscous fluid flow. The streamline upwind finite element method is used for the analysis of thermal viscous flow in the fluid region, whereas the analysis of heat conduction in solid region is performed by the Galerkin method. The method uses the three-node triangular element with equal-order interpolation functions for all the variables of the velocity components, the pressure and the temperature. The main advantage of the proposed method is to consistently couple heat transfer along the fluid-solid interface. Three test cases, i.e. conjugate Couette flow problem in parallel plate channel, counter-flow in heat exchanger, and conjugate natural convection in a square cavity with a conducting wall, are selected to evaluate the efficiency of the present method.展开更多
A new numerical technique named interval finite difference method is proposed for the steady-state temperature field prediction with uncertainties in both physical parameters and boundary conditions. Interval variable...A new numerical technique named interval finite difference method is proposed for the steady-state temperature field prediction with uncertainties in both physical parameters and boundary conditions. Interval variables are used to quantitatively describe the uncertain parameters with limited information. Based on different Taylor and Neumann series, two kinds of parameter perturbation methods are presented to approximately yield the ranges of the uncertain temperature field. By comparing the results with traditional Monte Carlo simulation, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method for solving steady-state heat conduction problem with uncertain-but-bounded parameters.展开更多
During the second course of USA - PRC joint air sea interaction experiment in 1986, the temperature structure parameters CT2 were measured by sodar over the Western Pacific Ocean. Based on similarity theory, a method ...During the second course of USA - PRC joint air sea interaction experiment in 1986, the temperature structure parameters CT2 were measured by sodar over the Western Pacific Ocean. Based on similarity theory, a method is discussed to calculate the sensible heat flux over the ocean in unstable stratification. Becausehumidity is great over the ocean, so we have to consider the influence of water vapor structure parameter Ce2and the correlation coefficient betweene and T on the calculation of sensible heat flux using CT2 profiles measured by sodar. A new formula is suggested in terms of parameterization. The sensible heat flux calculated by sodar measurements is compared with that by bulk transfer method, and the results agree well.展开更多
Background Water deficit is an important problem in agricultural production in arid regions.With the advent of wholly mechanized technology for cotton planting in Xinjiang,it is important to determine which planting m...Background Water deficit is an important problem in agricultural production in arid regions.With the advent of wholly mechanized technology for cotton planting in Xinjiang,it is important to determine which planting mode could achieve high yield,fiber quality and water use efficiency(WUE).This study aimed to explore if chemical topping affected cotton yield,quality and water use in relation to row configuration and plant densities.Results Experiments were carried out in Xinjiang China,in 2020 and 2021 with two topping method,manual topping and chemical topping,two plant densities,low and high,and two row configurations,i.e.,76 cm equal rows and 10+66 cm narrow-wide rows,which were commonly applied in matching harvest machine.Chemical topping increased seed cotton yield,but did not affect cotton fiber quality comparing to traditional manual topping.Under equal row spacing,the WUE in higher density was 62.4%higher than in the lower one.However,under narrow-wide row spacing,the WUE in lower density was 53.3%higher than in higher one(farmers’practice).For machine-harvest cotton in Xinjiang,the optimal row configuration and plant density for chemical topping was narrow-wide rows with 15 plants m-2 or equal rows with 18 plants m-2.Conclusion The plant density recommended in narrow-wide rows was less than farmers’practice and the density in equal rows was moderate with local practice.Our results provide new knowledge on optimizing agronomic managements of machine-harvested cotton for both high yield and water efficient.展开更多
Hot spinning process has attracted significant attention because it can be used to manufacture complex parts, extend the forming limit of materials, decrease forming forces and reduce process chains. In this paper, we...Hot spinning process has attracted significant attention because it can be used to manufacture complex parts, extend the forming limit of materials, decrease forming forces and reduce process chains. In this paper, we review researches on lightweight metals spun at elevated temperatures since they are difficult to deform at room temperature. These metals include light alloys, such as titanium, magnesium and aluminum alloys, and metal composites. Then, the heating methods used in the hot spinning process and the treatment methods employed for the temperature boundary condition in finite element analyses for the process were discussed. Finally, the future development directions for the hot spinning process of lightweight but difficult-to-deform alloys were highlighted.展开更多
As a by-product of steel enterprises,steel slag has a huge output and is rich in valuable minerals,but its comprehensive utilization rate is very low.The article mainly introduces the hot splashing method,hot sealing ...As a by-product of steel enterprises,steel slag has a huge output and is rich in valuable minerals,but its comprehensive utilization rate is very low.The article mainly introduces the hot splashing method,hot sealing method,and drum method for the treatment of steel slag outside the furnace,and compares and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the production operation process and steel slag treatment process.At the same time,it also introduces the residual slag+double slag process and gasification dephosphorization slag circulation steelmaking technology for steel slag treatment inside the furnace,providing direction for steel enterprises to clean and comprehensively utilize steel slag.展开更多
Since India's philosophical discussion on the correlation between the mind and the body, the goal achieved through practice has been imbued with much meaning under the influences of yoga. Self-transcendence can be re...Since India's philosophical discussion on the correlation between the mind and the body, the goal achieved through practice has been imbued with much meaning under the influences of yoga. Self-transcendence can be reached through self-discipline that is founded upon the fundamental change and potential for existential practice. The mind and the body do not comprise a binary relationship but instead maintain an intimate relationship bound by the medium of organic energy of breathing, breath, and pr^0a. Of these medium that form the relationship, the pr^-0a has a natural healing tendency, which has been well documented within classics such as Upani.sads and Bhagavad G^ta. Classic yoga explains that pr^0a imbues within it a vivacious passion and energy that will connect the human body with the human mind. Thus, the pr^0a functions as bio-energy. From ancient Indian philosophy to Buddhism, yoga therapy actively utilizes practice as a main element. In particular, the Patafijali yoga's methodology details the organic correlation within its eight limbs (支) yoga practices. The prana is breath. This is the only sense in which Patafijali has used this word. Breath is called prana because it moves on continuously throughout the body and reaches the basic circle of the individual self. It pervades mouth, nostrils, heart, navel region and toes. As a result, it is a healing method that achieves far more than the scientific healing methods common in society.展开更多
The results of studies by solving the inverse thermal conductivity problem of the heat capacity of evaporator of the short linear heat pipes (HP’s) with a Laval nozzle-liked vapour channel and intended for cooling sp...The results of studies by solving the inverse thermal conductivity problem of the heat capacity of evaporator of the short linear heat pipes (HP’s) with a Laval nozzle-liked vapour channel and intended for cooling spacecraft and satellites with strict take-off mass regulation are presented. Mathematical formulation of the inverse problem for the HP’s thermal conductivity in one-dimensional coordinate system is accompanied by the measurement results using the monotonic heating method in a vacuum adiabatic calorimeter the HP’s surface temperatures along the longitudinal axis over the entire temperature load range, thermal resistance, and arrays of thermal power data on the evaporator Q<sub>ev</sub> and vortex flow calorimeter Q<sub>cond</sub> for the condensation surface allow us to estimate the average value of the evaporator heat capacity C<sub>ev</sub> by solving the inverse thermal conductivity problem in the HP’s evaporator region. Since at the beginning of working fluid boiling for a certain time interval, the temperature of the capillary-porous evaporator remains close to constant, and with the continuation of heating and by solving the inverse thermal conductivity problem, it becomes possible to calculate the heat capacity of the working evaporator and the evaporation specific heat of the boiling working fluid and compare it with the table values.展开更多
文摘This paper investigates a microwave heating method for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in seawater. The influences of microwave-power, heating time and standard substances on the results are studied. Using the proposed method, we analyzed the glucose standard solution, the coefficient of variation being less than 2%. Compared with the traditional electric stove heating method, the results of F-test and T-test showed that there was no significant difference between the two methods, but the microwave method had slightly higher precision and reproducibility than the electric stove method. With the microwave heating method, several seawater samples from Jiaozhou Bay and the South Yellow Sea were also analyzed. The recovery was between 97.5% and 104.3%. This new method has the advantages of shortening the heating time, improving the working efficiency and having simple operation and therefore can be used to analyze the COD in seawater.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21822407 and 22074154)Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (2021420)the Foundation for Sci & Tech Research Project of Gansu Province (20JR10RA045 and 20JR5RA573)。
文摘Covalent organic frameworks(COFs), as an emerging class of porous crystalline materials constructed by covalent links between the building monomers, have gained tremendous attention. Over the past 15 years, COFs have made rapid progress and substantial development in the chemistry and materials fields. However, the synthesis of COFs has been dominated by solvothermal methods for a long time and it usually involves high temperature, high pressure and toxic organic solvents, which created many challenges for environmental considerations. Recently,the exploration of new approaches for facile fabrication of COFs has aroused extensive interest. Hence, in this review, we comprehensively describe the synthetic strategies of COFs from the aspects of nonconventional heating methods and reaction media. In addition, the advantages,limitations and properties of the preparation methods are compared. Finally, we outline the main challenges and development prospects of the synthesis of COFs in the future and propose some possible solutions.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51165006)the Universities in Hubei Province Outstanding Young Scientific and Technological Innovation Team(No.T201626)
文摘Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) were synthesized by the electric heating catalytic chemical deposition method(CCVD) using acetylene(C2H2) as the carbon source and nitrogen(N2) as carrier gas,and nickel catalyst was loaded by electroplating.The electric heating method,as a new method,electrifies the carbon fiber directly by using its conductivity.The morphology and structure of CNTs were characterized by SEM and TEM,and the surface properties of carbon fibers before and after the growth of CNT were characterized by Raman spectroscopy.The experimental results show that the electric heating method is a new method to produce CNT,and can grow a large number of CNTs in a short time,the crystallization degree and surface average crystallite size of carbon fiber increased after the growth of CNT on it.In addition,electroplating loading catalyst can also be used as an ideal loading way,which can control the number,shape,and distribution of nickel particles by controlling the plating time.
基金This work was supported by the defense preresearch project(104010108)the Fujian province natural science foundation(2014J01173)+1 种基金the key discipline of mechanical engineering in Fujian province(6112c1600)the Fujian province department of education(JA12100).
文摘To improve the low-temperature charge-discharge performance of lithium-ion battery,low-temperature experiments of the charge-discharge characteristics of 35 Ah high-power lithium-ion batteries have been conducted,and the wide-line metal film method for heating batteries is presented.At-40℃,heating and charge-discharge experiments have been performed on the battery pack.The results indicate the charge-discharge performance is substantially worse in cold climates,and can be significantly improved by heating the battery pack with a wide-line metal film.Pulse charge-discharge experiments show that at-40℃ambient temperature,the heated battery pack can charge or discharge at high current and offer almost80%power.
文摘In this paper, an improvement of heating method for measuring wetness of the flowing wet steam is developed, the basic principle of the heating method is presented and the mathematical model has been built for analyzing the thermodynamics problezns during the process of heating. Moreover, an instru-ment for measuring wetness of wet steam flow was designed and made out. This instrument has been used for measuring wetness of the wet steam flow at the outlet of the nozzle rig in Thermal TUrbine Laboratory Xi’an Jiaotong University. By analyzing the relative error of the result, it was found that this instrument has fairly high accuracy it can be used as the prototype of practical instrument and has an important applicable value in engineering.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51165006)
文摘A new method of fabricating C/C composite materials, namely electric heating CVD method, was used, which electrified the carbon fiber directly by using the conductivity of itself. Acetylene was used as the carbon source with nitrogen as dilution gas, and the pyrolytic carbon started to deposit on the carbon fiber surface when the deposition temperature was reached. The morphology of pyrolytic carbon was characterized by SEM, and the surface properties of carbon fibers before and after CVD were characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The experimental results show that the electric heating method is a novel method to fabricate C/C composite materials, which can form a dense C/C composite material in a short time. The order degree and the average crystallite size of the carbon fiber surface were decreased after the experiment.
基金Maoming Science and Technology Special Fund Project(Project No.2019018003).Characteristic Innovation Project of Universities in Guangdong Province(Project No.2018KTSCX147).Science and Technology Program of Maoming City(Project No.2020527).
文摘The cathode material of carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO4/C)lithium-ion battery was synthesized by a self-winding thermal method.The material was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The electrochemical properties of LiFePO4/C materials were measured by the constant current charge-discharge method and cyclic voltammetry.The results showed that the LiFePO4/C material prepared by the self-propagating heat method has a typical olivine crystal structure,and the product had fine grains and good electrochemical properties.The optimal sintering temperature is 700℃,the sintering time is 24 h,the particle size of the lithium iron phosphate material is about 300 nm,and the maximum discharge capacity is 121 mAh/g at 0.1 C rate.
基金the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21975281,21773293,21603264)CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0203301)Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds(2019K048)Suzhou Science and Technology Plan Project(SYG201926)。
文摘Transitional metal alloy and compounds have been developed as the low cost and efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).However,a high mass loading of these catalysts is commonly needed to achieve acceptable catalytic performance,which could cause such problems as battery weight gain,mass transport blocking,and catalyst loss.We report herein the preparation of fine CoNi nanoparticles(5-6 nm)anchored inside a nitrogendoped defective carbon nanotube network(CoNi@N-DCNT)by a transient Joule heating method.When utilized as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution in alkaline media,the CoNi@N-DCNT film catalyst with a very low mass loading of 0.06 mg cm^(-2) showed excellent bifunctional catalytic performance.For ORR,the onset potential(Eonset)and the half-wave potential(E_(1/2))were 0.92 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(vs.RHE)and 0.83 V(vs.RHE),respectively.For OER,the potential at the current density(J)of 10 mA cm^(-2)(E_(10))was 1.53 V,resulting in an overpotential of 300 mV much lower than that of the commercial RuO_(2) catalyst(320 mV).The potential gap between E_(1/2) and E_(10) was as small as 0.7 V.Considering the low mass loading,the mass activity at E_(10) reached at 123.2 A g^(-1),much larger than that of the RuO_(2) catalyst and literature results of transitional metal-based bifunctional catalysts.Moreover,the CoNi@N-DCNT film catalyst showed very good long-term stability during the ORR and OER test.The excellent bifunctional catalytic performance could be attributed to the synergistic effect of the bimetal alloy.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50464004)
文摘A new hybrid method, Monte-Carlo-Heat-Flux (MCHF) method, was presented to analyze the radiative heat transfer of participating medium in a three-dimensional rectangular enclosure using combined the Monte-Carlo method with the heat flux method. Its accuracy and reliability was proved by comparing the computational results with exact results from classical "Zone Method".
文摘A simple and highly accurate semi-analytical method, called the differential transformation method(DTM), was used for solving the nonlinear temperature distribution equation in solid and porous longitudinal fin with temperature dependent internal heat generation. The problem was solved for two main cases. In the first case, heat generation was assumed variable by fin temperature for a solid fin and in second heat generation varied with temperature for a porous fin. Results are presented for the temperature distribution for a range of values of parameters appearing in the mathematical formulation(e.g. N, εG, and G). Results reveal that DTM is very effective and convenient. Also, it is found that this method can achieve more suitable results in comparison to numerical methods.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11171208)the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Colleges of Chang’an University, China (Grant No. CHD2011JC080)
文摘In this paper, the complex variable reproducing kernel particle (CVRKP) method and the finite element (FE) method are combined as the CVRKP-FE method to solve transient heat conduction problems. The CVRKP-FE method not only conveniently imposes the essential boundary conditions, but also exploits the advantages of the individual methods while avoiding their disadvantages, then the computational efficiency is higher. A hybrid approximation function is applied to combine the CVRKP method with the FE method, and the traditional difference method for two-point boundary value problems is selected as the time discretization scheme. The corresponding formulations of the CVRKP-FE method are presented in detail. Several selected numerical examples of the transient heat conduction problems are presented to illustrate the performance of the CVRKP-FE method.
基金financially supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(No.NCET-13-0229,NCET-09-0396)the National Science & Technology Key Projects of Numerical Control(No.2012ZX04010-031,2012ZX0412-011)the National High Technology Research and Development Program("863"Program)of China(No.2013031003)
文摘For the sake of a more accurate shell boundary and calculation of radiation heat transfer in the Directional Solidification(DS) process, a radiation heat transfer model based on the Finite Element Method(FEM)is developed in this study. Key technologies, such as distinguishing boundaries automatically, local matrix and lumped heat capacity matrix, are also stated. In order to analyze the effect of withdrawing rate on DS process,the solidification processes of a complex superalloy turbine blade in the High Rate Solidification(HRS) process with different withdrawing rates are simulated; and by comparing the simulation results, it is found that the most suitable withdrawing rate is determined to be 5.0 mm·min^(-1). Finally, the accuracy and reliability of the radiation heat transfer model are verified, because of the accordance of simulation results with practical process.
文摘This paper presents a combined finite element method for solving conjugate heat transfer problems where heat conduction in a solid is coupled with heat convection in viscous fluid flow. The streamline upwind finite element method is used for the analysis of thermal viscous flow in the fluid region, whereas the analysis of heat conduction in solid region is performed by the Galerkin method. The method uses the three-node triangular element with equal-order interpolation functions for all the variables of the velocity components, the pressure and the temperature. The main advantage of the proposed method is to consistently couple heat transfer along the fluid-solid interface. Three test cases, i.e. conjugate Couette flow problem in parallel plate channel, counter-flow in heat exchanger, and conjugate natural convection in a square cavity with a conducting wall, are selected to evaluate the efficiency of the present method.
基金supported by the National Special Fund for Major Research Instrument Development(2011YQ140145)111 Project (B07009)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11002013)Defense Industrial Technology Development Program(A2120110001 and B2120110011)
文摘A new numerical technique named interval finite difference method is proposed for the steady-state temperature field prediction with uncertainties in both physical parameters and boundary conditions. Interval variables are used to quantitatively describe the uncertain parameters with limited information. Based on different Taylor and Neumann series, two kinds of parameter perturbation methods are presented to approximately yield the ranges of the uncertain temperature field. By comparing the results with traditional Monte Carlo simulation, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method for solving steady-state heat conduction problem with uncertain-but-bounded parameters.
文摘During the second course of USA - PRC joint air sea interaction experiment in 1986, the temperature structure parameters CT2 were measured by sodar over the Western Pacific Ocean. Based on similarity theory, a method is discussed to calculate the sensible heat flux over the ocean in unstable stratification. Becausehumidity is great over the ocean, so we have to consider the influence of water vapor structure parameter Ce2and the correlation coefficient betweene and T on the calculation of sensible heat flux using CT2 profiles measured by sodar. A new formula is suggested in terms of parameterization. The sensible heat flux calculated by sodar measurements is compared with that by bulk transfer method, and the results agree well.
基金Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang(2022B02001-1)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42105172,41975146).
文摘Background Water deficit is an important problem in agricultural production in arid regions.With the advent of wholly mechanized technology for cotton planting in Xinjiang,it is important to determine which planting mode could achieve high yield,fiber quality and water use efficiency(WUE).This study aimed to explore if chemical topping affected cotton yield,quality and water use in relation to row configuration and plant densities.Results Experiments were carried out in Xinjiang China,in 2020 and 2021 with two topping method,manual topping and chemical topping,two plant densities,low and high,and two row configurations,i.e.,76 cm equal rows and 10+66 cm narrow-wide rows,which were commonly applied in matching harvest machine.Chemical topping increased seed cotton yield,but did not affect cotton fiber quality comparing to traditional manual topping.Under equal row spacing,the WUE in higher density was 62.4%higher than in the lower one.However,under narrow-wide row spacing,the WUE in lower density was 53.3%higher than in higher one(farmers’practice).For machine-harvest cotton in Xinjiang,the optimal row configuration and plant density for chemical topping was narrow-wide rows with 15 plants m-2 or equal rows with 18 plants m-2.Conclusion The plant density recommended in narrow-wide rows was less than farmers’practice and the density in equal rows was moderate with local practice.Our results provide new knowledge on optimizing agronomic managements of machine-harvested cotton for both high yield and water efficient.
基金Project(51222509) supported by the National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars of ChinaProject(51175429) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(97-QZ-2014,90-QP-2013) supported by the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing(NWPU) of China
文摘Hot spinning process has attracted significant attention because it can be used to manufacture complex parts, extend the forming limit of materials, decrease forming forces and reduce process chains. In this paper, we review researches on lightweight metals spun at elevated temperatures since they are difficult to deform at room temperature. These metals include light alloys, such as titanium, magnesium and aluminum alloys, and metal composites. Then, the heating methods used in the hot spinning process and the treatment methods employed for the temperature boundary condition in finite element analyses for the process were discussed. Finally, the future development directions for the hot spinning process of lightweight but difficult-to-deform alloys were highlighted.
文摘As a by-product of steel enterprises,steel slag has a huge output and is rich in valuable minerals,but its comprehensive utilization rate is very low.The article mainly introduces the hot splashing method,hot sealing method,and drum method for the treatment of steel slag outside the furnace,and compares and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the production operation process and steel slag treatment process.At the same time,it also introduces the residual slag+double slag process and gasification dephosphorization slag circulation steelmaking technology for steel slag treatment inside the furnace,providing direction for steel enterprises to clean and comprehensively utilize steel slag.
文摘Since India's philosophical discussion on the correlation between the mind and the body, the goal achieved through practice has been imbued with much meaning under the influences of yoga. Self-transcendence can be reached through self-discipline that is founded upon the fundamental change and potential for existential practice. The mind and the body do not comprise a binary relationship but instead maintain an intimate relationship bound by the medium of organic energy of breathing, breath, and pr^0a. Of these medium that form the relationship, the pr^-0a has a natural healing tendency, which has been well documented within classics such as Upani.sads and Bhagavad G^ta. Classic yoga explains that pr^0a imbues within it a vivacious passion and energy that will connect the human body with the human mind. Thus, the pr^0a functions as bio-energy. From ancient Indian philosophy to Buddhism, yoga therapy actively utilizes practice as a main element. In particular, the Patafijali yoga's methodology details the organic correlation within its eight limbs (支) yoga practices. The prana is breath. This is the only sense in which Patafijali has used this word. Breath is called prana because it moves on continuously throughout the body and reaches the basic circle of the individual self. It pervades mouth, nostrils, heart, navel region and toes. As a result, it is a healing method that achieves far more than the scientific healing methods common in society.
文摘The results of studies by solving the inverse thermal conductivity problem of the heat capacity of evaporator of the short linear heat pipes (HP’s) with a Laval nozzle-liked vapour channel and intended for cooling spacecraft and satellites with strict take-off mass regulation are presented. Mathematical formulation of the inverse problem for the HP’s thermal conductivity in one-dimensional coordinate system is accompanied by the measurement results using the monotonic heating method in a vacuum adiabatic calorimeter the HP’s surface temperatures along the longitudinal axis over the entire temperature load range, thermal resistance, and arrays of thermal power data on the evaporator Q<sub>ev</sub> and vortex flow calorimeter Q<sub>cond</sub> for the condensation surface allow us to estimate the average value of the evaporator heat capacity C<sub>ev</sub> by solving the inverse thermal conductivity problem in the HP’s evaporator region. Since at the beginning of working fluid boiling for a certain time interval, the temperature of the capillary-porous evaporator remains close to constant, and with the continuation of heating and by solving the inverse thermal conductivity problem, it becomes possible to calculate the heat capacity of the working evaporator and the evaporation specific heat of the boiling working fluid and compare it with the table values.