Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Ajuga nipponensis extract by ultrasonic-assisted extraction

Objective: To investigate suitable condition for extraction of the active components from Ajuga nipponensis(A. nipponensis). Methods: Orthogonal experimental design was used to determine the optimal extraction parameters for ecdysterones and flavonoids. Finally, the hepatoprotective abilities of A. nipponensis extracts were evaluated by CCl_4-induced animal models. Results:Maximum yields of flavonoids(7.87±0.10) mg/g and ecdysterones(0.73±0.02) mg/g could be obtained when the extraction time was 50 min, the extraction temperature was 60 ℃, and the ratio of sample to 70%(v/v) ethanol was 1:20(w/w). The antioxidant property of A. nipponensis was correlated to the concentration of its extracts. At 5 mg/m L, A. nipponensisextract scavenged 84.8% of DPPH radical and had absorbance values of 2.43±0.04 reducing power. Upon CCl_4-induced liver injury, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase decreased significantly after the mice were treated with A. nipponensis. Histological researches also explained that A. nipponensis reduced the extent of liver lesions induced by CCl_4. Conclusions: A. nipponensis exhibited potent antioxidant activity in chemical experimental models and hepatoprotective effect against CCl_4-induced liver damage.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Hypsizygus ulmarius polysaccharide on alcoholic liver injury in rats

Hypsizygus ulmarius polysaccharide(HUP)is a water-soluble polysaccharide obtained by hot water extraction,followed by precipitation and deproteinization.The characteristics of HUP,antioxidant activity and liver protection against alcohol-induced liver damage were studied.Structural characteristics indicate that the HUP is a pyran-type polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 2076 Da.In antioxidant scavenging assay,HUP showed moderate DMPD radical scavenging activity,cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity and inhibitory effect against lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner.Regarding in vivo hepatoprotective activity,compared with the ethanol induction group,pre-treatment of low and high doses of HUP signifi cantly reduced the behaviours of serum enzymes,lowered the levels of hepatic oxidative stress markers,restored the levels of biochemical constituents,enhanced the levels of liver and serum enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants,and improved the serum lipid levels of alcohol-intoxicated rats.The hepatoprotective effect of HUP was comparable to positive control silymarin.Besides,HUP pre-treatment signifi cantly normalized the histopathological changes induced by ethanol.The results indicate that HUP could be used as a functional food and may protect the biological system from oxidative stress through its antioxidant activity,thus having a signifi cant protective effect on acute alcoholic liver injury.

Phytochemical, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of different fractions of Moringa oleifera leaves methanol extract against liver injury in animal model

Objective: To evaluate the potential antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of n-hexane, dichloromethane(DCM), ethyl acetate(EtOAc), n-butanol and aqueous fractions of Moringa oleifera(M. oleifera) leaves methanol extract against carbon tetrachloride(CCl_4)-induced liver injury in rats. Methods: These fractions were prepared from the M. oleifera leaves methanol extract by solubilization in water and partitioning in n-hexane, EtOAc, DCM and n-butanol. Their phyto-components were identified by GC-MS analysis. The in vitro antioxidant effect of these fractions was carried out by assessment of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity. A total of 40 Sprague Dawley rats were allocated into 8 equal groups: group 1 given olive oil(1 m L/kg b.wt.), group 2 injected with CCl_4, group 3 to 7 administered with n-hexane, DCM, EtOAc, n-butanol and aqueous fractions, respectively after CCl_4, group 8 administered with silymarin after CCl_4. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, total proteins and albumin in serum were determined spectrophotometrically. Glutathione reduced, lipid peroxide by-products levels, glutathione-s-transferase and catalase enzyme activities in the liver homogenate were determined by spectrophotometer. Liver specimens were also examined for histopathological alterations under light microscope. Results: The GCMS analysis of different fractions of the M. oleifera leaves methanol extract revealed that n-hexane, DCM, EtOAc, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions contained 17, 22, 23, 19 and 32 compounds, respectively. The percent and the molecular structure of each component in each fraction were identified. The n-butanol and EtOAc fractions exhibited the strongest in vitro antioxidant activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. CCl_4 significantly decreased glutathione reduced and total proteins concentration and glutathione-s-transferase and catalase activities but increased lipid peroxide by-products and total cholesterol levels. The n-hexane followed by aqueous and DCM fractions were the most potent to regulate serum enzyme activities and lipid peroxide by-products levels in the liver homogenate. Conclusions: n-hexane, DCM, and aqueous fractions have the highest effectiveness against CCl_4-induced hepatotoxicity. Isolation and purification of the active constituents require further experiments.

Antioxidant, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of methanolic root extract of Cassia singueana in rats following acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication

Objective: To evaluate in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of the methanolic extract of the root of Cassia singueana in rats following acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Methods: Malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin as indices of liver damage and lipid peroxidation were detected in rats after intraperitoneal administration of extract (5 mg/kg). Results: The liver, kidney and heart showed significant reduction ( P <0.05) in the levels of MDA from (0.18依0.04), (0.23 依0.07) and (0.26依0.10) nmol/mg respectively in the CCl 4 control to (0.15依0.03), (0.17依0.04) and (0.17 依0.07) nmol/mg protein in groups pre-treated with the extract for three days at 5 mg/kg). Similarly, compared to the CCl 4 control, significant reduction ( P<0.05) in serum AST, ALT and bilirubin as well as in level of total cholesterol and MDA with concomitant increase in HDL cholesterol, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels when CCl 4 -intoxicated rats were treated with Cassia singueana root extract for two weeks. Conclusions: These results suggest that methanolic extract of Cassia singueana contain potent antioxidant compounds that can offer significant protection against hepatic and oxidative injuries.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of lycopene on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rat

AIM To evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of lycopene(Ly) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) in rat. METHODS A rat model of NAFLD was first established by feeding a high-fat diet for 14 wk. Sixty-five rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group and Ly treatment groups. Alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), triglycerides(TG), total cholesterol(TC) in serum and low density lipoproteincholesterol(LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C), free fatty acid(FFA), malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione(GSH) in liver tissue were evaluated, respectively. While the hepatoprotective effect was also confirmed by histopathological analysis, the expression levels of TNF-α and cytochrome P450(CYP) 2E1 in rat liver were determined by immunohistochemistry analysis.RESULTS A significant decrease was observed in the levels of serum AST(2.07-fold), ALT(2.95-fold), and the blood lipid TG(2.34-fold) and TC(1.66-fold) in the dose of 20 mg/kg Ly-treated rats(P < 0.01), compared to the model group. Pretreatment with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of Ly significantly raised the levels of antioxidant enzyme SOD in a dose-dependent manner,to 90.95 ± 9.56, 109.52 ± 11.34 and 121.25 ± 10.68(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), as compared with the model group. Similarly, the levels of GSH were significantly increased(P < 0.05, P < 0.01) after the Ly treatment. Meanwhile, pretreatment with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of Ly significantly reduced MDA amount by 30.87, 45.51 and 54.49% in the liver homogenates, respectively(P < 0.01). The Ly treatment group showed significantly decreased levels of lipid products LDL-C(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), improved HDL-C level and significantly decreased content of FFA, compared to the model group(P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the Ly-treated group also exhibited a down-regulated TNF-α and CYP2E1 expression, decreased infiltration of liver fats and reversed histopathological changes, all in a dosedependent manner(P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION This study suggests that Ly has a protective effect on NAFLD, down-regulates expression of TNF-α, and that CYP2E1 may be one of the action mechanisms for Ly.

Antioxidant,hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of methanolic root extract of Cassia singueana in rats following acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication

Objective:To evaluate in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of the methanolic extract of the root of Cassia singueana in rats following acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication.Methods:Malondialdehyde（MDA）,aspartate aminotransferase（AST）,alanine aminotransferase（ALT） and bilirubin as indices of liver damage and lipid peroxidation were detected in rats after intraperitoneal administration of extract（5 mg/kg）.Results:The liver, kidney and heart showed significant reduction（P【0.05） in the levels of MDA from（0.18±0.04）,（0.23±0.07） and（0.26±0.10） nmol/mg respectively in the CCl4 control to（0.15±0.03）,（0.17±0.04） and（0.17±0.07） nmol/mg protein in groups pre-treated with the extract for three days at 5 mg/kg(.Similarly, compared to the CCl4 control,significant reduction（P【0.05） in serum AST,ALT and bilirubin as well as in level of total cholesterol and MDA with concomitant increase in HDL cholesterol, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels when CCl4-intoxicated rats were treated with Cassia singueana root extract for two weeks.Conclusions:These results suggest that methanolic extract of Cassia singueana contain potent antioxidant compounds that can offer significant protection against hepatic and oxidative injuries.

Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of <i>Salvia officinalis</i>L. Hydroalcoholic Extract in Male Rats

The antioxidant effects of Salvia officinalis L. hydroalcoholic extract and also its hepatoprotective effects in male rats were evaluated. Salvia officinalis L. extract was administered intraperitoneally for 28 days. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transferase and alkaline phosphates in rats coadministered with both isoniazid (INH) 50 mg/kg and Salvia officinalis L. extract at 250 mg/kg showed significant reduction when compared to INH group, but administration of Salvia officinalis L. extract 250 mg/kg alone and with INH has alleviated gamma-glutamyl transferase comparing to INH receiving rats. After treatment of rats with INH 50mg/kg, severe tissue necrosis, and inflammation of central vein in liver and lymphocyte proliferation were observed;in the experimental group receiving Salvia officinalis L. extract (250 mg/kg) mild dilution in central vein and sinusoids in liver were seen. In rats coadministered with Salvia officinalis L. extract 250 mg/kg and INH low sinusoids dilution was indicated. It seems that Salvia officinalis L. extract exhibited anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective effects.

Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Ability of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf Parts

[Objectives]To study the antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects of different parts of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf.[Methods]The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity,DPPH radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity of ABTS of 75%ethanol extract of A.gigantifolia Stapf and the petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,n-butanol,chloroform and aqueous extract were measured with Vc as positive control.At the same time,acarbose was used as reference substance to determine the inhibitory effect of each polar site onα-glucosidase.[Results]All parts of A.gigantifolia Stapf had antioxidant activity,among which ethyl acetate had the strongest antioxidant activity,and the scavenging rate of hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical was higher than that of positive control.The results showed that petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and chloroform had a good inhibitory effect onα-glucosidase(better than acarbose).[Conclusions]The ethyl acetate part of A.gigantifolia Stapf had the best antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect onα-glucosidase.It provides a basis for further research and development of A.gigantifolia Stapf.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of a mangrove plant Lumnitzera racemosa

Objective:To identify the hepatoprotective and in vitro antioxidant activity of Lumnitzera racemosa(L.racemosa) leaf extract.Methods:Animals in Group 1 served as vehicle control. Group 2 served as hepatotoxin(CCL_4 treated) group.Group 3 served as positive control(Silyntarin) group,and Group 4.S and ft served as(73,150 and 300 nig/kg bw p.o.)L.racemosa leaf extract treated groups.Moreover,in vitro antioxidant DPPH,hydroxyl radical scavenging activity(HRSA),NO,ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP),lipid hydroperoxide(LPO) and super oxide dismutase(SOD) were also analyzed for the leaf extract.Results:The levels of the serum parameters such as serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(SGOT).serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase(SGPT).alkaline phosphatase(ALP),bilirubin,cholesterol(CHL).sugar and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) were significantly increased in COL_4 treated rats when compared with the control group(P<0.05).But the L.racemosa leaf extract treated rats showed maximum reduction of SGOT[(210.16±19.63)IU/L].SGPT[(82.37±13.87) IU/L].ALP[(197.63±23.4.3)IU/L],bilurubilt[(2.13 ±0.84) mg/dL].cholesterol[(163.83± 13.63) mg/dL].sugar[(93.00±7.63) mg/dL]and LDH[(1134.00) ±285.00)IU/L]were observed with the high dose(300 mg/kg bw) of leaf extract treated rats. Histopathological scores showed that,no visible changes were observed with high dose(300 mg/ kgbw) of leaf extract treated rats except few mild necrosis.The IC_(50) values were observed as(56.37 ±4.87)μg/mL,(57.68±1.98) μg/mL,(64.15±2.90)μg/mL,(61.94±3.98)μg/mL,(94.53± 1.68) μg/mL and(69.7±2.65)μg/mL for DPPH,HRSA,NO,FRAP,LPO and SOL) radical scavenging activities, respectively.Conclusions:In conclusion,the hepatoprotective effect of the L.racemosa leaf extract might be due to the presence of phenolic groups,terpenoids and alkaloids and in vitro antioxidant properties.

In vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extracts of Daucus carota seeds in experimental animals

Objective:To assess the In vivo anlioxid Fanl and hepaloproleclive activity of metlianolic exlracl of Daucus carota(D.carota) seeds in experimental animals.Methods:Methanolic extracts of D.carota seeds is used for hepatoproleclion assessment.Oxidative stress were induced in rats by thioacetamide 100 nig/kg s.c.in four groups of rats(two test,standard and toxic control). Two test groups received D.carota seeds extract[DCSE) at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Standard group received silymarin(25 mg/kg) and toxic control received only thioacetamide. Control group received only vehicle.On the 8th day animals were sacrificed and liver enzyme like serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase(SGPT),serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase(SCOT) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP)were estimated in blood serum and antioxidant enzyme like superoxide disnuituse(SOD),cululase(CAT),glutathione reductase(CKD),glutathione peroxidase(GPX),glutalhione-S-transferase(GST)and lipid peroxidation(LPO)were estimated in liver homogcnatc.Results:A significant decrease in SGPT,SCOT and ALP levels was observed in all drug treated groups as compared to thioacetamide group(P<0.001) and in case of antioxidant enzyme a significant(P<0.001) increase in SOD.CAT,GRD,GPX and GST was observed in all dmg treated groups as compared with thioacetamide group.But in case of LPO a significant(P <0.001) reduction was observed as compared to toxic control group.Conclusions:DCSE has contributed lo the reduction of oxidative stress and the protection of liver in experimental rals.

Hypothetical mode of action of earthworm extract with hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties

The hepatoprotective potential of earthworm extract (EE) (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg) was evaluated against paracetamol-induced liver injury in Wistar albino rat, in comparison with silymarin, the standard hepatoprotective drug. We observed a reduction in liver antioxidants, such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) and in serum total protein, and an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum aspertate aminotranferase (AST), serum alanine aminotranferase (ALT), bilirubin and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) due to liver injury in the paracetamol-administered rats (2 g/kg). On the contrary, increased activities of liver GSH, SOD, GPx, CAT and serum total protein level, and decrease in the contents of serum ALP, AST, ALT, bilirubin and liver TBARS were observed in rats administered with different doses of EE (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg), which are similar to the activities of hepato-protective drug silymarin (150 mg/kg). The mode of action of EE as evidenced by the above parameters may suggest that EE, on the one hand, prevents the formation of the reactive oxygen groups, or scavenges these groups, thereby preventing the damage on the hepatic cells, and, on the other hand, modulates the genes responsible for synthesis of antioxidant enzymes such as GPx, CAT and SOD in liver tissue and decreases the serum enzymatic activities such as ALP, AST and ALT.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of marine halophyte Luminetzera racemosa bark extract in CCL_4 induced hepatotoxicity

Objective:To identify the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Luminetzera racemosa （L racemosa）bark extract.Methods:Wistar albino rats were divided into 6 groups:Group 1 served as control;Group 2 served as hepatotoxin（CCL4 treated） group;Group 3 served as positive control（Silymarin） treated groups;Group 4,5 and 6 served as（100,200 and 300 mg/kg bw p.o.） L racemosa bark extract treated groups.Moreover,in vitro antioxidant indexes,including DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity（HRSA）,NO,ferric reducing antioxidant power（FRAP）,lipid hydroperoxide（LPO） and super oxide dismutase（SOD） were also analyzed in the bark extract. Results:The results suggested that,the level of serum glutamate oxyloacetic transaminase（SCOT）, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase（SGPT）,alkaline phosphatise（ALP）,bilurubin,cholesterol, sugar and lactate dehydrogenase（LDH） were significantly（P【0.05） increased in hepatotoxin treated rats when compared with the control group.But,the maximum reduction of SGOT[（225.36±13.65） IU/L],SGPT[（96.85±17.36） IU/L],ALP[（315.37±17.16） IU/L],bilirubin[（2.97±0.46） mg/dL], cholesterol[（163.73±17.54） mg/dL],sugar[（127.35±27.35） mg/dL]and LDH[（1 784.00±268.36） IU/L] were observed with 300 mg/kg bw of bark extract treated rats.Histopathological scores showed that,no visible changes were observed with high dose（300 mg/kg bw） of bark extract treated rats except mild fatty changes.The in vitro antioxidant assays showed that,the IC50 values were observed as（44.17±6.87）μ/mL,（42.45±2.81）μg/mL,（62.37±3.98）μg/mL,（54.24±3.09）μg/mL, （87.25±5.90）μg/mL and（71.54±5.42）μg/mL for DPPH.HRSA,NO,FRAP,LPO and SOD radical scavenging activities,respectively.Conclusions:The hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of the bark extract might be to the presence of unique chemical classes such as flavonoids, alkaloids and polyphenols.

Hepatoprotective effects of Hovenia dulcis seeds against alcoholic liver injury and related mechanisms investigated via network pharmacology

BACKGROUND Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)is a worldwide health problem,and natural products have been shown to improve ALD due to their antioxidant activities.Some parts of Hovenia dulcis(H.dulcis),such as roots,peduncles,and stems,provide health benefits.Nevertheless,the effects and mechanisms of H.dulcis seeds on ALD have not yet been fully elucidated.AIM To determine H.dulcis antioxidant activity,evaluate its effects against ALD,and investigate the related mechanisms via network pharmacology.METHODS The antioxidant activity of H.dulcis seed was determined by both ferric-reducing antioxidant power and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assays.The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetry,respectively,and polysaccharide was determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method.The effects of H.dulcis seeds against alcoholic liver injury were investigated in mice with water extract pretreatment for 7 days followed by alcohol administration.Moreover,the mechanisms of action were explored with network pharmacology.RESULTS The results showed that H.dulcis seeds possessed strong antioxidant activity(245.11±10.17μmol Fe2+/g by ferric-reducing antioxidant power and 284.35±23.57μmol TE/g by trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity)and contained remarkable phenols and flavonoids,as well as a few polysaccharides.H.dulcis seeds attenuated alcohol-induced oxidative liver injury,showing reduced serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases,alkaline phosphatase,and triglyceride,elevated hepatic glutathione,increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase,and reduced malondialdehyde and hepatic triglyceride.The results of network pharmacology analysis indicated that kaempferol,stigmasterol,and naringenin were the main bioactive compounds in H.dulcis seeds and that modulation of oxidative stress,inflammation,gut-derived products,and apoptosis were underlying mechanisms of the protective effects of H.dulcis seeds on ALD.CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that H.dulcis seeds could be a good natural antioxidant source with protective effects on oxidative diseases such as ALD.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of pentagamavunon-0 against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in rats

Objective:To investigate the hepatoproteetivc ami antioxidant activity of pentagamavunon-0(PGV-0) against CCl-4-induced hepatic injury in rats.Methods:The groups of animals were administered with PGV-0 at die doses 2.5.5,10,and 20 mg/kg b.w.,p.o.once in a day for 6 days and at day 7 the animals were administrated with carbon tetrachloride(CClj)(20%,2 ml/kg b.w.in liquid paraffin dp.).The effect of PGV-0 on serum transaminase(SGPT),alkaline phosphates(ALP and total bilirubin were determined in CCl-4-indueed hepatotoxicity in rats.Further,the effects of PGV-0 on glutathione(GSU) content,cutalase(CAT) and NO free radical scavenging activity also were investigated.Results:The results demonstrated that PCV-0 significantly reduced the activity of SGPT,serum ALP and total bilirubin in CCl-4 induced rat hepatotoxicity.PGV-0 has effect on the antioxidant and free radical defense system.It prevented the depletion level of GSH and decrease activity of CAT in CCl-4-induced liver injury in rats.PCV-0 also demonstrated the free radical scavenger effects on NO free radical scavenging activity with ES value of 32.32μM. Convulsion:All of our findings suggests that PGV-0 could protect the liver cells from CCl-4- induced liver damages and the mechanism may through the antioxidative effect of PGV-0 to prevent the accumulation of free radicals and protect the liver damage.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of flowers of Nerium oleander against CCl_4-induced liver injury in rats

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant and hepatoproteetive activity of methanolic flower extract of Nerium oleander against CCl4—induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Methods:In vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of dowers of Nerium oleander（MENO-F） was evaluated by various assays,including reducing power,lipid peroxidation.DPPH.ARTS,superoxide anion,hydroxyl radicals and metal chelation.The hepatoproteetive and in vivo antioxidant activity of MENO-F were evaluated against CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rats.The MENO-F at dose of 100.200 and 400 mg/kg were administered orally once daily for seven days.Serum enzymatic levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase（AST）,serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase（ALT）,serum alkaline phosphatase（ALP） and total bilirubin were estimated along with estimation of superoxide dismutase（SOD） and malondialdehvde（MDA） levels in liver tissues.Further histopathological examination of the liver sections was carried out to support the induction of hepalotoxicity and hepatoproteetive efficacy.Results:The extract showed potent activities on reducing power,lipid peroxide.DPPH.ABTS.superoxide anion,hydroxyl radical and metal chelation.The substantially elevated serum enzymatic levels of AST,ALT.ALP and total bilirubin were found to he restored towards normalization significantly by the MENO-F in a dose dependent manner with maximum hepatoprotection at 400 mg/kg dose level.The histopathological observations supported the biochemical evidences of hepatoprotection.Elevated level of SOD and decreased level of MDA further strengthen the hepatoproteetive observations. The results of the present study strongly reveal that MENO-F has potent antioxidant activity and hepatoproteetive activity against CCl4—induced hepatic damage in experimental animals.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials of novel endophytic fungus Achaetomium sp.,from Euphorbia hirta

Objective: To isolate, identify and evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective potentials, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, tannin content of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungus Achaetomium sp., isolated from Euphorbia hirta. Methods: Hepatoprotectivity of ethyl acetate extract of Achaetomium sp., was evaluated by CCl4 induced toxicity in Hep G2 cells and subsequently analyzed for cell viability using MTT assay. It also demonstrates antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials by DPPH radical scavenging assay and well diffusion assay respectively. Quantification of total phenolic content, tannin content and flavonoid content were assessed by spectroscopic methods. Results: Phenols, flavonoids and tannins were the phytochemicals present in ethyl acetate extract of Achaetomium sp., with rich phenolic content exhibited potent hepatoprotective, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The hepatoprotective activity was recorded as of 72.13%±2.948% of cell viability at a concentration of 150 μg/m L, whereas the standard silymarin showed 93.260%±0.784%. It was observed to be dose dependent, when CCl4 exposed Hep G2 cells were treated with different concentrations of ethyl acetate extract. Antibacterial activity showed significant inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia. The antioxidant activity ranged from 66.890%±1.385% to 87.340%±0.289% with(44.02±1.57) μg of total phenolics,(54.54±1.82) μg of flavonoid content and(18.790±1.018) μg of tannin content. Ascorbic acid, BHT(butylated hydroxyl toluene) Gallic acid and Pyrogallol were used as standards which showed 98.370%±0.763%; 97.080%±0.636%; 94.890%±1.103% and 96.980%±0.098% reducing potential respectively. Conclusions: The results reveal that the metabolites produced by endophytic fungi isolated from Euphorbia hirta could be novel natural products that could lead to new drug discovery.

Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effect of 10 medicinal herbs on CCl4-induced liver injury in mice

BACKGROUND Many natural products confer health benefits against diverse diseases through their antioxidant activities.Carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)is often used in animal experiments to study the effects of substances on liver injury and the related mechanisms of action,among which oxidative stress is a major pathogenic factor.AIM To compare antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of ten herbs and identify and quantify phytochemicals for the one with strongest hepatoprotection.METHODS The antioxidant activity of ten medicinal herbs was determined by both ferricreducing antioxidant power and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assays.The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetry,respectively.Their effects on CCl4-induced oxidative liver injury were evaluated and compared in a mouse model by administrating each water extract(0.15 g/mL,10 mL/kg)once per day for seven consecutive days and a dose of CCl4 solution in olive oil(8%,v/v,10 mL/kg).The herb with the strongest hepatoprotective performance was analyzed for the detailed bioactive components by using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization source-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry.RESULTS The results revealed that all tested herbs attenuated CCl4-induced oxidative liver injury;each resulted in significant decreases in levels of serum alanine transaminase,aspartate transaminase,alkaline phosphatase,and triacylglycerols.In addition,most herbs restored hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities,glutathione levels,and reduced malondialdehyde levels.Sanguisorba officinalis(S.officinalis)L.,Coptis chinensis Franch.,and Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi root were the three most effective herbs,and S.officinalis L.exhibited the strongest hepatoprotective effect.Nine active components were identified in S.officinalis L.Gallic acid and(+)-catechin were quantified(7.86±0.45 mg/g and 8.19±0.57 mg/g dried weight,respectively).Furthermore,the tested herbs displayed a range of in vitro antioxidant activities proportional to their phenolic content;the strongest activities were also found for S.officinalis L.CONCLUSION This study is of value to assist the selection of more effective natural products for direct consumption and the development of nutraceuticals or therapeutics to manage oxidative stress-related diseases.

Antioxidant Activity and Hepatoprotective Potential of <i>Piper chaba</i>Roots against Paracetamol-Induced Liver Injury

Paracetamol induces oxidative damage of liver and hepatotoxicity continues to be among the main threats of public health. The present study evaluated the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of P. chaba roots. Hepatoprotective effects were demonstrated by significant alteration of serum biomarker enzymes and antioxidant enzymes. Co-administration of P. chaba extract to paracetamol-induced rats resulted in a partial recovery in the serum biochemical parameters (SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Bilirubin). However, ethanolic extract of Piper chaba at lower dose (200 mg/kg b.w.) was more effective than the higher dose 400 mg/kg b.w. in reducing serum dysfunction biomarker enzymes. The histopathological studies of liver tissues also showed better hepatoprotective activity of Piper chaba roots at the lower dose (200 mg/kg b.w.). Paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats resulted in increase of antioxidant enzyme activities such as catalase, super oxide dismutase. The scavenging activity of P. chaba extract was moderate when compared with standard catechin and the IC50 values of P. chaba and standard catechin were 1.563 ± 0.70 and 3.125 ± 0.676, respectively in DPPH radical scavenging assay. The total antioxidant potential of P. chaba was concentration dependent and revealed promising antioxidant activity as compared to the reference standard catechin. At a concentration of 100 μg/mL the absorbance of P. chaba extract and catechin were 0.430 and 0.746 respectively. The research result indicated that P. chaba extract has protective effects on paracetamol induced oxidative stress and liver damage.

In vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Allium cepa bulb in ethanol induced liver damage in Wistar rats

The in vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extract of Allium cepa(A.cepa)bulb were evaluated in male rats against ethanol induced liver damage in preventive and curative models.The antioxidant activity of A.cepa was assayed and activities were compared to standard antioxidant,ascorbic acid.The results revealed that the IC50 values of A.cepa bulb extract for DPPH,hydroxyl,superoxide radical scavenging activities were 195.2±0.2,374.7±0.4 and 182.5±1.7g/mL,respectively.Liver injury was induced by 40%ethanol administration(3.76 g/kg bw,orally)for 25 days.In two different sets of experiments,the A.cepa extracts(100,300 and 600 mg/kg bw)and silymarin(100 mg/kg bw)were administered orally in preventive and curative models.Ethanol administration caused severe hepatic damage in rats as evidenced by elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),alkaline phosphatase(ALP)and total bilirubin levels.The A.cepa and silymarin administration prevented the toxic effect of ethanol on the above serum parameters in both preventive and curative models.The present study concludes that aqueous extract of A.cepa bulb has significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity against ethanol induced hepatotoxicity.©2013 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Effects of Three Chlorogenic Acid Extracts

[Objectives] To study the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of chlorogenic acid extracts of Gynura procumbens,Lonicera japonica,and Eucommia ulmoides leaves,and provide a reference for their usage as natural food preservatives and antioxidants. [Methods]The disc diffusion method was applied to study the antibacterial activity of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves against several common pathogens. In the antioxidant effects,study was carried out on the anti-lipid peroxidation,reducing capacity,and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves,respectively.[Results]Three chlorogenic acid extracts had strong inhibitory effects on bacteria,especially the inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus. At the concentration of 100 mg/m L,the bacteriostatic ring of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves reached 21. 4,23. 6 and 24. 7 mm respectively. Besides,these chlorogenic acid extracts had significant inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and Salmonella,but the inhibitory effect on the yeast was not obvious; the antibacterial intensity of antibacterial compounds was chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides > chlorogenic acid extracts of L. japonica > chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens. Among these three chlorogenic acid extracts,the chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides had higher anti-lipid peroxidation,reducing capacity,and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity than other two chlorogenic acid extracts. [Conclusions] This paper reveals that among chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves,the chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides leaves have a stronger antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity.