1960-2013年黄土高原地区气温变化对Hiatus现象的响应

为研究黄土高原地区对全球变暖“停滞”现象是否存在响应,运用1960-2013年黄土高原地区114气象站点月平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温数据,对数据进行了均一化的检验和订正,使用线性趋势法、距平值法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法分析了黄土高原地区近54 a气温的变化特征,并分析了黄土高原地区气温变化对Hiatus现象的响应过程。结果显示:(1)1960-2013年平均气温升温显著,升温率为0.27℃/10 a,平均最低气温升温率(0.35℃/10 a)>平均最高气温(0.297℃/10 a)>平均气温(0.27℃/10 a),空间上平均气温、平均最高气温升温率由东南向西北增加;(2)1960s以来平均气温、平均最低气温、最高气温后一个年代气温距平值大于前一个年代,平均气温和平均最低气温冬季升温最显著,平均最高气温秋季升温最显著;(3)黄土高原地区在Hiatus期间出现升温减缓趋势,期间气温变化倾向率为-0.33℃/10 a,Hiatus期间气温降低是由冬季气温显著降低引起的,夏季气温呈不显著升高趋势。平均最低与最高气温也在Hiatus期间出现升温减缓趋势,全球气温变化的Hiatus现象在黄土高原地区有明显的区域响应,黄土高原地区处于北半球干旱区与湿润区的过渡带,是气候变化的敏感带,其气温变化一定程度上证实了1998-2013年全球升温减缓的趋势是存在的。

Is the severity of gastroesophageal reflux dependent on hiatus hernia size?

AIM: To determine if the severity of gastroesophageal reflux disease is dependent on the size of a hiatus hernia. METHODS: Seventy-five patients with either a small(n = 25), medium(n = 25) or large(n = 25) hiatus hernia(assessed by high resolution esophageal manometry) were investigated using 24-h esophageal monitoring and a self-assessed symptom questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised the following items, each graded from 0 to 3 according to severity: heartburn; pharyngeal burning sensation; acid regurgitation; and chest pain. RESULTS: The percentage total reflux time was significantly longer in the group with hernia of 5 cm or more compared with the group with a hernia of < 3 cm(P < 0.002), and the group with a hernia of 3 to < 5 cm(P < 0.04). Pharyngeal burning sensation, heartburn and acid regurgitation were more common with large hernias than small hernias, but the frequency of chest pain was similar in all three hernia groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with a large hiatus hernia are more prone to have pathological gastroesophageal reflux and to have more acid symptoms than patients with a small hiatus hernia. However, it is unlikely that patients with an absence of acid symptoms will have pathological reflux regardless of hernia size.

The Hiatus and Accelerated Warming Decades in CMIP5 Simulations

Observed hiatus or accelerated warming phenomena are compared with numerical simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） archives,and the associated physical mechanisms are explored based on the CMIP5 models.Decadal trends in total ocean heat content （OHC） are strongly constrained by net top-of-atmosphere （TOA） radiation.During hiatus decades,most CMIP5 models exhibit a significant decrease in the SST and upper OHC and a significant increase of heat penetrating into the subsurface or deep ocean,opposite to the accelerated warming decades.The shallow meridional overturning of the Pacific subtropical cell experiences a significant strengthening （slowdown） for the hiatus （accelerated warming） decades associated with the strengthened （weakened） trade winds over the tropical Pacific.Both surface heating and ocean dynamics contribute to the decadal changes in SST over the Indian Ocean,and the Indonesian Throughflow has a close relationship with the changes of subsurface temperature in the Indian Ocean.The Atlantic Meridional Overturing Circulation （Antarctic Bottom Water） tends to weaken （strengthen） during hiatus decades,opposite to the accelerated warming decades.In short,the results highlight the important roles of air-sea interactions and ocean circulations for modulation of surface and subsurface temperature.

Abrupt temperature change and a warming hiatus from 1951 to 2014 in Inner Mongolia, China

An abrupt temperature change and a warming hiatus have strongly influenced the global climate.This study focused on these changes in Inner Mongolia, China. This study used the central clustering method, Mann-Kendall mutation test and other methods to explore the abrupt temperature change and warming hiatus in three different temperature zones of the study region based on average annual data series.Among the temperature metrics investigated, average minimum temperature(Tnav) shifted the earliest,followed by average temperature(Tnv) and average maximum temperature(Txav). The latest change was observed in summer(1990 s), whereas the earliest was observed in winter(1970 s). Before and after the abrupt temperature change, Tnav fluctuated considerably, whereas there was only a slight change in Txav.Before and after the abrupt temperature change, the winter temperature changed more dramatically than the summer temperature. Before the abrupt temperature change, Tnav in the central region(0.322°C/10 a)and west region(0.48°C/10 a) contributed the most to the increasing temperatures. After the abrupt temperature change, Tnav in winter in the central region(0.519°C/10 a) and in autumn in the west region(0.729°C/10 a) contributed the most to the temperature increases. Overall, in the years in which temperature shifts occurred early, a warming hiatus also appeared early. The three temperature metrics in spring(1991)in the east region were the first to exhibit a warming hiatus. In the east region, Txav displayed the lowest rate of increase(0.412°C/a) in the period after the abrupt temperature change and before the warming hiatus,and the highest rate of increase after the warming hiatus.

Warming hiatus-and evergreen conifers in Altay-Sayan Region,Siberia

"Warming hiatus" occurred in the AltaySayan Mountain Region, Siberia in c. 1997–2014. We analyzed evergreen conifer(EGC) stands area(satellite data) and trees(Siberian pine, Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Siberian fir, Abies sibirica Ledeb.) growth increment(dendrochronology data) response to climate variables before and during the hiatus. During the hiatus, EGC area increased in the highlands(>1000 m)(+30%), whereas at low and middle elevations(<1000 m. a.s.l.) the EGC area decreased(-7%). The EGC area increase was observed on the rain-ward northwest slopes mainly. In highlands, EGC area increase mainly correlated with summer air temperature, whereas at low and middle elevations EGC area decrease correlated with drought index SPEI and vapor pressure deficit(VPD). EGC mortality(fir and Siberian pine) in lowland was caused by the synergy of water stress(inciting factor) and barkbeetle attacks(contributing factor). Tree growth increment(GI) dynamics differs with respect to elevation. At high elevation(1700 m) GI permanently increased since warming onset, whereas at the middle(900 m) and low elevations(450 m) GI increased until c. 1983 yr. with followed depression. That GI "breakpoint" occurred about a decade before hiatus onset. In spite of growth depression, during hiatus GI was higher than that in pre-warming period. At high elevation, GI positively responded to elevated June temperatures and negatively to moisture increase(precipitation, root zone moisture content, VPD, and SPEI). At low elevation GI negatively responded to June temperatures and positively to moisture increase. For both, low and high elevation, these patterns persisted throughout the study period(1967–2014). On the contrary, at middle elevations GI dependence on climate variables switch after breakpoint year(1983). Before breakpoint, June air temperature(positive correlation) and moisture(negative correlations) controlled GI. Further temperature increase leads GI depression and switched correlation signs to opposite(from positive to negative with temperature, and from negative to positive with moisture variables).

Potential effects of subduction rate in the key ocean on global warming hiatus

In this study, the possible effects of subduction rate on global warming hiatus were investigated using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation（SODA） data. This study first analyzed the characteristics of the temporal and spatial distribution of global subduction rate, which revealed that the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation region and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current region are the two main sea areas with great subduction variations.On this basis, four key areas were selected to explore the relationship between the local subduction rate and the global mean sea surface temperature. In addition, the reason for the variations in subduction rate was preliminarily explored. The results show good correspondence of the subduction of the key areas in the North Atlantic meridional overturning the circulation region and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current region to the global warming hiatus, with the former leading by about 10 years. The subduction process may be a physical mechanism by which the North Atlantic overturning circulation and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current act on the stagnation of global warming. Advection effect plays an important role in the variations in subduction in the key regions. In the Antarctic Circumpolar Current region, the magnitude of sea surface wind stress is closely related to the local changes in subduction.

The Missing Time Calculation of the Hiatus Surface:A Case Study of the Upper Permian Reef Section the Platform Margin, Ziyun, Guizhou

Taken as an example the Upper Permian reef section on the carbonate platformmargin at Ziyun, Guizhou, the paper discusses the missing time of a hiatus surface, an impor-tant problem in chemical sequence stratigraphy, with the concept of cosmic chemistry. Then thepaper proposes a series of new concepts for chemical sequence stratigraphy, including the con-densation surface, relative compaction factor and time missing factor. Finally a quantitativecurve of Late Permian relative sea-level change in the Ziyun area is presented with timecoordinates.

Evolution of Surface Sensible Heat over the Tibetan Plateau Under the Recent Global Warming Hiatus

Based on regular surface meteorological observations and NCEP/DOE reanalysis data, this study investigates the evolution of surface sensible heat（SH） over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau（CE-TP） under the recent global warming hiatus. The results reveal that the SH over the CE-TP presents a recovery since the slowdown of the global warming. The restored surface wind speed together with increased difference in ground-air temperature contribute to the recovery in SH.During the global warming hiatus, the persistent weakening wind speed is alleviated due to the variation of the meridional temperature gradient. Meanwhile, the ground surface temperature and the difference in ground-air temperature show a significant increasing trend in that period caused by the increased total cloud amount, especially at night. At nighttime, the increased total cloud cover reduces the surface effective radiation via a strengthening of atmospheric counter radiation and subsequently brings about a clear upward trend in ground surface temperature and the difference in ground-air temperature.Cloud–radiation feedback plays a significant role in the evolution of the surface temperature and even SH during the global warming hiatus. Consequently, besides the surface wind speed, the difference in ground-air temperature becomes another significant factor for the variation in SH since the slowdown of global warming, particularly at night.

A New Hiatus within the Lutetian of the El Basatin Section,Gebel Mokattam, Egypt:Field and Sedimentological Observations, with Special Emphasis on Nummulites

The Eocene succession of the El Basatin Section in Gebel Mokattam, east of Cairo, consists, from base to top, of two main units; the Mokattam and Maadi Formations. The Mokattam Formation consists of two Members, the Building Stone Member and the Giushi Member. The Upper Building Stone Member yielded six species of Nummulites belonging to the Upper Lutetian. These species are: Nummulites farisi Hussein et al., 2004; Nummulites cf. praegizehensis Boukhary and Hussein-Kamel, 1993; Nummulites cf. gizehensis(Forsk?l, 1775); Nummulites discorbinus(Schlotheim 1820) and Arxina schwageri(Silvestri, 1928) emended by Boukhary et al. 2012 and Nummulites crassichordatus Boukhary et al., 2010. The Giushi Member yielded three species that indicate a Bartonian age. These species, which continued from their first appearance in the Upper Building Stone Members, are N. discorbinus, A. schwageri and N. crassichordatus. The Maadi Formation, which has been previously considered to be of Bartonian–Priabonian age, is devoid of fossils in the study section. The two members of the Mokattam Formation represent a carbonate platform facies. The deposition of the Upper Building Stone Member was disturbed during the Lutetian by slumping and a convolute-bedding interval, indicating a short hiatus. The subsequent regression resulted in a very shallow marine to near-shore facies in the above Maadi Formation.

Impact of Temperature on Influenza A Status during Global Warming Hiatus

Temperature is a crucial factor that affects in flue nza tran smissi on. Therefore, several studies have correlated various aspects of in flue nza with temperature from the global warming period during which temperature exhibits a clear trend. The global warming hiatus has been existing since the year 1998. This provides an opportunity to investigate the effect of temperature on the transmission of influenza from the viewpoint that temperature is trendless.

False esophageal hiatus hernia caused by a foreign body: A fatal event

Foreign body ingestion is a common complaint in gastrointestinal clinics. It is usually not difficult to diagnose because most of the patients report a definitive history of accidental foreign body ingestion. However, in rare cases, patients do not have a clear history. Thus, the actual condition of the patient is difficult to diagnosis or is misdiagnosed; consequently, treatment is delayed or the wrong treatment is administered, respectively. This report describes a fatal case of esophageal perforation caused by an unknowingly ingested fishbone, which resulted in lower esophageal necrosis, chest cavity infection, posterior mediastinum fester, and significant upper gastrointestinal accumulation of blood. However, his clinical symptoms and imaging data are very similar with esophageal hiatal hernia. Unfortunately, because the patient was too late in consulting a physician, he finally died of chest infection and hemorrhage caused by thoracic aortic rupture. First, this case report underlines the importance of immediate consultation with a physician as soon as symptoms are experienced so as not to delay diagnosis and treatment, and thus avoid a fatal outcome. Second, diagnostic imaging should be performed in the early stage, without interference by clinical judgment. Third, when computed tomography reveals esophageal hiatus hernia with stomach incarceration, posterior mediastinal hematoma, and pneumatosis caused by esophageal, a foreign body should be suspected. Finally, medical professionals are responsible for making people aware of the danger of foreign body ingestion, especially among children, those who abuse alcohol, and those who wear dentures, particularly among the elderly, whose discriminability of foreign bodies is decreased, to avoid dire consequences.

Late Oligocene Sedimentary Hiatus in Deep Sea Area of South China Sea, Result of Calcareous Nannofossils from ODP Site 1148

In order to determine the age of the sedimentary hiatus and its geological significance, a study of the calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy was carried out. Detailed stratigraphical data of the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene diagnostic species thus obtained. The nannofossil zonation of this interval was subdivided and the Oligocene-Miocene boundary was further determined. Several last Late Oligocene events were recognized, indicating a long-term sedimentary hiatus in the uppermost Upper Oligocene. The time span of the hiatus was estimated for about 2.2 Ma, at least from 23.9 to 26.1 Ma. The lithological and geophysical data from Site 1148 indicate some abrupt sedimentary changes that occurred below and above the hiatus. This hiatus at Site 1148 was probably related to the tectonic change, a major ridge jump during the seafloor spreading in the Late Oligocene South China Sea.

Mechanisms for the hiatus in global warming

The observed global mean temperature is the highest on record for the past decade but has plateaued to form an apparent"hiatus"in global temperature rise,with an almost zero short-term trend. Several speakers presented results on the hiatus and suggested possible mechanisms.

气候变暖背景下汉江流域降水和气温时空变化特征

为探究气候变暖背景下汉江流域降水和气温的时空发展规律,基于汉江流域及其周边地区29个气象站点逐日降水(P_(re))、最高气温(T_(max))、最低气温(T_(min))和平均气温(T_(ave))的观测资料,利用线性拟合、Mann-Kendall突变检验和空间插值等方法,分析1960~2019年汉江流域降水和气温的时空变化特征,以及对变暖停滞现象(Hiatus)的响应。结果表明:①在全球变暖背景下,汉江流域气候表现出降水不显著减少(p>0.05)、气温显著上升(p<0.05)的暖干化趋势。1960~2019年汉江流域P_(re)变化幅度夏季(0.582 mm/a)>秋季(-0.477 mm/a)>春季(-0.403 mm/a)>全年(-0.184 mm/a)>冬季(0.125 mm/a);全年升温幅度呈T_(min)(0.028℃/a)>T_(max)(0.025℃/a)>T_(ave)(0.022℃/a),四季T_(max)、T_(min)和T_(ave)一致呈上升趋势,多数升温趋势通过了显著性检验(p<0.05),但升温幅度存在明显差异。②汉江流域全年和夏季P_(re)均未发生突变,春、秋季P_(re)在1970年代中后期发生突变下降,冬季P_(re)在1984年突变增加;除夏季T_(max)和T_(ave)外,其余时序气温集中在1990年代中后期至2000年代前期发生了突变上升。③汉江流域全年P_(re)自东南向北递减,四季P_(re)空间分布规律各异,全年和四季T_(max)、T_(min)和T_(ave)皆自南向北递减;全年及四季P_(re)、T_(max)、T_(min)和T_(ave)变化趋势具有较强的空间异质性。④1998~2012年汉江流域出现Hiatus现象,尤其以冬季最为明显;停滞后春夏季快速增温,秋冬季依旧呈降温趋势。研究成果对于制定汉江流域防灾减灾、供水保障应对策略具有重要的科学意义。

Contrasting physical mechanisms of yellowfin tuna fluctuations between the western and eastern Indian Ocean

As an economically critical pelagic migratory species,yellowfin tuna(Thunnus albacores,YFT)is very sensible to physical and environmental conditions,such as sea surface temperature(SST),ocean heat content(OHC),and the mixed layer depth(MLD).We investigated the impact of SST,OHC,and MLD on fluctuations of YFT catch in the western/eastern Indian Ocean using the long time series of 63-year environmental and YFT datasets.We found that the impact of SST on YFT was heavily overestimated in the past,and MLD plays a more critical role in the YFT catch fluctuation.When the MLD deepens(>34.8 m),SST was more influential in predicting the catches of YFT than OHC in the western Indian Ocean,and OHC was more critical to YFT than SST in the eastern Indian Ocean.However,when the MLD shallows(<34.8 m),MLD was more vital to predict the catch per unit effort(CPUE)of YFT than SST/OHC in the western.After 2000,there was an asynchronous pattern of YFT CPUE induced by higher frequency variations and ocean hiatus of SST/OHC signals in the western and eastern Indian Oceans basins.The impact of the subsurface hiatus may induce the decrease of YFT in the eastern Indian Ocean.The above findings clarified a non-stationary relationship between the environmental factors and catches of YFT and provided new insights into variations in YFT abundance.

Clinically significant changes in anal sphincter hiatal area in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and pelvic organ prolapse

BACKGROUND The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse(POP)increases with age and parity.Specifically,the prevalence of POP among women aged 20 to 39 is 9.7%,while it rises to 49%among women over 80 years old.Additionally,as the number of deliveries increases,the prevalence of POP also rises accordingly,with a rate of 12.8%for women with one delivery history,18.7%for those with two deliveries,and 24.6%for women with three or more deliveries.It causes immense suffering for pregnant women.AIM To evaluate the relationship between the levator ani muscle’s hiatus(LH)area and POP in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)using perineal ultrasound.METHODS The study cohort comprised 104 patients aged 29.8±3.7 years who sought medical care at our institution between January 2021 and June 2023.All were singleton pregnancies consisting of 75 primiparas and 29 multiparas,with an average parity of 1.7±0.5.According to the POP diagnostic criteria,the 104 subjects were divided into two groups with 52 members each:POP group(patients with GDM combined with POP)and non-POP group(patients with GDM without POP).Perineal ultrasound was used to measure differences in the anteroposterior diameter,transverse diameter,and LH area.Receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn to determine the optimal cutoff values for the LH anteroposterior diameter,transverse diameter,and area for diagnosing POP.RESULTS Statistically significant increase in the LH area,anteroposterior diameter,and lateral diameter were observed in the POP group compared with the non-POP group(P<0.05).Both groups exhibited markedly elevated incidence rates of macrosomia and stress urinary incontinence.For the POP group,the area under the curve(AUC)for the LH area was 0.906 with a 95%confidence interval(CI):0.824-0.988.The optimal cutoff was 13.54cm²,demonstrating a sensitivity of 83.2%and a specificity of 64.4%.The AUC for the anteroposterior diameter reached 0.836 with a 95%CI:0.729-0.943.The optimal cutoff was 5.53 cm with a sensitivity of 64.2%and a specificity of 73.4%.For the lateral diameter,its AUC was 0.568 with a 95%CI:0.407-0.729.The optimal cutoff was 4.67 cm,displaying a sensitivity of 65.9%and a specificity of 69.3%.Logistic regression analysis unveiled that age,body weight,number of childbirths,total number of pregnancies,and gestational weight gain constituted the independent risk factors for the cooccurrence of GDM and POP.CONCLUSION Three-dimensional perineal ultrasonography of LH size and shape changes can effectively diagnose POP.Age,weight,number of births,number of pregnancies,and weight gain during pregnancy are independent risk factors affecting the cooccurrence of GDM and POP.GDM can increase the LH area in patients,and an enlarged LH leads to an increased incidence of POP.

Changes in air temperature over China in response to the recent global warming hiatus

The 1998–2012 global warming hiatus has aroused great public interest over the past several years. Based on the air temperature measurements from 622 meteorological stations in China, the temperature response to the global warming hiatus was analyzed at national and regional scales. We found that air temperature changed –0.221℃/10 a during 1998–2012, which was lower than the long-term trend for 1960–1998 by 0.427℃/10 a. Therefore, the warming hiatus in China was more pronounced than the global mean. Winter played a dominant role in the nationwide warming hiatus, contributing 74.13%, while summer contributed the least among the four seasons. Furthermore, the warming hiatus was spatial heterogeneous across different climate conditions in China. Comparing the three geographic zones, the monsoon region of eastern China, arid region of northwestern China, and high frigid region of the Tibetan Plateau, there was significant cooling in eastern and northwestern China. In eastern China, which contributed 53.79%, the trend magnitudes were 0.896℃/10 a in winter and 0.134℃/10 a in summer. In the Tibetan Plateau, air temperature increased by 0.204℃/10 a, indicating a lack of a significant warming hiatus. More broadly, the warming hiatus in China may have been associated with the negative phase of PDO and reduction in sunspot numbers and total solar radiation. Finally, although a warming hiatus occurred in China from 1998 to 2012, air temperature rapidly increased after 2012 and will likely to continuously warm in the next few years.

Clinical application of tentorium cerebelli hiatus incision in treatment of severe and most severe brain injuries

Objective:: To explore the role of tentorium cerebelli hiatus incision in treating severe and most severe brain injuries complicated by tentorial herniation. Methods: From July 1994 to July 1999 tentorium cerebelli hiatus incision was done based on intracranial hematoma evacuation and bone flap craniectomy decompression in 70 cases of severe and most severe brain injuries complicated by tentorial herniation. Results: Of the 70 cases, GCS 3-5 was in 23 and GCS 6-8 in 47; satisfactory recovery in 39 cases ( 55.7 %), moderate disability in 12 ( 17.1 %), severe deficit in 6 ( 8.6 %), vegetative survival in 4 ( 5.7 %) and 8 ( 11.4 %) died. Conclusions: Tentoriun cerebelli incision is helpful in alleviating secondary brain stem injury from tentorial herniation and in reducing the disability and death rate of the patients.

Os isotope dating and growth hiatuses of Co-rich crust from central Pacific

Up to now, accurate determination of the growth age and hiatuses of the Co-rich crust is still a difficult work, which constrains the researches on the genesis, growth process, controlling factors, regional tectonics, paleo-oceanographic background, etc. of the Co-rich crust. This paper describes our work in determining the initial growth age of the Co-rich crust to be of the late Cretaceous Campanian Stage (about 75-80 Ma), by selecting the Co-rich crust with clear multi-layer structures in a central Pacific seamount for layer-by-layer sample analysis and using a number of chronological methods, such as Co flux dating, dating by correlation with 187Os/188Os evolution curves of seawater, and stratigraphic divi- sion by calcareous nannofossils. We have also discovered growth hiatuses with different time intervals in the early Paleocene, middle Eocene, late Eocene and early-middle Miocene, respectively. These re- sults have provided an important age background for further researches on the Co-rich crust growth process and the paleo-oceanographic environment evolution thereby revealed in the said region.

Changes in Aridity in Response to the Global Warming Hiatus

The global warming slowdown or warming hiatus, began around the year 2000 and has persisted for nearly 15 years. Most studies have focused on the interpretation of the hiatus in temperature. In this study, changes in a global aridity index （AI） were analyzed by using a newly developed dynamical adjustment method that can successfully identify and separate dynamically induced and radiatively forced aridity changes in the raw data. The AI and Palmer Drought Severity Index produced a wetting zone over the mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in recent decades. The dynamical adjustment analysis suggested that this wetting zone occurred in response to the global warming hiatus. The dynamically induced AI （DAI） played a major role in the AI changes during the hiatus period, and its relationships with the North Atlantic Oscillation （NAO）, Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO）, and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation （AMO） also indicated that different phases of the NAO, PDO, and AMO contributed to dif- ferent performances of the DAI over the Northern Hemisphere. Although the aridity wetting over the mid-to-high lat- itudes may relieve long-term drying in certain regions, the hiatus is temporary, and so is the relief. Accelerated glob- al warming will return when the NAO, PDO, and AMO revert to their opposite phases in the future, and the wetting zone is likely to disappear.