Performance evaluation of CLM5.0 in simulating liquid soil water in high mountainous area,Northwest China

The model performance in simulating soil water content(SWC) is crucial for successfully modeling earth’s system,especially in high mountainous areas.In this study,the performance of Community Land Model 5.0(CLM5.0) in simulating liquid SWC was evaluated against observations from nine in-situ sites in the upper reach of the Heihe River Watershed(HRW),Northwest China.The CLM5.0 shows reliable performance in the study area with correlation coefficients(R) ranging between 0.79–0.93,root mean standard errors(RMSE)ranging between 0.044–0.097 m^(3)/m^(3),and the mean bias(BIAS) ranging between-0.084–0.061 m^(3)/m^(3).The slightly worse performance of CLM5.0 than CLM4.5 on alpine meadow and grassland is mainly caused by the revised canopy interception parameterization.The CLM5.0 overestimates interception and underestimates evapotranspiration(ET) on both alpine meadow and grassland during the growth period.The systematical overestimations at all the grassland sites indicate that the underestimation of ET is much larger than the overestimation of interception on grassland during growth period,while the errors of simulated interception and ET are partially canceled out on alpine meadow.Moreover,the underestimation of ET is more responsible for the overestimation of SWC than the overestimation of interception in the high mountainous area.It is necessary to estimate reasonable empirical parameter α(proportion of leaf water collection area) in interception parameterization scheme and further improve the dry surface layerbased soil evaporation resistance parameterization introduced in CLM5.0 in future researches.The performance of CLM5.0 is better under completely frozen stage than thawing stage and freezing stage,because of low variations of liquid SWC caused by extremely low hydraulic conductivity of soils.The underestimation of liquid SWC under frozen state is caused by underestimation of soil temperature,which leads to more ice mass and less liquid water in total water content.

Industrial Poverty Alleviation Model in Southwestern High-altitude Mountainous Areas of China——A Case Study of Industrial Poverty Alleviation of Xueshan Township in Luquan County of Yunnan Province through Planting Codonopsis pilosula

Due to the severe restrictions of natural conditions and ecological environment,high-altitude mountainous areas usually become the " hard bones" in the battle against poverty. Xueshan Township,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County of Yunnan Province,located in the alpine valley of Jinsha River,is a major township with wide and deep poverty,and the incidence of poverty is up to 45. 00%. In recent years,Xueshan Township has insisted on the battle against poverty,made effort to develop the Codonopsis pilosula industry,and successfully developed a road to poverty alleviation through C. pilosula industry,and formed a unique industrial poverty alleviation model by the end of 2018,the incidence of poverty dropped to 0. 74%. Based on field survey and interview,this paper analyzes and summarizes the specific practices,main results,practical experience and promotion and application measures of the poverty alleviation model of C. pilosula planting industry in Xueshan Township,in the hope of providing certain reference for the targeted poverty alleviation in similar areas in Yunnan Province and other provinces of China.

A STUDY ON THE ECOLOGICAL CLIMATES OF SOME FAMOUS TEA GROWING AREAS IN HIGH MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS OF CHINA

The tea tree [Camellia sinensis (L) Kuntze] is one of the world’s economic crops. It is an especially important crop for southern China. Environmental factors related to the tea yield and quality in some high mountain areas of China are identified in this paper. These factors are: geology, topography, climate, hydrology, soil and vegetation. Climatological factors are the most important. Using data collected from meteorological stations which are situated at the summit and the base of high mountains, this paper discusses ecological climatic problems in growing tea in China. The ecological climatic characteristics of the famous tea areas mainly included are as follows: more . amounts of clouds and fog, less percentage of sunshine, abundant rainfall and high relative humidity in the air, temperatures that rise and fall slowly, daily and annual temperature ranges that are smaller, more days that are suitable for tea growing and low wind speeds in the lee-sides and valleys of mountains. All of these

Geoscience landscape division and tourism zonation in the mid-southern section of the Hengduan Mountains, eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The mid-southern section of the Hengduan Mountains is a typical region of mountainous landscape in western China and is the core region of "Shangri-La", a world-famous ecotourism destination. The landscape classification system is an important scientific basis for landscape protection and tourism development in this region. By combining geology and geography and referring to the concepts of "system tract" and "tectonic system" in geology, this paper comes up with grading standards for the geoscience landscape system of this region. Based on the regional stratigraphic structure, tectonic fault marks and geomorphological differentiation, this paper comes up with 2 Grade Ⅰ geoscience landscape system tracts, 8 Grade Ⅱ geoscience landscape systems, 21 Grade Ⅲ geoscience landscape areas, and 165 representative Grade Ⅳ geoscience landscape attractions. According to the main classification methods for the geological heritage and tourism landscapes, the geoscience landscapes can be divided into 4 categories, 16 types and 19 subtypes. On this basis, 23 eco-tourism areas of the mid-southern section of the Hengduan Mountains can be delimited. The study provides a theoretical direction and method reference for the geoscience landscape division and tourism zonation, which has an importantsignificance on the mountain landscape protection and tourism development in the regions of complex geo-environments.

Evaluation of Precipitation Datasets from TRMM Satellite and Down-scaled Reanalysis Products with Bias-correction in Middle Qilian Mountain,China

Accurate estimates of precipitation are fundamental for hydrometeorological and ecohydrological studies,but are more difficult in high mountainous areas because of the high elevation and complex terrain.This study compares and evaluates two kinds of precipitation datasets,the reanalysis product downscaled by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)output,and the satellite product,the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis(TMPA)product,as well as their bias-corrected datasets in the Middle Qilian Mountain in Northwest China.Results show that the WRF output with finer resolution perfonns well in both estimating precipitation and hydrological simulation,while the TMPA product is unreliable in high mountainous areas.Moreover,bias-corrected WRF output also performs better than bias-corrected TMPA product.Combined with the previous studies,atmospheric reanalysis datasets are more suitable than the satellite products in high mountainous areas.Climate is more important than altitude for the\falseAlarms'events of the TRMM product.Designed to focus on the tropical areas,the TMPA product mistakes certain meteorological situations for precipitation in subhumid and semiarid areas,thus causing significant"falseAlarms"events and leading to significant overestimations and unreliable performance.Simple linear bias correction method,only removing systematical errors,can significantly improves the accuracy of both the WRF output and the TMPA product in arid high mountainous areas with data scarcity.Evaluated by hydrological simulations,the bias-corrected WRF output is more reliable than the gauge dataset.Thus,data merging of the WRF output and gauge observations would provide more reliable precipitation estimations in arid high mountainous areas.

Study on the Theory and Technology of High Yield Culture of Compact Corn

Using the split plot and multi-quadric regressive orthogonal cross-course rotary combination design, corn variety Denghai 6’s yield and yield components, important colony quality and physiological index, microclimate index in field and technical planting for high yield were studied. Cultivation for high yield showed that Denghai 6 had the great potential of increase yield. The average yield of two years was

东昆仑库木库里盆地典型湖泊水量蒸发损失估算

湖泊水量蒸发损失估算对于应对干旱区水资源短缺及湖泊生态环境保护具有重要意义。计算分析了过去20 a东昆仑库木库里盆地典型湖泊实际蒸散发(ET)的时空变化特征,并基于经验公式估算了湖泊蒸发损失水量,同时利用随机森林模型,识别了影响湖泊水量蒸发损失变化的潜在因子。研究发现:(1)2001-2020年东昆仑库木库里盆地的阿牙克库木湖、阿其克库勒湖和鲸鱼湖的年ET整体呈现先增加后减少又缓慢增加的波动下降趋势,波峰和波谷均分别出现在2004年和2012年左右,空间上表现为ET整体下降而湖泊边缘呈上升趋势。(2)3个典型湖泊的ET在年内呈倒U形变化,其中阿牙克库木湖的ET在6月达到峰值,其他2个湖泊的ET均在7月达到峰值。(3)2001-2020年3个典型湖泊的蒸发水量均呈不显著的增加趋势,其中阿牙克库木湖的蒸发水量最高,平均约为10.33×10^(8)m^(3)·a^(-1),阿其克库勒湖的蒸发水量次之(4.54×10^(8)m^(3)·a^(-1)),鲸鱼湖的蒸发水量最低(3.33×10^(8)m^(3)·a^(-1))。(4)结合随机森林模型分析显示,湖泊面积是影响湖泊蒸发水量的重要因素,经向风速、最高气温和降水的增加等因素也是驱动蒸发变化的重要原因,累计贡献率超过45%。

高海拔多山地区架空输电线路高密点云数据获取方法研究及应用

为解决高海拔多山地区有人直升机、复合翼无人机作业相对航高较高、易受侧风影响、点云稀疏的痛点,本文提出了一种“仿塔飞行”架空输电线路三维激光扫描点云数据获取方法,优化了传统的“仿地飞行”方式,对西藏藏中联网某500 kV超高压架空输电线路进行了点云数据获取,经数据处理及分析,点云数据体素密度大,空间位置精度高。试验结果表明,大载重多旋翼无人机在高海拔多山地区进行“仿塔飞行”作业,在降低作业风险的同时,所获取的点云数据密度高、噪声小,且金具和导线微部特征明显;同时,该方法具有机动性高、稳定性强、作业风险低的优势,为架空输电线路精细化自主巡检及国家电网智慧化应用提供了支撑。

“两个先行”目标下浙江农业机械化发展对策研究

农业机械化是推进“两个先行”建设的重要支撑。浙江省作为典型丘陵山区,低缓丘陵山区占比70%以上,地理位置和资源制约以及老龄化加深的影响下,决定浙江省“机器换人”高质量发展的必然趋势。以浙江省农业机械化综合评价指标体系统计分析数据为基础,结合浙江省农业机械化发展现状调研,深入分析浙江省农业机械化区域间产业间发展不均衡、产业发展环节装备应用瓶颈、科技装备强农基础、农业机械化效益支撑等方面存在的问题及原因,并提出从开展顶层设计、完善推广体系、健全服务体系、着力推进创新、强化人才建设、加强行业引导等方面提高农业机械化发展水平、促进浙江省“两个先行”建设的对策建议。

山地农村如何发展高质量休闲农业经济?——基于系统工程思想的贵州M村案例分析

发展高质量休闲农业经济能够持续推进山地农村一二三产业融合,是全面推进乡村振兴与调整农业结构的有效途径之一。本文运用案例研究方法,基于系统工程思想,遵循“要素—结构—功能”的脉络,对山地农村发展高质量休闲农业经济进行了系统分析。研究发现:一是以顶层设计要素为基础支撑,合理布局休闲农业经济空间结构,实现休闲农业经济有效供给增长;二是以科学管理要素为发展手段,平衡充分休闲农业经济组织结构,促进休闲农业经济持续稳定发展;三是以自主创新要素为重要抓手,优化升级休闲农业经济产业结构,推动休闲农业经济绿色转型提升。基于此,建议从制定科学发展规划、构建网络管理平台、转变产业发展方式、培育新型职业农民和加强基层组织建设等方面着手,加快建设现代化休闲农业经济发展体系,纵向延伸产业链条,横向拓展产业功能,多向提升乡村价值。

云桂铁路总体设计及技术创新

云桂铁路为中国“八纵八横”高速铁路主通道之一“广昆通道”的组成部分,路网地位突出。根据该项目的功能定位及项目特点,结合地形地质条件、城市规划、环境敏感点、工程安全以及投资合理性等方面,分析确定合理的枢纽引入、线路走向以及重点桥梁、隧道工程方案。项目设计过程中以“系统最优、风险可控”为核心思想,开展了科技攻关和工程实践工作,取得了系列技术创新成果,具有针对性、实用性和理论性,对复杂艰险山区高速铁路建设具有重要指导意义。

云南高山辣椒高效栽培技术规程

辣椒产业是云南的优势农业产业,但云南大量高原山地土壤得不到有效利用,限制辣椒产业的发展。从品种选择、培育壮苗、定植、田间管理及病虫害防治等方面,制定出高山辣椒高效栽培技术规程,以供种植户参考。

高地应力蚀变花岗岩隧道大变形特征及成因分析

西部山区某蚀变花岗岩隧道施工过程中,围岩大变形不同程度地造成喷射混凝土剥落、钢架扭曲变形、钢拱架断裂、初支变形侵限以及隧道内坍塌等。为揭示蚀变花岗岩隧道围岩大变形的孕育机理,通过岩石试验、监控量测、数值计算分析和地质综合分析等多种方法,对蚀变花岗岩隧道高地应力及大变形特征、影响因素进行探讨分析。蚀变花岗岩隧道工程区受构造影响强烈,蚀变特征显著,岩体结构疏松,蚀变花岗岩地层为大变形提供充足的物源条件。隧道现场监控量测显示发生大变形的蚀变花岗岩区段与地下水紧密相关,蚀变花岗岩中的伊蒙混石、绿泥石等亲水性矿物成分含量较高,遇水极易崩解,使得岩体抵抗变形的能力大幅降低。结合隧道地质条件和地应力测试,反演分析了隧道初始地应力场,发现蚀变花岗岩隧道以水平构造应力为主,隧道沿线多处于高地应力状态,为大变形的发生提供内动力地质条件。根据隧道开挖过程中发生的支护变形及监控量测分析,复杂地质条件对隧道设计的影响以及施工工艺与支护结构的质量是引起围岩大变形的重要主观因素。

高质量发展视角下黄河流域国土空间分区规划策略与实践——以济南市南部山区为例

从高质量发展视角切入,分析国土空间分区规划的发展历程及目标定位,针对国土空间要素多元化、空间协同化等特征,提出系统集成的规划理念,以及生态保护、文化复兴、产业提质、城乡友好“四位一体”的规划策略和切实可行的规划实施路径。以济南市南部山区国土空间分区规划为例,分析高质量发展背景下区域面临的瓶颈,指出编制南部山区国土空间分区规划的迫切性,并紧扣地域资源特征与存在问题,探索建立要素集成、融合高质量发展的规划策略,旨在对同类地区的规划工作有所启示。

西南山区高速铁路非正常情况下列车运行调整探讨

西南山区与平原地区的地域特点存在显著差异,高速铁路运输组织在装备上、组织上、要求上明显不同。通过分析西南山区高速铁路非正常情况下列车运行调整类型,按轻微事故及严重干扰事故类型进行模型构建。以成渝高速铁路列车运行调整为例,计算验证结果表明,该模型求解速度快,具有较高的求解质量,对西南山区高速铁路非正常情况下干扰列车运行的不同场景均有一定的适应性,为提高山区高速铁路运行的安全系数提供支撑。

武陵山片区旅游城镇化模式对比分析

在高质量发展背景下,旅游城镇化成为不少经济欠发达但旅游资源优质多样地区的首要选择。本文以武陵山片区为例,以驱力理论为基础,对旅游城镇化发展的演变路径和模式特征进行对比研究。结果表明:(1)武陵山片区旅游城镇化典型模式包括资源驱力模式、资本—市场双驱力模式和综合驱力模式3种。(2)通过对比发现,资源驱力模式主要是在当地政府及企业利用优质旅游资源对外进行营销宣传吸引外部资本及客源市场的情况下发展起来的,而双驱力模式和综合驱力模式是凭借自身资源、市场或资本几方综合作用,在政府、企业和居民的共同参与下自行发展的。(3)综合驱力模式的可持续发展能力优于资源驱力模式和双驱力模式,是实现高质量发展的有利模式,随着资源、市场和资本的不断发展,各模式最终演变为高水平的综合驱力模式。在此基础之上,从内外两方面提出政策建议,以期为武陵山片区旅游城镇化高质量发展提供对策参考。

高烈度山区不同地形下常规桥梁地震响应分析

高烈度地震山区高速公路桥梁受复杂地形条件限制常设在深沟河谷或陡坡半填半挖处,不同地形处桥梁的地震响应和损伤机理可能不一致。为研究地形因素和结构抗震体系对桥梁地震响应及损伤机理的影响,将山区地形总结为3类典型地形,基于有限元软件Midas Civil并依托在建项目分别建立各地形处采用延性抗震体系和减隔震体系的装配式预应力混凝土T梁桥有限元模型,利用地震动加速度记录对桥梁进行非线性动力时程分析。结果表明:1)高烈度震区桥梁地震响应受地形和抗震体系影响显著,桥梁抗震性能表现为“W”型地形>“槽”型地形>“V”型地形,减隔震体系>延性抗震体系;2)当联内平均墩高大于32 m时,桥梁采用减隔震体系可能失效,是否失效与相邻联的刚度有关,相邻联刚度越小,失效概率越大;3)设置横向高低墩可使墩底横桥向剪力减小、使顺桥向弯矩增大、使同一盖梁下矮墩更易遭受破坏。

高海拔区域复杂山地地形的风能资源评估

选择四川省凉山州某高海拔山地作为研究区域,采集并处理了该区域1个气象站1981~2015年的统计数据以及该区域内4个测风塔1年的实测数据,开展风能资源评估。研究发现,该区域局部地形复杂,海拔在3530~3950 m,面积约为40 km^(2),西南风影响较大,风能资源较丰富。通过频率分析发现该区域风向稳定,WSW方向风速和风能最大。计算该区域风功率密度为2级,属IEC II/III类风电场。另外,研究表明该区域50年一遇最大风速低于IEC标准值,但湍流指数达到IEC B类,风电机组疲劳载荷影响需要评估。该研究为高原山地复杂地形区域的风电场开发提供了科学的风能资源评估方法,也为该区域的风电场设计提出了建议。

浮梁山区水稻高产栽培技术研究

山区水稻产量相对于平原地区要低750~1500 kg/hm^(2),其主要原因是山体阻挡、日照减少、地温降低、肥料利用效率下降。为提高山区水稻产量,从提高稻田地温和肥料利用效率方面入手,科学运筹氮肥,采取薄露灌溉技术。结果显示,与农户传统栽培方式相比,有效穗数增加了0.3~0.7根,每穗实粒数增加了1~8粒,水稻千粒重提高了0~4 g,肥料农学效率提高了6.57%~10.16%,产量提高了3.01%~9.34%。针对山区稻田,氮肥运筹以基肥∶分蘖肥∶孕穗肥=3∶4∶3效果最好,能提高肥料产量贡献率,提升肥料农学效率,增加水稻产量,提高经济效益。本研究为山区稻田种植提供参考。

西安至十堰高速铁路环保选线研究

西安至十堰高速铁路西安至商洛段穿越秦岭高中山区,郧西至十堰段跨越汉江,具有沿线地形起伏大、地质条件复杂、环境敏感区域密集、生物多样性丰富、水环境保护要求严格等特点,保护秦岭及汉江流域的生态环境成为西十高铁建设中需要考虑的重要因素。通过采取GIS+BIM的技术手段,制作区域环境敏感区图层,搭建多维度区域生态保护目标空间分布及管控范围的环保选线平台,结合工程技术条件开展各方案的环境可行性及环境影响程度的综合比选,从而得出对环境影响最小的线路方案,为设计选线及控制工程方案决策提供有力支撑。研究结果表明,通过先期开展敏感区路段环境影响专题论证,可进一步优化工程选线及工程形式,保障项目依法合规。