Horizontal Distribution and Annual Variations of Fecal Coliform Bacteria in Luoyuan Bay

Fecal Coliform Bacteria （FCB） of marine waters was monitored in Luoyuan Bay from January, 2003 to December, 2005. The results showed that number of FCB in marine water samples ranged from no detection （ 〈2 cfu/100 mL） to 540 cfu/100 mL in Luoyuan Bay. Values of FCB during August to October were significantly higher than those during January to April during three year period. Monthly changes of FCB values at each year period were mainly due to monthly precipitation. In addition, compared with FCB values in difference sample sites, values of FCB in Bay-heed were significantly higher than those in middle of bay and Bay-mouth, Luoyuan Bay. However, values of FCB in Bay-mouth were significantly less than those in middle of bay. The ratios to the par of FCB in 2003, 2004, and 2005 years were 100%, 98.0%, and 97.9%, respectively. Therefore, we considered that the pollution of FCB of surface marine water in Luoyuan Bay was not serious.

SPECIES COMPOSITION, HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL SUCCESSION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE CHANNEL FROM DONGTING LAKE TO THE CHANGJIANG RIVER, CHINA

The species composition, horizontal distribution and seasonal succession of the phytoplankton at five sampling stations in the channel between Dongting Lake and the Changjiang River, China were studied from May 1995 to December 1997. A total of 416 taxa were observed; diatoms comprised the most diverse taxonomic group representing 58.2 % of the total species. The β-mesotrophic indicators were 92 taxa or 22 % of the total, the α-mesotrophic or α,β-eutrophic indicators decreased distinctly to 20 taxa or 4.8 % of the total. The species number and composition of various phyla were approximately similar at Stations 1, 2, 3 and 4, but at Station 5 the number of species was the minimum and the ratio of diatoms to total phytoplankton in the number of species was the highest. In seasonal succession of the phytoplankton species, the number was the highest in May and June, lower in December, January, March and July in the channel. The dominant species were different in different months. The ratio of diatoms species number to blue green algae and green algae species number diminished gradually from winter to summer and autumn, and then increased gradually from autumn to winter and early spring in the annual cycle. Margalef, Simpson and Shannon-Weaver diversity indices changed in different months, their values were higher in winter, lower in summer. Nygaard’s diatoms quotients were lower in winter, then in spring and autumn, higher in summer. These results indicated that the water quality was the best in winter, better in spring and autumn than in summer. The relationship between the structure of the phytoplankton community and the water environmental quality was discussed.

Horizontal distribution of ectomycorrhizal infection in Dipterocarpus turbinatus plantations of Bangladesh

Garjan （Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. F） is a highly ectomycorrhizal tree species growing in hilly areas of Bangladesh. The horizontal distributions ofectomycorrhizas （ECM） in different distances （1, 2, 3 ＆ 4m） from the tree base were determined in 5, 10 and 20-year-old D. turbinatus plantations of Chittagong University Campus （CUC） in 2003, The ECM infection （%） in roots was counted at three hill positions （top, mid and bottom） for each of the plantations. Samples of 1000 cm^3 rhizosphere soil were collected from underneath the trees at different horizontal distances. The percentage of infection at different distances and hill elevations varied considerably. In 5 and 10-year-old plantations, the occurrence of infection （%） was rapidly declined with increasing distances, while in 20-year-old plantation, the infection increased sharply with increasing distances from the tree base. The highest infection （81.33%） was found at 4 m distance from the tree at bottom hill in 20-year-old plantation and the lowest （55.33%） at the same distance at the top of the hill in 5-year-old plantation.

Wintertime meso-scale horizontal distribution of large tintinnids in the southern Yellow Sea

Spatial distribution of some large tintinnid species (nominally > 76 μm) is investigated on samples vertically towed in the southern Yellow Sea in winters of 2001 to 2004. Nine tintinnid species are recorded: Codonellopsis morchella, Stenosemella pacifica, S. steini, Tintinnopsis schotti, T. radix, T. karajacensis, Eutintinnus tenuis, Parafavella sp., Leprotintinnus neriticus, of which C. morchella and T. radix dominated in the warm tongue-shaped zone of the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC), and S. pacifica is the next in abundance. Our study shows that these tintinnids occur repeatedly in certain special distribution patterns.

Meiofauna Distribution in Intertidal Sandy Beaches Along China Shoreline(18?–40?N)

In this study,the distribution pattern of meiofauna from nine sandy beaches at six latitudinal gradients along Chinese coast between 18 and 40?N was studied on their meiofauna abundance to examine the effect of latitudinal gradients.In general,meiofauna abundance was lower in four subtropical beaches in Xiamen(24?N) and Zhoushan(29?N) than that in other beaches.Meiofauna abundance differed little between tropical and temperate beaches.The taxonomic structure of meiofauna showed a dominance of nematode in colder area.The relative composition of turbellarians and polychaetes increased in warmer area.In addition to latitudinal gradient,salinity,oxygenation,sediment grain size affect also the meiofauna latitudinal distribution.As for horizontal distribution,the highest meiofauna abundance was found in low tidal zone at tropical beaches,and in middle tidal zone at temperate beaches.The horizontal distribution of meiofauna was controlled by both physical and biotic factors including feeding and anthropogenic activities.Although meiofauna abundance exhibited a horizontal difference,the composition of meiofaunal main taxa was unanimous horizontally at all beaches at the same sampling latitude.

Chemicohydrographic characteristics of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass

Based on the field data obtained during summer cruises in 2006, the overall perspective of chemical and hydrographic characteristics of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （YSCWM） are discussed through the cross- YSCWM transect profiles and horizontal distributions of hydrological and chemical variables, with emphasis on the differences between the northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （NYSCWM） and the southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （SYSCWM）. The results show that YSCWM is characterized by low temperature （〈10℃） and dissolved oxygen （DO） concentration, high salinity （〉32.0） and nutrient concentrations. Compared to the SYSCWM, the NYSCWM possesses lower values of temperature, salinity and nutrient concentrations but higher values of DO. Also its smaller variation ranges of variables （except for temperature） demonstrate that NYSCWM is more uniform than that of SYSCWM. In addition, thermocline is more intensive in the SYSCWM than that of NYSCWM. Furthermore, DO and Chl a maxima appear at the depth of 30 m in the SYSCWM, while these phenomena are not obvious in the NYSCWM.

Effects of PHC on Water Quality of Jiaozhou Bay Ⅱ. Changing Process of Pollution Sources

Based on investigation data on PHC content in Jiaozhou Bay, China during 1979 -1983, the horizontal distribution and pollution sources of PHC in Jiaozhou Bay were analyzed. The results showed that from 1979 to 1983, PHC in the water body of Jiaozhou Bay was mainly from rivers such as Haibo River, Licun River and Loushan River, and PHC content ranged from 0.10 to 1.10 mg/L. The pollution sources of PHC were serious during 1979 -1981 and then became slight during 1982 -1983. From 1979 -1981 to 1982 -1983, PHC content, horizontal distribution and degree of pollution sources changed, but the input mode of PHC was constant, that is, PHC was brought into Jiaozhou Bay by rivers.

THE N/P RATIO IN THE NORTHERN SOUTH YELLOW SEA IN AUTUMN

Study of horizontal and vertical distributions of the N/P (nitrogen versus phosphate) atom ratio in the northern South Yellow Sea showed that the ratio varied greatly in upper waters of the investigated area and was always much greater than the theoretical Redfield ratio of 16:1 found below the thermocline zone. It was in general higher near the coast and lower in the central part. With increasing depth, the ratio became smaller and smaller. This distribution pattern is attributed to: 1) the anthropogenic influence of the surface N and P which makes the N/P ratio differ from the normal value; 2) the easy adsorption of P on particles hinders P transport to the central part; 3) below the thermocline zone, the N and P mainly come from the remineralization of the sedimented phytoplankton residues which have almost the theoretical Redfield value and; 4) the existence of the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water which inhibits the vertical exchange of the water.

Analysis of sand particles’ lift-off and incident velocities in wind-blown sand flux

In the research of windblown sand movement,the lift-off and incident velocities of saltating sand particles play a significant role in bridging the spatial and temporal scales from single sand particle＇s motion to windblown sand flux.In this paper,we achieved wind tunnel measurements of the movement of sand particles near sand bed through improving the wind tunnel experimental scheme of paticle image velocimetry（PIV） and data processing method.And then the influence of observation height on the probability distributions of lift-off and incident velocities of sand particles was analyzed.The results demonstrate that the observation height has no obvious influence on the distribution pattern of the lift-off and incident velocities of sand particles,i.e.,the probability distribution of horizontal and vertical velocities of lift-off and incident sand particles follow a Gaussian distribution and a negative exponential distribution,respectively.However,it influences the center of the Gaussian distribution,the decay constant and the amplitude of the negative exponential distribution.

Effects of Horizontal Density Distribution on Internal Bond Strength of Flakeboard

Horizontal density variation is a structural phenomenon of non-veneer wood composites. The variation and distribution characteristics of horizontal density have impacts on the products properties. In this study, veneer strip simulated flake boards with 4 kinds of density distribution were made using a mat model. The density variation of the modeled mats was discussed, as well as the relationship between sample size and density variation. The effects of density and density distribution of non-veneer composites on the internal bond strength were analyzed. Result shows that the horizontal density of random formed particleboard follows normal distribution. Density has remarkable influence on internal bond strength (IB). Increasing density helps to improve IB at lower density stage, but has negative impacts on IB at higher density stage. Density variation between testing specimens depends on their sizes. Properly increasing specimen size can decrease the variation of the IBs.

Revealing the interface-rectifying functions of a Li-cyanonaphthalene prelithiation system for SiO electrode

Chemical prelithiation is regarded as a crucial method for improving the initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)of Li-storage anodes.Herein,a substituent-engineered Li-cyanonaphthalene chemical prelithiation system is designed to simultaneously enhance the ICE and construct a multifunctional interfacial film for SiO electrodes.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),electron energy-loss spectroscopy(EELS),nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy(AFM)prove that the Licyanonaphthalene prelithiation reagent facilitates the formation of a rectified solid electrolyte interface(SEI)film in two ways:(1)generation of a gradient SEI film with an organic outer layer(dense Ncontaining organics,ROCO_(2)Li)and an inorganic LiF-enriched inner layer;(2)homogenization of the horizontal distribution of the composition,mechanical properties and surface potential.As a result,the prelithiated SiO electrode exhibits an ICE above 100%,enhanced CEs during cycling,better cycle stability and inhibition of lithium dendrite formation in the overcharged state.Notably,the prelithiated hard carbon/SiO(9:1)‖LHCoO_(2) cell displays an enhancement in the energy density of 62.3%.