ChMYB1-ChbHLH42-ChTTG1 module regulates abscisic acidinduced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Cerasus humilis

Cerasus humilis is a kind of economic fruit tree peculiar to China,which is widely used in the food,landscape,and pharmaceutical industries.Anthocyanins are a phenolic metabolite that plays an essential role in fruit coloration.However,the regulatory network of C.humilis in anthocyanin biosynthesis is still unclear.In this study,the R2R3-MYB transcription factor ChMYB1 was isolated from the full genome of the species.Yeast one-hybrid,dual-luciferase assays,and GUS staining showed that ChMYB1 significantly increased anthocyanin contents in C.humilis fruit by promoting the expression of ChCHS and ChUFGT by binding MBS(MYB-binding elements).ChMYB1 interacted with ChbHLH42and ChTTG1 to form the MBW complex and further enhanced the expression of ChUFGT.In addition,abscisic acid(ABA)treatment promoted the expression of ChMYB1 and anthocyanin accumulation in C.humilis fruit.Interestingly,ABA treatment enhanced the interaction between ChMYB1 and ChbHLH42.Furthermore,ChABI5 inhibited the interaction between ChMYB1 and ChbHLH42.Our data elucidated the primary molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in C.humilis fruit,deepening the understanding of the regulatory network affecting anthocyanin metabolism in edible fruit crops.

Selection of Suitable Area and Analysis of Adaptability Difference of Prunus humilis

This paper delves into and assesses the differences in biological traits and fruit nutritional composition of 3 varieties of Prunus humilis introduced from 2 different regions.Results showed that(i)the contents of protein,total sugar,and calcium of No.5 variety were higher those of the other 2 varieties,which was recognized as the most suitable variety for fresh fruit;(ii)the comparison of leaf areas index and fruit shape index of 3 varieties shows that the fruit shape index and individual fruit weight of the introduced varieties were higher than those of the control,the diameter of individual fruit of the introduced varieties higher than that of the control indicated that they had a higher fruit hardness,more dry matter accumulation and better fruit quality,and that the introduction region was more suitable for scale-up of P.humilis;(iii)there was a positive correlation with the number of fruiting branches and there was a significant negative correlation with individual fruit weight,while the leaf area had a significant negative correlation with the number of fruiting branches.The introduced varieties can develop normally in the 2 testing areas,notably,No.5 variety performed better than No.4 and No.6.Improving management is the prerequisite for maintaining proper number of fruiting branches and high yield.

Pectin fractions extracted sequentially from Cerasus humilis:Their compositions,structures,functional properties and antioxidant activities

Three pectin fractions(water-soluble fraction(WSF),chelator-soluble fraction(CSF),and sodium carbonatesoluble fraction(NSF))were obtained from Chinese dwarf cherry(Cerasus humilis)fruits.All of them were branched low methoxylated pectins with an amorphous or partially nanocrystalline nature and eight neutral monosaccharides(arabinose and galactose were most abundant).WSF,CSF and NSF had a degree of methylation(DM)of 35.82%,14.85%and 7.13%,uronic acid(UA)content of 76.02%,83.71%and 69.01%,and total protein content of 2.4%,2.1%and 8.8%,respectively.Their molecular weights were 340.31,330.16 and 141.31 kg/mol,respectively(analyzed by gel permeation chromatography(GPC)).WSF,CSF and NSF exhibited good rheological,thermal,emulsifying,emulsion-stabilizing,water-adsorbing,oil-binding,cholesterol-binding and antioxidant properties.NSF had the highest emulsifying,emulsion stabilizing,water-/oil-/cholesterol-binding and antioxidant capacities,followed by CSF.NSF had the highest viscosity(406.77 m Pa·s),flowability,and resistance to heat-induced changes/damage,which may be related to its lowest polydispersity index,DM and UA content and highest protein content.The three pectin fractions with desirable characteristics can be used as food additives/ingredients and dietary supplements.

Comparison of Photosynthetic Adaptability Between Kobresia humilis and Polygonum viviparum on Qinghai Plateau

The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Kobresia humilis Serg. and Polygonum viviparum L. grown at two different altitudes (3?200 m, 3?980 m) were measured and the ultrastructure of chloroplasts were observed for studying the photosynthetic adaptability of plants to the influences of stress conditions in alpine environment. Rfd _values, the vitality index, in leaves of K. humilis and P.viviparum grown at 3?980 m were higher than those at 3?200 m. The higher ratio of F v/F o and F v/F m in leaves of K. humilis and P.viviparum indicated that the rate of photosynthetic conversion of light energy increased at higher altitude. Ratios of F v/F o and F v/F m and Rfd _values in K.humilis were higher than that in P.viviparum grown at the same altitude. There were more irregular chloroplasts in leaves of both species grown at higher altitude. Many irregular chloroplasts such as swollen thylakoid, deformed chloroplast envelope, were observed in P.viviparum grown at 3?980 m, but few in K. humilis . These results were discussed in relation to the photosynthetic adaptability of alpine plants and the different adaptive competence between K.humilis and P.viviparum .

Study on the Influencing Factors and the Root Mechanism in Cutting Process of Prunus humilis(Bge). Sok

A procedure for cutting Prunus humilis（Bge）. Sok was comprehensively studied in this paper. It was found that the key factors involved in this procession were medium, rooting accelerator, concentration of rooting accelerator and type of shoot. The results showed that send was used as mediums; Treatment with 1 000 mg/L AST rooting powder No. 2 and semi-woody shoots were the optimal materials for cutting, and the rooting rate reached 88.1%. Anatomical study on rooting of Prunus hum#is（Bge）. Sok cutting has been carded out by the paraffin section method. The observation result shows that the adventitious root primordium of Prunus humili$（Bge）. Sok cutting belongs to the type of induced root primordium. The adventitiousroot primordium originates from the cross region of vascular cambium and pith rays.

Transcriptomic comparison to identify rapidly evolving genes in Braya humilis

The Brassicaceae species Braya humilis shows broad adaptation to different climatic zones and latitudes. However, the molecular adaptation mechanism of B. humilis is poorly understood. In China, B. humilis is mainly distributed on the QinghaiTibetan Plateau(QTP) and in the adjacent arid region. Previous transcriptome analysis of B. humilis has revealed that 39 salt and osmotic stress response genes are subjected to purifying selection during its speciation. To further explore the adaptation mechanism of B. humilis to an arid environment, OrthoMCL program was employed in this study and 6,268 pairs of orthologous gene pairs with high confidence were obtained between B. humilis and Arabidopsis thaliana. A comparative evolutionary analysis based on nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution ratio(Ka/Ks) was then conducted. There were 64 pairs exhibiting a Ka/Ks ratio more than 0.5 and among which, three instrumental candidate genes, T20487,T22576, and T23757, were identified with strong selection signatures(Ka/Ks >1). The corresponding A. thaliana orthologs are double-stranded RNA-binding domain protein, MADS-box family protein, and NADH-dehydrogenase subunit6, which is encoded by mitochondria genome. This report not only demonstrates the adaptation contribution of fast evolving nuclear genes, but also highlights the potential adaptive value of mitochondria gene to the speciation and adaptation of B. humilis toward the extreme environment in an arid region.

Characteristics of Kobresia humilis Community Structure at Different Degraded Levels in Northern Qinghai

[ Objective] To reveal structure and function of alpine meadow ecosystem and thus to provide a scientific basis for development, utilization and scientific management of alpine meadow pasture as well as sustainable development of grassland agriculture. [ Method] Charactedstics of Kobresia humilis communities with primary vegetation （community I） and degraded vegetation （community II） were analyzed. [Result] Species richness, biodiversity index and biomass of the community I were respectively 42, 3. 531 and 3 553.1 g/m^2, which were respectively higher than those of the community II （37, 2.270 and 3 391.1 g/m^2）. Correlation analysis shows that community biomass was correlated positively with the dchness index （ P 〈 0.01 ）, and biodiversity index was correlated positively with the aboveground biomass and dchness index （ P 〈 0.01 ）. [ Conclusion] The Kobresia humilis community I has reasonable structure and large coverage of ground vegetation, which play an important role in maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function.

Contribution of Study Bioecology of the Fauna Chamaerops humilis in the Region of Tlemcen （Algeria）

The region of Tlemcen is situated in the north-west of Algeria. The aridity of the climate had lead to the development of the matorral, a state of degradation of the Mediterranean, and the composed xerophytes plants such as doum and diss, had been found. Chamaerops humilis, xerophyte plant, with special morphologic and botanic character presents a resistance of these climatic. The authors have proposed study of fauna closly linked to this plant. A faunistic inventory was realized in the Mansourah area （region of Tlemcen）. Four stations have been described. Collecting sample was performed during June 2003-Mar. 2004, replying on sixteen （16） prelevements. The number of species were estimated of about 136, in which 111 are Arthropoda, the Entomofauna represented by 97 species and the other inventory are Arachnida by 8 species and Myriapoda by 6 species. 18 species are related to Gastropoda. The vertebrates are few. The importance of different groups＇ recolted on the Chamaerops humilis in the four stations is done particular to the insects. Analysis factorial correspondence （A.F.C） show different grouping of animal species.

Study of Behavior Germination and Essays the Removing Tegumentary Inhibition of Seeds of Chamaerops humilis L. var. argentea Andre （Arecaceae）

The regeneration conditions of Chamaerops humilis L. （Arecaceae）, has been threatened by a strong tegumentary inhibition of its seeds. In this study, the authors have analyzed the germination behavior of the species to plan subsequently for protection and sustainable use of this natural resource through synchronization and homogenization of germination. In this context and to optimize Chamaerops humilis seeds germination, to overcome and to remove the obstacle of tegumentary inhibition, the treatments by soaking in distilled water, manual, mechanical and chemical scarification （H2SO4）, have been applied to the seeds of Chamaerops humilis freshly harvested in the Beni Snous area （Tlemcen Mountain, Algeria）. The seeds germination without treatment （control） has been represented by a good germination capacity （72%） and a significantly longer duration of germination （46 days）. Soaking in distilled water does not seem to have a significant effect on the rate and duration of seeds germination compared to dry seeds （P 〉 0.05）. The manual scarification has clearly improved the germination capacity of these species （92%）, and a change wed has been seen in the germination duration （16 days）. However, mechanical scarification of seeds gave only low germination rate （42%）. Seeds treatment with sulfuric acid has been found to affect the rate of germination, but this effect is varied depending on the concentration of the acid. Overall, the germination percentage has changed from 77% to 92%. The optimal value of 92% corresponds to a concentration of 96%.

Contribution of Chamaerops humilis L. (Arecaceae) in Conservation in Situ of Soil Resources in the Tlemcen Region (Western Algeria)

In recent years, the anthropic action on scrubs in the region of Tlemcen (a province in western Algeria) has represented a threat to the groups of Chamaerops humilis L. (Arecaceae). The main purpose of the present investigation is to highlight the relationship between Chamaerops humilis and its biotope. Taking advantage of the refurbishment works in the study area, clumps of Chamaerops humilis, freshly dug by machinery, were collected and used to conduct some measurements. A total of 34 clusters were considered. The main parameters to be studied are: 1. The height of the tangle of roots and the number of roots in each cluster;2. The weight of soil trapped between roots;3. Physico-chemical properties of soil in which taxa grow. The results obtained showed that the average weight of soil retained by the clumps was important (70.3 kg);the average height of the tangle was 68.4 cm and the average number of roots was 382. The tangle of roots, of various stocks of Chamaerops humilis, creates a root network, very tangled in its upper part, thereby trapping a significant amount of soil. The statistical analyses of pairs of parameters, considered in the present work (height of the tangle, mass of soil trapped by roots and number of roots), were found to be highly correlated. These analyses allowed identifying the relationships existing between the studied parameters. They also helped to deduce the role of the taxon in the in situ conservation of edaphic potential.

Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of developing seed in Cerasus humilis for lipid related gene discovery

Cerasus humilis is a woody shrub with increasing economic importance. Due to its high oil content in seed with desired fatty acid(FA) composition, C. humilis has been considered as a potential woody oilseed crop in China. However, FAs accumulation and related molecular mechanisms of FA biosynthesis in C. humilis seed have not been elucidated well. In this study, oil contents and FA compositions of developing C. humilis seed were analyzed. The total oil content in mature seed reached 48.7% while unsaturated FA concentration reached a high level of 96.2%. Three c DNA libraries of C. humilis developing seed were constructed at the beginning and 2 fast oil-accumulation stages, followed by Illumina sequencing with the platform of HiSeq^TM 2000. Differentially expressed unigenes(DEGs) were identified during the respective seed development stages to investigate transcription dynamics. Among DEGs, 82 unigenes were identified as being closely involved in de novo FA and triacylglycerol(TAG) biosynthesis. Surprisingly, among DEGs involved in TAG biosynthesis, expression of unigenes encoding GPATs(glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase) were relatively low and unigenes encoding LPAATs(lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase) were highly expressed, suggesting that LPAAT contributed more in storage lipids metabolism in C. humilis seed. Genes encoding DGAT2(diacylgycerol acyltransferase2) were the most highly expressed while expression of DGAT1 was very low, suggesting DGAT2 was the dominant DGAT which catalyzed TAG biosynthesis. To verify these results,10 unigenes were selected and their expression patterns were analyzed by quantitative RTPCR. These data provided comprehensive information for understanding the molecular mechanism of FA and TAG biosynthesis in C. humilis seed.

The uptake diversity of soil nitrogen nutrients by main plant species in Kobresia humilis alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

We studied the uptake of ammonium, nitrate, and a variety of amino acids by alpine plant species in the Kobresia humil alpine meadow ecosystem in situ. We examined the extent of niche separation in uptake of N source by different plant species in alpine communities, and investigated the contribution of symbiotically fixed N to the total N in alpine meadow. The results are （1） δ15N natural abundance values of 13 plant species lie between -2.680‰ and 5.169‰, and the scope is 7.849‰. （2） Le- guminous plants, such as Trigonella ruthenica, Gueldenstaedtia diversiffolia, and Oxytyopis ochrocephala, and non-legumi- nous plant Gentiana straminea uptake low amounts of 15N labeled ammonium, nitrate, glycine or aspartate in soil. （3） As far as the plant uptake of organic N is concerned, Kobresia humilis, Poa pratensis, and Gentiuna spathutifolta can effectively uptake organic nitrogen, and about 37%-40% of the nitrogen of these species comes from soil organic nitrogen sources （such as glycine and aspartate）. Stipa aliena can effectively uptake nitrate, and 60% of its nitrogen comes from soil nitrate. Potentilla anserina, Poa pratensis, and Thalictrum alpinum can effectively absorb ammonium in comparason to other plant species in the meadow, and about 25%-27% of the nitrogen in these plants comes from soil ammonium. （4） The contribution of leguminous fixed N to total N is 7.48%-9.26% in Kobresia humilis alpine meadow. （5） These data show many plant species of alpine meadow may effectively utilize dissolved organic nitrogen such as amino acids, and these plants have diverse ways to uptake soil nitrogen in alpine meadows. Based on the results we can partly explain why there are abundant biodiversities and how plants at alpine habitat utilize the limited soil N sources.

Pesticidal activity of Rivina humilis L.(Phytolaccaceae)against important agricultural polyphagous field pest,Spodoptera litura(Fab.)(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)

Objective:To evaluate the pesticidal activity of antifeedant,oviposition deterrent,ovicidal and larvicidal activities of benzene,dichloromethane,diethylether,ethylacetate and methanol extracts of Rivina humilis at different concentrations against agricultural polyphagous pest Spodoptera litura(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)(S.litura).Methods:Antifeedant activities of the selected plant extract were studied as described by Isman et al.(1990),with slight modifications.For oviposition deterrent activity,ten pairs of(adult moths)S.litura were subjected in five replicates.After 48 h,the numbers of eggs masses laid on treated and control leaves were recorded and the percentage of oviposition deterrence was calculated.The ovicidal activity was determined against the eggs of S.litura.Twenty five early fourth instar larvae of S.litura were exposed to various concentrations and was assayed by using the protocol of Abbott’s formula(1925);the 24 h LC_(50)values of the Rivina humilis leaf extract was determined by probit analysis.Results:All the extracts showed moderate antifeedant activitiy;however,significant antifeedant,ovicidal,oviposition deterrent and larvicidal activities were observed in methanol extract.Conclusions:This study showed that the selected plant can be a potent source of natural antifeedant,oviposition deterrent,ovicidal and larvicidal activities against field pest S.litura.

欧李种仁中苦杏仁苷的提取及其抗氧化活性

采用HPLC法测定欧李(Prunus humilis Bunge)种仁浓缩液中苦杏仁苷的含量,利用DPPH法测定苦杏仁苷的抗氧化性。结果表明,提取液中苦杏仁苷的浓度为7.94 mg/mL;苦杏仁苷清除DPPH的能力随着其浓度的降低而下降,当苦杏仁苷溶液浓度为7.50 mg/mL时清除率最高,为90.9%。欧李种仁浓缩液经氯仿、乙酸乙酯和加热处理均能提高水相中苦杏仁苷的纯度。

不同海拔高度矮嵩草的光合响应差异

高海拔地区具有强光辐射、低CO2分压和低温等环境特征。长期生长在高海拔地区的植物各自形成了其独特的适应特性。为了揭示矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)对不同海拔的光合生理适应机制,使用Li-6400便携式光合作用测量系统观测了大阪山阴坡生长于3个不同海拔高度(3000 m、3400 m、3800 m)矮嵩草光响应和CO2响应曲线。结果显示,在测量温度下,矮嵩草的最大净光合速率和光合能力随海拔梯度升高而逐渐提高;高海拔地区生长的矮嵩草具有较高的羧化效率,而低海拔地区生长的矮嵩草具有较高的表观量子效率。高海拔地区生长的矮嵩草具较高的光饱和点,较低的CO2补偿点和饱和点,而不同海拔间的光呼吸速率无显著差异。研究结果表明,矮嵩草表现出对高海拔地区环境积极的适应方式。

鹿角珊瑚人工养殖的初步研究

为了探讨珊瑚人工养殖的基本条件和方法,分别在陆基水泥池中和海底珊瑚苗床上对3种鹿角珊瑚:粗野鹿角珊瑚(Acropora humilis)、霜鹿角珊瑚(Acropora pruinosa)和松枝鹿角珊瑚(Acropora brueggemanni)的人工养殖进行了实验。结果表明,这3种珊瑚可以在深圳市鹅公湾近岸海域的海底珊瑚苗床上常年生长;在水泥池中当水温低于14℃或高于28℃时珊瑚陆续死亡;这3种珊瑚的生长速度在适温范围内随着水温的升高而加快,最大月生长值是6.05 mm;光照对这3种珊瑚的生长有影响,直接的阳光照射会引起水泥池中珊瑚的死亡。

欧李浑浊果汁加工工艺的研究

以欧李为原料,采用单因素试验确定欧李果浆加水量、适合稳定剂,采用正交试验筛选酶解最佳条件和最佳配方。随着加水量的增加,欧李果浆粘稠度降低,欧李原有香味变淡;适当酶解条件下欧李原果汁的出汁率显著提高;糖浓度为10%、原果汁浓度65%、柠檬酸浓度0.12%～0.16%的果汁口味、颜色较佳;黄原胶单独使用时的浑浊果汁稳定性良好;制得成品营养丰富。制备欧李果浆的加水量(质量比):欧李∶水=1∶2;最佳酶解条件:果胶酶浓度0.05%,酶解温度30℃,酶解时间1.5 h;最佳配方(质量分数):原汁浓度65%,糖浓度10%,柠檬酸浓度0.12%;稳定剂选择黄原胶,浓度0.1%。本研究为欧李浑浊果汁加工与存放中的稳定性提供技术保障,拓宽了欧李果实的加工利用途径。

欧李嫁接技术

欧李（Gerasus humilis（Bge.）Sok）是蔷薇科樱属的一种落叶小灌木,因其果实含钙量居水果之首也称＂钙果＂,是我国北方特有的第3代水果典型树种。欧李树体矮小,株高1.2-1.5 m,丛生。根系发达,根冠比为9∶1。4月开白花或粉红花,形似樱花,极具观赏性,果似樱桃,味似李子,酸甜爽口,风味独特。单果质量5-15 g,果肉厚。果实有红、黄、紫等多种颜色。根系由主根、侧根组成,垂直分布达1-2 m,侧根伸向四周1-1.5 m,为深根性植物。

浙江发现解氏狭臀蚤

最近,在鉴定从浙江省义乌市采到的蚤类标本中发现狭臀蚤属(Genus Stenischia Jordan,1932)解氏狭臀蚤(S.Xiei Li.1987)一雌蚤,为本省首次纪录。现予报道。鉴别特征本蚤与奇异狭臀蚤(S.mirabilis Jordan,1932)、金氏狭臀蚤(S.chini Xie et Lin,1989)和低地狭臀蚤(S.humilis Xie

从嵩草属植物看生物多样性

保护生物多样性日益引起人们的重视,也是当前国际上重大的环境问题之一。由于生物多样性是人类赖以生存的条件和经济发展的物质基础,故1992年6月在巴西召开了联合国环境与发展大会,大多数国家元首或政府首脑在《生物多样性公约》上签字。提高环境保护意识已刻不容缓。1994年6月12日我国又召开专门会议,并正式开始实施《中国生物多样性保护行动计划》。