Was the Panzhihua Large Fe-Ti Oxide Deposit,SW China,Formed by Silicate Immiscibility?

The Panzhihua mafic intrusion,which hosts a world-class Fe-Ti-V ore deposit,is in the western Emeishan region,SW China.The formation age(~260 Ma),and Sr and Nd isotopes indicate that the Panzhihua intrusion is part of the Emeishan large igneous province and has little crustal contamination.To assess ore genesis of the Panzhihua Fe-Ti-V ore deposit,two different models have been provided to explain the formation,namely silicate immiscibility and normal fractional crystallization.Silicate immiscibility occurring around 1,000℃at the late stage of basaltic magma evolution argues against the silicate immiscibility model.Apatite-hosted melt inclusion research indicates that silicate immiscibility occurred at the late stage of Panzhihua magma evolution,which may not have offered potential to form such large ore deposits as Panzhihua.Alternatively,continuous compositional variations of the Panzhihua intrusion and calculations using thermodynamic modelling software support the hypothesis that the Panzhihua deposit was formed by normal fractional crystallization.Reciprocal trace element patterns of the Panzhihua intrusion and nearby felsic rocks also coincide with the fractional crystallization model.Normal fractional crystallization of high-Ti basaltic magma played a key role in the formation of the Panzhihua Fe-Ti-V ore deposit.

The role of carbonate-fluoride melt immiscibility in shallow REE deposit evolution

The Lugiin Gol nepheline syenite intrusion, Mongolia, hosts a range of carbonatite dikes mineralized in rare-earth elements(REE). Both carbonatites and nepheline syenite-fluorite-calcite veinlets are host to a previously unreported macroscale texture involving pseudo-graphic intergrowths of fluorite and calcite. The inclusions within calcite occur as either pure fluorite, with associated REE minerals within the surrounding calcite, or as mixed calcite-fluorite inclusions, with associated zirconosilicate minerals. Consideration of the nature of the texture, and the proportions of fluorite and calcite present(～29 and 71 mol%,respectively), indicates that these textures most likely formed either through the immiscible separation of carbonate and fluoride melts, or from cotectic crystallization of a carbonatefluoride melt. Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses show the pure fluorite inclusions to be depleted in REE relative to the calcite. A model is proposed, in which a carbonate-fluoride melt phase enriched in Zr and the REE, separated from a phonolitic melt, and then either unmixed or underwent cotectic crystallization to generate an REE-rich carbonate melt and an REE-poor fluoride phase. The separation of the fluoride phase(either solid or melt) may have contributed to the enrichment of the carbonate melt in REE, and ultimately its saturation with REE minerals. Previous data have suggested that carbonate melts separated from silicate melts are relatively depleted in the REE, and thus melt immiscibility cannot result in the formation of REE-enriched carbonatites. The observations presented here provide a mechanism by which this could occur, as under either model the textures imply initial separation of a mixed carbonate-fluoride melt from a silicate magma. The separation of an REEenriched carbonate-fluoride melt from phonolitic magma is a hitherto unrecognized mechanism for REE-enrichment in carbonatites, and may play an important role in the formation of shallow magmatic REE deposits.

Melt-Fluid and Fluid-Fluid Immiscibility in a Na_(2)SO_(4)-SiO_(2)-H_(2)O System and Implications for the Formation of Rare Earth Deposits

Liquid-liquid immiscibility has crucial influences on geological processes,such as magma degassing and formation of ore deposits.Sulfate,as an important component,associates with many kinds of deposits.Two types of immiscibility,including(i)fluid-melt immiscibility between an aqueous solution and a sulfate melt,and(ii)fluid-fluid immiscibility between two aqueous fluids with different sulfate concentrations,have been identified for sulfate-water systems.In this study,we investigated the immiscibility behaviors of a sulfate-and quartz-saturated Na_(2)SO_(4)-SiO_(2)-H_(2)O system at elevated temperature,to explore the phase relationships involving both types of immiscibility.The fluid-melt immiscibility appeared first when the Na_(2)SO_(4)-SiO_(2)-H_(2)O sample was heated to~270℃,and then fluid-fluid immiscibility emerged while the sample was further heated to~450℃.At this stage,the coexistence of one water-saturated sulfate melt and two aqueous fluids with distinct sulfate concentrations was observed.The three immiscible phases remain stable over a wide pressure-temperature range,and the appearance temperature of the fluid-fluid immiscibility increases with the increased pressure.Considering that sulfate components occur extensively in carbonatite-related deposits,the fluid-fluid immiscibility can result in significant sulfate fractionation and provides implications for understanding the formation of carbonatite-related rare earth deposits.

Liquid Immiscibility of Boninite in Xiangcheng, Southwestern China, and Its implication to Genetic Relationship between Boninite and Komatiitic Basalt

Boninitic rocks and associated high-magnesian basalt and high-iron tholeiite in the Xiangcheng area constitute the basal horizon of the arc volcanic sequence in the Triassic Yidun Island-Arc, southwestern China. The boninite occurs as pillow, massive and ocellar lavas; the last one possesses well-developed globular structure and alternates with the former two. The boninite is characterized by the absence of phenocrysts of olivine and low-Ca pyroxenes and by low CaO/Al2O3 ratios (<0.67) and high Cr (>1000 ppm) and Ni (>250 ppm). The normalized abundance patterns (NAP) of trace elements to primitive mantle are similar to the NAP of low-Ca modern boninites and SHMB in the Archaean and Proterozoic.

Origin of the Yueguang gold deposit in Xinhua, Hunan Province, South China: insights from fl uid inclusion and hydrogen–oxygen stable isotope analysis

The Yueguang gold deposit is located in Fengjia,Xinhua County,Hunan Province,South China.It represents a recently discovered small-scale gold deposit situated in the southwestern region of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt,west of the Baimashan granitic batholith.In order to discern the characteristics of the ore-formingfluids,the underlying mineralization processes,and establish a foundation for the origin of the Yueguang gold depositfluid inclusion micro-thermometry,as well as quartz hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis,have been carried out on samples obtained from various stages of mineralization.The hydrothermal miner-alization stages within the Yueguang gold deposit can be categorized into three stages:(i)the barren,pre-ore quartz-pyrite stage(Stage Ⅰ),the quartz-pyrite-gold stage(Stage Ⅱ),and the post-ore quartz-carbonate stage(Stage Ⅲ),with the second stage being the main mineralization stage.Thefluid inclusions identified in samples from the main min-eralization stage can predominantly be described with the NaCl–H_(2)O and CO_(2)–NaCl–H_(2)O systems.These inclusions display homogenization temperatures ranging from 158.8 to 334.9℃,and thefluid salinity ranges from 0.3%to 4.0%(wt.%NaCl equiv.).Laser Raman spectroscopy analysis of individual inclusions further reveals the presence of gas-phases such as CO_(2),CH_(4),and N_(2).Isotopic analysis indicatesδ^(18)Ofluid values ranging from 3.95 to 6.7‰ and δDH_(2)O values ranging from-71.9 to-55.7‰.These results indi-cate that the ore-formingfluid of the Yueguang gold deposit belongs to metamorphic hydrothermalfluids of middle-low temperature and low salinity.In the process of ore formation,gold is transported in the form of Au(HS)2-complexes,with gold deposition being driven byfluid immiscibility.Therefore,the Yueguang gold deposit is categorized as an orogenic gold deposit dominated by metamorphic hydrother-malfluid.It may become a new target for gold exploration in the Baimashan region,central Hunan Province.

Magmatic-hydrothermal Evolution and Mineralization Mechanisms of the Wangjiazhuang Cu(-Mo)Deposit in the Zouping Volcanic Basin,Shandong Province,China:Constraints from Fluid Inclusions

The Wangjiazhuang Cu(-Mo)deposit,located within the Zouping volcanic basin in western Shandong Province,China,is unique in this area for having an economic value.In order to expound the metallogenetic characteristics of this porphyry-like hydrothermal deposit,a detailed fluid inclusion study has been conducted,employing the techniques of representative sampling,fluid inclusion petrography,microthermometry,Raman spectroscopy,LA-ICP-MS analysis of single fluid inclusions,as well as cathode fluorescence spectrometer analysis of host mineral quartz.The deposit contains mainly two types of orebodies,i.e.veinlet-dissemination-stockwork orebodies in the K-Si alteration zone and pegmatiticquartz sulfide veins above them.In addition,minor breccia ore occurs locally.Four types of fluid inclusions in the deposit and altered quartz monzonite are identified:L-type one-or two-phase aqueous inclusions,V-type vapor-rich inclusions with V/L ratios greater than 50%-90%,D-type multiphase fluid inclusions containing daughter minerals or solids and S-type silicate-bearing fluid inclusions containing mainly muscovite and biotite.Ore petrography and fluid inclusion study has revealed a three-stage mineralization process,driven by magmatic-hydrothermal fluid activity,as follows.Initially,a hydrothermal fluid,separated from the parent magma,infiltrated into the quartz monzonite,resulting in its extensive K-Si alteration,as indicated by silicate-bearing fluid inclusions trapped in altered quartz monzonite.This is followed by the early mineralization,the formation of quartz veinlets and dissemination-stockwork ores.During the main mineralization stage,due to the participation and mixing of meteoric groundwater with magmatic-sourced hydrothermal fluid,the cooling and phase separation caused deposition of metals from the hydrothermal fluids.As a result,the pegmatitic-quartz sulfide-vein ores formed.In the late mineralization stage,decreasing fluid salinity led to the formation of L-type aqueous inclusions and chalcopyrite-sulfosalt ore.Coexistence of V-type and D-type inclusions and their similar homogenization temperatures with different homogenization modes suggest that phase separation or boiling of the ore-forming fluids took place during the early and the main mineralization stages.The formation P-T conditions of S-type inclusions and the early and the main mineralization stages were estimated as ca.156-182 MPa and 450-650℃,350-450℃,18-35 MPa and 280-380℃,8-15 MPa,respectively,based on the microthermometric data of the fluid inclusions formed at the individual stages.

A new model for chromitite formation in ophiolites: Fluid immiscibility

Although the involvement of hydrous fluids has been widely invoked in formation of podiform chromitites in ophiolites, there is lack of natural evidence to signify the role and mechanism of fluids. In this study, a new model for the genesis of podiform chromitite is proposed on basis of revisits of comprehensive petrological, mineralogical and geochemical results of the well-preserved K?z?lda? ophiolite and the well-characterized Luobusa chromite deposit. In this model, ascending magmas intruding oceanic lithospheric mantle would presumably form a series of small magma chambers continuously connected by conduits. Tiny chromite nuclei would collect fluids dispersed in such magmas to form nascent droplets. They tend to float upward in the magma chamber and would be easily transported upward by flowing magmas. Chromite-rich droplets would be enlarged via coalescence of dispersed droplets during mingling and circulation in the magma chamber and/or transport in magma conduits. Crystallization of the chromite-rich liquid droplets would proceed from the margin of the droplet inward, leaving liquid entrapped within grains as precursor of mineral inclusions. With preferential upward transportation, immiscible chromite-rich liquids would coalesce to a large pool in a magma chamber. Large volumes of chromite would crystallize in situ, forming podiform chromitite and resulting in fluid enrichment in the chamber. The fluids would penetrate and compositionally modify ambient dunite and harzburgite, leading to significant fractionations of elemental and isotopic compositions between melts and fluids from which dunite and chromitite respectively formed. Therefore, fluid immiscibility during basaltic magma ascent plays a vital role in chromitite formation.

Averaged Dynamics of Fluids near the Oscillating Interface in a Hele-Shaw Cell

The steady flow in a Hele-Shaw cell filled with fluids with a high viscosity contrast in the presence of fluid oscillations is experimentally studied.The control of oscillatory dynamics of multiphase systems with interfaces is a challenging technological problem.We consider miscible(water and glycerol)and immiscible(water and high-viscosity silicone oil PMS-1000)fluids under subsonic oscillations perpendicular to the interface.Observations show that the interface shape depends on the amplitude and frequency of oscillations.The interface is undisturbed only in the absence of oscillations.Under small amplitudes,the interface between water and glycerol widens due to mixing.When the critical amplitude is reached,the interface becomes unstable to the fingering instability:Aqueous fingers penetrate the high-viscosity glycerol and induce intensive mixing of miscible fluids and associated decay of the instability.After the disappearance of the fingers,the interface takes a U-shape in the central part of the cell.A similar effect is observed for immiscible fluids:The oscillating interface tends to bend to the side of a high-viscosity fluid.Again,when the critical amplitude is reached,the fingering instability arises at the convex interface.This paper focuses on the causes of bending of the initially undisturbed interface between miscible or immiscible fluids.For this purpose,we measure the steady flow velocity near the interface and in the bulk of a high-viscosity fluid using Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV).

Dynamics of Low-Viscosity Liquids Interface in an Unevenly Rotating Vertical Layer

The behavior of two immiscible low-viscosity liquids differing in density and viscosity in a vertical flat layer undergoing modulated rotation is experimentally studied.The layer has a circular axisymmetric boundary.In the absence of modulation of the rotation speed,the interphase boundary has the shape of a short axisymmetric cylinder.A new effect has been discovered,under the influence of rotation speed modulation,the interface takes on a new dynamic equilibrium state.A more viscous liquid covers the end boundaries of the layer in the form of thin films,which have the shape of round spots of almost constant radius;with increasing amplitude of the velocity modulation,the wetting boundary expands.It is found that upon reaching the critical amplitude of oscillations,the film of a viscous liquid loses stability,and the outer edge of the wetting spot collapses and takes on a feathery structure.It is shown that this threshold is caused by the development of the Kelvin-Helmholtz oscillatory instability of the film.The spreading radius of a spot of light viscous liquid and its stability are studied depending on the rotation rate,amplitude,and frequency of rotation speed modulation.The discovered averaged effects are determined by different oscillatory interaction of fluids with the end-walls of the cell,due to different viscosities.The effect of films forming can find application in technological processes to intensify mass transfer at interphase boundaries.

Experimental study of ore gabbro liquid immiscibility

In this paper, the authors present the results of a preliminary experimental study on partial melting of fine-grained gabbro, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China. Experiments were conducted under (confining) pressure ranging from 450 to 500 MPa and temperature of 900— 1200℃. The results show that the initial melt is distributed along grain boundaries and triple junctions. Liquid immiscibility phenomena are noted in the melt with two compositional different melt phases, i.e. matrix and sphere phases. The matrix phase is relatively rich in Si, Al and K, and is depleted in Mg, Fe, Ca, Na and Ti, whereas the sphere phase shows opposite trends. The calculation of the melt free energy indicates that the liquid immiscibility is governed by the rule of thermodynamics, as the liquid immiscibility would result in the decrease in free energy of the melt system. The field relationships suggest that the liquid immiscibility may have played an important role in the generation of ore magma of Panzhihua V-Ti magnetite ore deposit. This study thus provides experimental constraints on the mechanism of the formation of V-Ti magnetite deposite.

Modelling of Sulfide Immiscibility in Silicate Magmas

In dry silicate magmas equilibrated at or below FMQ buffer,sulfur is present mainly as S^(2-).The solution of sulfur can be represented by the reaction: FeO+(1/2)S_2=FeS+(1/2)O_2,assuming that activity of FeS in the coexisting sulfide liquid is close to unity,and that the activity of FeO in the silicate liquid fits the modified quasi-lattice melt model,a thermodynamical model for predicting solubility of sul- fur in dry silicate magmas has been established in this paper by fitting 147 experimentally determined sul- fur solubility data from literature.The following result is obtained:ΔH°=(158.718±3.970)J/mol, ΔS°=(33.361±2.682)J/K·mol,and ΔV°=(0.524±0.046)·10^(-5)J/Pa·mol.The model canbe used to predict solubility of sulfur,and to simulate sulfide liquid immiscibility in natural magmatic processes.

ESTIMATION OF SULFUR SOLUBILITY AND PREDICTION OF SULFIDE LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY IN SILICATE MELTS

A set of 201 experimental data on solubility of sulfur in silicate melts was collectedfrom literature to formulate the changes of sulfur solubility as a function of bulk compo-sition of the melts and pressure, temperature, and the fugacity of oxygen and sulfur. Aregular solution model and a polynomial function have been put forward, from which sol-ubility of sulfur in natural silicate magmas can be estimated. Synthetic application of twomethods makes it possible to evaluate activity of FeS in a silicate melt, which will be po-tentially valuable for predicting immiscibility of sulfide liquid in magmatic processes.

Atomic scale structural analysis of liquid immiscibility in binary silicate melt:A case of SiO2–TiO2 system

Thermodynamic/dynamic modeling of liquid immiscibility in silicates is seriously hindered due to lack of in situ investigation on the structural evolution of the melt.In this work,atomic-scale structural evolution of a classic binary silicate immiscible system,SiO2–TiO2,is tracked by in situ high energy X-ray diffraction(HE-XRD).It is found that both the configuration of[SiO]and the polymerization between them are closely coupled with embedment and extraction of the metallic cations(Ti^4+).[SiO]monomer goes through deficit-oxygen and excess-polymerization before liquid–liquid separation and enables self-healing after liquid–liquid separation,which challenges the traditional cognition that[SiO4]monomer is immutable.Ti4+cations with tetrahedral oxygen-coordination first participate in the network construction before liquid separation.The four-fold Ti–O bond is broken during liquid separation,which may facilitate the movement of Ti4+across the Si–O network to form TiO2-rich nodules.The structural features of nodules were also investigated and they were found highly analogous to that of molten TiO2,which implies a parallel crystallization behavior in the two circumstances.Our results shed light on the structural evolution scenario in liquid immiscibility at atomic scale,which will contribute to constructing a complete thermodynamic/dynamic framework describing the silicate liquid immiscibility systems beyond current models.

The Ore-forming Mechanism of the Jiajika Pegmatite-Type Rare Metal Deposit in Western Sichuan Province:Evidence from Isotope Dating

Granitic pegmatites are commonly thought to form by fractional crystallization or by liquid immiscibility of granitic magma; however, these proposals are based mainly on analyses of fluid and melt inclusions. Here, we use the Jiajika pegmatite deposit, the largest spodumene deposit in Asia, as a case study to investigate ore forming processes using isotope dating. Dating of a single granite sample from the Jiajika deposit using multiple methods gave a zircon U-Pb SHRIMP age of 208.4 ~ 3.9 Ma, an 4~Ar/39Ar age for muscovite of 182.9 ~ 1.7 Ma, and an 4~Ar/39Ar age for biotite of 169.9 ＋ 1.6 Ma. Based on these dating results and the 4~Ar/39Ar age of muscovite from the Jiajika pegmatite, a temperature-time cooling track for the Jiajika granite was constructed using closure temperatures of the different isotope systems. This track indicates that the granite cooled over ^-40 m. y., with segregation of the pegmatite fluid from the granitic magma at a temperature of ~700~C. This result suggests that the Jiajika pegmatite formed not by fractional crystallization, but by segregation of an immiscible liquid from the granitic magma. When compared with fractional crystallization, the relatively early timing of segregation of an immiscible liquid from a granitic magma can prevent the precipitation of ore-forming elements during crystallization, and suggests that liquid immiscibility could be an important ore-forming process for rare metal pegmatities. We also conclude that isotope dating is a method that can potentially be used to determine the dominant ore-forming processes that occurred during the formation of granite-related ore deposits, and suggest that this method can be employed to determine the formation history of the W-Sn ore deposits found elsewhere within the Nanling Metallogenic Belt.

Wavefield simulation in porous media saturated with two immiscible fluids

Wavefields in porous media saturated by two immiscible fluids are simulated in this paper.Based on the sealed system theory,the medium model considers both the relative motion between the fluids and the solid skeleton and the relaxation mechanisms of porosity and saturation（capillary pressure）.So it accurately simulates the numerical attenuation property of the wavefields and is much closer to actual earth media in exploration than the equivalent liquid model and the unsaturated porous medium model on the basis of open system theory.The velocity and attenuation for different wave modes in this medium have been discussed in previous literature but studies of the complete wave-field have not been reported.In our work,wave equations with the relaxation mechanisms of capillary pressure and the porosity are derived.Furthermore,the wavefield and its characteristics are studied using the numerical finite element method.The results show that the slow P3-wave in the non-wetting phase can be observed clearly in the seismic band.The relaxation of capillary pressure and the porosity greatly affect the displacement of the non-wetting phase.More specifically,the displacement decreases with increasing relaxation coefficient.

Magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits in magma plumbing systems:Features,formation and exploration

The three most crucial factors for the formation of large and super-large magmatic sulfide deposits are： （1） a large volume of mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic magmas that participated in the formation of the deposits; （2） fractional crystallization and crustal contamination, particularly the input of sulfur from crustal rocks, resulting in sulfide immiscibility and segregation; and （3） the timing of sulfide concentration in the intrusion. The super-large magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits around the world have been found in small mafic-ultramafic intrusions, except for the Sudbury deposit. Studies in the past decade indicated that the intrusions hosting large and super-large magmatic sulfide deposits occur in magma conduits, such as those in China, including Jinchuan （Gansu）, Yangliuping （Sichuan）, Kalatongke （Xinjiang）, and Hongqiling （Jilin）. Magma conduits as open magma systems provide a perfect environment for extensive concentration of immiscible sulfide melts, which have been found to occur along deep regional faults. The origin of many mantle-derived magmas is closely associated with mantle plumes, intracontinental rifts, or post-collisional extension. Although it has been confirmed that sulfide immiscibility results from crustal contamination, grades of sulfide ores are also related to the nature of the parental magmas, the ratio between silicate magma and immiscible sulfide melt, the reaction between the sulfide melts and newly injected silicate magmas, and fractionation of the sulfide melt. The field relationships of the ore-bearing intrusion and the sulfide ore body are controlled by the geological features of the wall rocks. In this paper, we attempt to demonstrate the general characteristics, formation mechanism,tectonic settings, and indicators of magmatic sulfide deposits occurring in magmatic conduits which would provide guidelines for further exploration.

Geochemistry of Apatite from the Apatite-rich Iron Deposits in the Ningwu Region,East Central China

Four types of apatite have been identified in the Ningwu region. The first type of apatite is widely distributed in the middle dark colored zones （i.e. iron ores） of individual deposits. The assemblage includes magnetite, apatite and actinolite （or diopside）. The second type occurs within magnetite-apatite veins in the iron ores. The third type is seen in magnetite-apatite veins and （or） nodules in host rocks （i.e. gabbro-diorite porphyry or gabbro-diorite or pyroxene diorite）.The fourth type occurs within apatite-pyrite-quartz veins f＇dfing fractures in the Xiangshan Group. Rare earth elements （REE） geochemistry of apatite of the four occurrences in porphyry iron deposits is presented. The REE distribution patterns of apatite are generally similar to those of apatites in the Kiruna-type iron ores, nelsonites. They are enriched in fight REE, with pronounced negative Eu anomalies. The similarity of REE distribution patterns in apatites from various deposits in different locations in the world indicates a common process of formation for various ore types, e.g. immiscibility. Early magmatic apatites contain 3031.48-12080 ×10^-6 REE. Later hydrothermal apatite contains 1958 ×10^-6 REE, indicating that the later hydrothermal ore-forming solution contains lower REE. Although gabbro-diorite porphyry and apatite show similar REE patterns, gabbro-diorite porphyries have no europium anomalies or feeble positive or feeble negative europium anomalies, caused both by reduction environment of mantle source region and by fractionation and crystallization （immiscibility） under a high oxygen fugacity condition. Negative Eu anomalies of apatites were formed possibly due to acquisition of Eu^2＋ by earlier diopsite during ore magma cooling. The apatites in the Aoshan and Taishan iron deposits yield a narrow variation range of ^87Sr/^86Sr values from 0.7071 to 0.7073, similar to those of the volcanic and subvolcaulc rocks, indicating that apatites were formed by liquid immiscibility and differentiation of intermediate and basic magmas.

Microstructure Evolution of Cu-Pb Monotectic Alloys Processed in Drop Tube

Rapid solidification of Cu-Pb monotectic alloys has been accomplished during free fall in a 3 m drop tube. Both macrosegregated and uniformly dispersed structures are observed in Cu-40 wt pct Pb alloy droplets, whereas droplets of composition Cu-64 wt pct Pb exhibit only macrosegregation morphologies. The microstructures are strongly dependent on droplet size. The higher undercooling tends to facilitate liquid phase separation and results in more extensive macrosegregation in smaller droplets. There exists a pronounced tendency for the Pb-rich liquid to occupy the surface of the droplets of both compositions, resulting from the quite lower surface tension of the Pb-rich phase and causing a Pb-rich layer at the surface of the solidified droplet. The nucleation of monotectic cells in the Cu-40 wt pct Pb droplets with dispersed structures preferentially occurs at the droplet surface. A single nucleation event takes place more frequently as droplet size is reduced.

Metastable phase separation and rapid solidification of undercooled Co_(40)Fe_(40)Cu_(20) alloy

The metastable liquid phase separation and rapid solidification behaviors of Co_（40） Fe_（40） Cu_（20） alloy were investigated by using differential thermal analysis（DTA） in combination with glass fluxing and electromagnetic levitation（EML） techniques. The critical liquid phase separation undercooling for this alloy was determined by DTA to be 174 K. Macrosegregation morphologies are formed in the bulk samples processed by both DTA and EML. It is revealed that undercooling level, cooling rate, convection, and surface tension difference between the two separated phases play a dominant role in the coalescence and segregation of the separated phases. The growth velocity of the（Fe,Co） dendrite has been measured as a function of undercooling up to 275 K. The temperature rise resulting from recalescence increases linearly with the increase of undercooling because of the enhancement of recalescence. The slope change of the recalescence temperature rise versus undercooling at the critical undercooling also implies the occurrence of liquid demixing.

On Magma-Genetic Characteristics of Skarn and Its Formation Mechanism

For skarn type deposits , there are two lands of skarns , skarn formed by filtrating-diffusing metasomatism and vein skarn formed by filling . The vein skarn , discussed this paper and considered to be magmatic genesis , is characterized by: (1) occurring as vein with distinct boundaries with country rocks , yet just the same even in marble easy to be replaced ; (2) composed of a mineral assemblage similar to that of granite ,containing pegmatite as wen as coarse skarn mineral pockets ,and sometimes transited with dike rocks ; (3) dear crystalline feature of deposition ; (4) sideronitic texture ; (5) stowing vesicular, bean-like and flow structures ; (6) very common liquid immiscibility; (7) vertical zoning of gravitational differentiation caused by volatile concentration upwards; (8) associated and transited with non-copper ore bodies of magmatic genesis and tungsten-bearing quartz veins of silicate magmatic genesis rich in volatile ; (9) melt inclusions . Two origins of skam magma . originated by assimilation of silicate magma at its emplacemeot or below it and generated owe to assimilation of deep magma ,corrosion of carbonate strata and liquation , are presented .