Adherence to Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices in diabetes mellitus patients in Saudi Arabia:A multicenter retrospective study

BACKGROUND Patients with diabetes mellitus(DM)are predisposed to an increased risk of infection signifying the importance of vaccination to protect against its potentially severe complications.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices(CDC/ACIP)issued immunization recommendations to protect this patient population.AIM To assess the adherence of patients with DM to the CDC/ACIP immunization recommendations in Saudi Arabia and to identify the factors associated with the vaccine adherence rate.METHODS An observational retrospective study conducted in 2023 was used to collect data on the vaccination records from 13 diabetes care centers in Saudi Arabia with 1000 eligible patients in phase I with data collected through chart review and 709 patients in phase II through online survey.RESULTS Among participants,10.01%(n=71)had never received any vaccine,while 85.89%(n=609)received at least one dose of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccine,and 34.83%(n=247)had received the annual influenza vaccine.Only 2.96%(n=21),2.11%(n=15),and 1.12%(n=8)received herpes zoster,tetanus,diphtheria,and pertussis(Tdap),and human papillomavirus(HPV)vaccines,respectively.For patients with DM in Saudi Arabia,the rate of vaccination for annual influenza and COVID-19 vaccines was higher compared to other vaccinations such as herpes zoster,Tdap,pneumococcal,and HPV.Factors such as vaccine recommendations provided by family physicians or specialists,site of care,income level,DM-related hospitalization history,residency site,hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)level,and health sector type can significantly influence the vaccination rate in patients with DM.Among non-vaccinated patients with DM,the most reported barriers were lack of knowledge and fear of side effects.This signifies the need for large-scale research in this area to identify additional factors that might facilitate adherence to CDC/ACIP vaccine recommendations in patients with DM.CONCLUSION In Saudi Arabia,patients with DM showed higher vaccination rates for annual influenza and COVID-19 vaccines compared to other vaccinations such as herpes zoster,Tdap,pneumococcal,and HPV.Factors such as vaccine recommendations provided by family physicians or specialists,the site of care,income level,DM-related hospitalization history,residency site,HbA1c level,and health sector type can significantly influence the vaccination rate in patients with DM.

Key Factors to Consider When Introducing a New Vaccine in Low-Income Settings: Lessons from Malawi Expanded Program on Immunization

Introduction: As new vaccines become available, countries must assess the relevance to introduce them into their vaccination schedules. Malawi has recently introduced several new vaccines and plans to introduce more. This study was conducted to identify key factors that need to be considered when deciding to introduce a new vaccine and current challenges faced by low and middle income countries using Malawi as an example. Methodology: The study employed a desk review approach, examining published literature from various sources such as PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. Policy documents from organizations like the World Health Organization, GAVI the Alliance, and the Ministry of Health for Malawi were also included. A total of 99 articles and documents on new vaccine introduction, challenges of immunization, policy documents in immunization and health systems strengthening were included. The review focused on addressing five key areas critical to new vaccine introduction namely: the need for a vaccine, availability of the vaccine, safety and effectiveness of the vaccine, demand for the vaccine, and the prudent use of public or private funds. Results: Malawi considered the burden of cervical cancer and the significance of malaria in the country when introducing the HPV and malaria vaccines. The country opted for vaccines that can be handled by the cold chain capacity and available human resources. Despite that malaria vaccine and Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine trials were done in country, there are limited vaccine safety and efficacy trials conducted in Malawi, leading to a reliance on WHO-prequalified vaccines. Demand for newly introduced vaccines varied, with high demand for Oral Cholera Vaccine during a cholera outbreak, while demand for COVID-19 vaccines decreased over time. Although cost-effectiveness studies were limited in the country, 2 studies indicated that Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine and malaria vaccine would be cost effective. All these have been implemented despite having challenges like lack of accurate surveillance data, inadequate cold chain capacity, limited safety and efficacy vaccine clinical trials, political influence, and limited funding. Conclusion: Despite several challenges Malawi set a good example of the careful considerations required before introducing a new vaccine. The process involves data review, priority setting, precise planning, and consultation with stakeholders. Low-income countries should invest in vaccine safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness trials.

Cluster sampling methodology to evaluate immunization coverage

BACKGROUND Immunization is a key component of primary health care and an indisputable human right.Vaccines are critical to the prevention and control of infectious disease outbreaks.The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic and associated disruptions over the past two years have strained the health systems,with many children missing out on essential childhood vaccines.AIM To evaluate the immunization coverage among 12-23-month-old children in the rural areas of Community Health Centre(CHC)Dighal and to determine the factors influencing the existing immunization coverage.METHODS A coverage evaluation survey was conducted according to the 30-cluster sampling technique,which is the standard methodology for such surveys devised by World Health Organization.A total of 300 children aged 12-23 months were included,whose immunization details were noted from their immunization cards.RESULTS Full immunization rate was noted in 86.7%of the children,with partial and non-immunized children accounting for 9%and 4.3%respectively.The full immunization dropout rate was 4.2%.The common reasons for partial or non-immunization were family problem including illness of mother,vaccine not being available and child being ill.Place of birth(P=0.014)and availability of immunization card(P<0.001)were significant predictors of the immunization status.Since the study was conducted in 2020/2021,health services were disrupted due to the COVID-19 lockdown.CONCLUSION Due to the coverage being higher than the national average,it was concluded that the immunization coverage was optimal and not affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Analysis of Epidemiological Characteristics of Varicella Before and After the Implementation of the Two-dose Varicella Vaccine Immunization Program in Banan District of Chongqing City

Objective:To explore the changes in the epidemiological characteristics of varicella before and after implementing the two-dose varicella vaccine(VarV)immunization program in the Banan District of Chongqing and to provide a reference for future epidemic prevention and control.Methods:The data of reported varicella cases in Banan District from 2014 to 2023 were collected and analyzed using the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System.Descriptive epidemiological methods were employed to assess the changes in the reported incidence of varicella before(2014-2018)and after(2019-2023)the implementation of the two-dose VarV immunization program.Results:The average annual reported incidence rate of varicella in Banan District from 2014 to 2023 was 81.53 per 100,000.From 2014 to 2018,the reported incidence rate showed an upward trend year by year(trend x2=223.96,P<0.05).However,the reported incidence rate decreased from 2019 to 2023(trend x?=189.51,P<0.05).Before and after the adjustment of the immunization program,the reported incidence rate for the 5-9 years old group was 774.62 per 100,000 and 476.98 per 100,000,respectively,with a statistically significant difference(x2=161.26,P<0.05).The onset of varicella showed a bimodal distribution,with peak incidence periods in May-June and October-December.From 2014 to 2023,a total of 155,181 doses of VarV were administered in Banan District.The estimated annual vaccination rate for the first varicella vaccine(VarV1)from 2019 to 2023 was 86.28%,and for the second dose(VarV2)was 59.18%.The primary vaccination targets were the 5-9-year-old group,accounting for 64.21%.Conclusion:After implementing the two-dose VarV immunization program in Banan District,the vaccination rate increased yearly,and the reported incidence of varicella showed a downward trend.The incidence rate of varicella in children aged 5-9 years reduced significantly,but the overall downward trend for the entire population was not as pronounced.Therefore,it is necessary to increase the vaccination rate of VarV2.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of silkworm pupa and its allergenicity evaluation by animal model with different immunization routes

Silkworm pupa is a nourishing food with high nutritional value,but its consumption has been greatly limited given its allergenicity.Enzyme hydrolytic technique is recognized as an effective method to reduce the allergenicity of protein.In this study,we aimed to investigate the effect of enzymolysis on the allergenicity of silkworm pupa.Crude silkworm pupa protein was extracted through alkali extraction and acid precipitation,which included 5 proteins with the molecular weights ranging from 34 kDa to 76 kDa,and silkworm pupa were then hydrolyzed by alkaline protease.The allergenicity of silkworm pupa protein and its enzymatic hydrolysates was evaluated by establishing BALB/c mice model,and the mice were immunized via intragastric gavage and intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The results indicated that the intraperitoneal inj ection immunization route induced more by detecting with antibodies,histamine and Th2-related cytokines.Moreover,mice treated with silkworm pupa protein peptide displayed no obvious allergic symptoms,indicating that enzyme hydrolytic technique could significantly reduce the allergenicity of silkworm pupa.

Knowledge,perceptions,and practice towards adverse events following immunization surveillance among vaccination workers in Zhejiang province,China

Objective:To access the level of knowledge,perceptions,and practice towards adverse events following immunization(AEFI)surveillance among vaccination workers in Zhejiang province,China.Methods:This was a cross-sectional survey involving 768 vaccination workers.Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and analyzed by using SAS 9.3 software.Knowledge,perceptions,and practice on AEFI surveillance were summarized using frequency tables.The mean±SD value was used as the cut-off for defining good(values≥mean)and poor(values<mean)knowledge,perceptions or practice.Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine sociodemographic variables associated with knowledge,perceptions,and practice towards AEFI.Results:The proportions of good knowledge,perceptions and practice on AEFI surveillance were 78.13%,57.81%and 66.15%,respectively.Having a higher education background,longer years of experience,previous training on AEFI and≥30 years of age were factors associated with good knowledge,perceptions and practice on AEFI surveillance among vaccination workers.Conclusions:Over half of the respondents had good knowledge,perceptions and practice on AEFI surveillance work.Interventions on improving the vaccination workers’knowledge,perceptions and practice on AEFI surveillance should be considered in order to develop a more effective surveillance system.

Factors Associated with Antibody Levels among Children Aged 15 to 59 Months Vaccinated against Hepatitis B during the Expanded Program on Immunization in Cameroon

Background: the hepatitis B virus infection remains a major public health problem worldwide. It can lead to a liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended the implementation of generalised vaccination programs against hepatitis B. In Cameroon, this vaccine was introduced in the expanded program on immunization (EPI) in 2005, but few studies have assessed the immune response. Objective: the general objective of this study was to identify factors associated with antibody levels among children aged from 15 to 59 months vaccinated against hepatitis B during the EPI in Cameroon. Method: this was a cross-sectional study carried out from December 2021 to June 2022 in a paediatric centre of Yaoundé (Cameroon). We analysed the antibody level in children vaccinated against hepatitis B within the framework of the EPI. We enrolled children who had received a series of 3 intramuscular doses of hepatitis B vaccine at 6, 10 and 14 weeks after birth. Some children could receive a 4th booster dose between 12 months. The antibody level was assessed by measuring the anti-HBs in such children, aged 15 - 59 months. A good immunization was defined as a serum level of anti-HBs antibody level above 100 IU/mL;a poor immunization, for an anti-HBs antibody level between 10 and 100 IU/mL;and a non-immunization, for an anti-HBs antibody level < 10 IU/mL. Association between explored factors and poor or non-immunization was evaluated through the Chi square test. The significance threshold was defined at p < 0.05. Results: sixty subjects were included in the study with a slight female majority: 31 cases (52%). The average age was 38.5 ± 15.7 months (range 15 - 59 months). We found 32 (53%) cases of good immunization;21 (35%) of poor immunization;and 7 children (12%) with a non-immunization. The only factor associated with poor or non-immunization was the age between 37 - 59 months (p = 0.016). Conclusion: Anti HBs Antibody levels in children vaccinated against hepatitis B virus were globally satisfactory in our series. Results show an association between low antibody levels with older age (over 36 months), suggesting a circulating antibodies levels decrease over time, yet deemed protecting until 59 months.

Thinking Out-of-Box in Addressing Communication and Service Delivery Challenges: Use of a Traditional Communication Method for Improving Immunization Coverage in Remote Rural Hard-to-Reach Areas of India

Sirmaur district in the state of Himachal Pradesh in India is a hard-to-reach area situated in the western Himalayas having an extreme landscape with snow-laden mountains and extensive river systems that makes the delivery of immunization services extremely challenging. Vaccinators needed a long walk through the hilly terrain to reach outreach sites. Community mobilizers were unable to go house to house to inform the caregivers to bring children to the site for vaccination. Caregivers were unaware when the vaccinators arrive at the site. As a result, many children missed vaccination or were not vaccinated timely. Age-appropriate vaccination coverage (according to national immunization schedule) in the Sirmaur district was the lowest in the state. Thinking out-of-box to address the communication barriers with the caregivers, the traditional drum beating was used, for the first time in India, in two blocks of the Sirmaur district (Rajpura and Shillai). The initiative was planned and implemented by the district health system with the support of the local community leaders. An exit interview was conducted to know the reach of the drum beating to caregivers, and a baseline and end line household survey was conducted to know the outcome of the initiative on age-appropriate vaccination coverage. Analysis of exit interviews data indicated a very high reach of a drum beating to the caregivers;more than 97% of caregivers in Rajpura and 100% in Shillai heard drum beating, and almost 95% of caregivers in Rajpura and 98% in Shillai knew the purpose of drum beating. Analysis of immunization data from baseline and end line surveys showed improvement in age-appropriate vaccination coverage for all vaccines in Rajpura (by 2.2% for BCG, 15.3% for Pentavalent 1, 14.9% for Pentavalent 2, 14.1% for Pentavalent 3, and 6.5% for Measles/MR). In Shillai, age-appropriate vaccination coverage improved for Pentavalent 1 (by 3.4%), Pentavalent 2 (by 5%) and Measles/MR (by 1.7%). In addition, dropout rates were reduced in both the blocks, particularly in Rajpura Pentavalent 1 to Measles dropout rate was reduced by 13.5%. Both health workers and community leaders had positive perceptions of the drum beating initiative. However, another important lesson learned from the initiative was that both the access and demand-side barriers need to be addressed for the desired improvement of age-appropriate immunization coverage. In Shillai, there was lower coverage improvement and a reduction in dropout rates attributed to vacant positions of vaccinators that caused an issue with access to immunization services to people.

防风多糖体内外免疫调节活性研究

目的采用体内外多指标免疫调节活性评价方法,研究防风多糖体内外免疫功能的调节作用。方法体外实验选用RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞系,采用CCK-8法检测巨噬细胞的增殖能力,中性红染色法检测巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,Griess法测定巨噬细胞NO释放量,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)释放量。体内实验选用环磷酰胺诱导的免疫低下BALB/c小鼠,通过碳粒廓清实验探讨防风多糖对小鼠网状内皮系统吞噬功能,以小鼠免疫器官指数评价防风多糖对小鼠免疫器官的影响,并采用ELISA法测定小鼠体内免疫球蛋白(IgM、IgG、IgA)和补体(C3、C4)含量。结果体外实验结果表明,防风多糖能够显著提高巨噬细胞的增殖和吞噬能力,并促进巨噬细胞释放NO、TNF-α和IL-6,但对IL-1β的释放量影响不显著。体内实验结果表明,防风多糖可使免疫低下小鼠模型的吞噬能力和免疫器官指数显著提高,并使免疫低下小鼠体内的免疫球蛋白(IgM、IgG、IgA)和补体(C3、C4)的含量升高。结论防风多糖在体内外水平均具有较好的免疫调节活性,参与调节机体的特异性免疫和非特异性免疫。

人工环境中“舒适”的医学意义——关于舒适与健康的思考

当今社会,人工环境的营造日渐受到重视。室内环境不仅应满足舒适性的要求,更应考虑其动态变化对人体健康与免疫力的潜在影响。本文以人居环境营造为出发点,结合已有的文献研究与中西医观点,首先列举了外部环境对人体健康及体内环境的影响,其次介绍了“舒适”营造对提高机体健康水平的作用,最后从宏观上阐述了物理环境中“舒适”对人体健康的医学意义,为本专业同医学的交叉研究提供新思路。

发酵中药和油莎豆复合物对湖羊生长性能及血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

【目的】研究发酵中药和油莎豆复合物对湖羊生长性能、血清抗氧化及免疫指标的影响,为新型饲料添加剂的开发提供依据。【方法】选取体重相近、健康状况良好的育肥湖羊40只,随机分为2组:对照组和试验组,每组20只。对照组湖羊饲喂基础饲粮,试验组湖羊在基础饲粮中添加2%复合发酵物,预试期7 d,正试期42 d,在正试期第0、42天分别称重,计算平均日增重;记录日采食量,计算料重比;在试验第1、21和42天颈静脉采血并分离血清,测定湖羊血清中抗氧化指标和免疫指标。【结果】试验组湖羊的终末体重、平均日增重及平均日采食量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,在试验第21天,试验组湖羊血清中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性及免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、γ干扰素(INF-γ)含量分别提高了2.75%、3.46%、7.28%和4.55%(P<0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量降低了12.72%(P<0.05);在试验第42天,CAT、T-AOC活性及IgG、INF-γ含量分别提高了3.17%、3.67%、9.77%和11.91%(P<0.05),MDA含量降低了15.10%(P<0.05)。【结论】在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加2%发酵中药和油莎豆复合物能有效改善湖羊的生长性能,提高抗氧化和免疫机能,可作为一种新型饲料添加剂应用到畜牧生产中。

猪只健康与非洲猪瘟病毒感染的关系

非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)由非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)感染引起,2018年传入我国。ASFV流行毒株不断变异,加之缺少有效疫苗,给我国ASF防控带来极大挑战。免疫接种动物的基础健康程度或免疫力水平可显著影响疫苗的使用效果,基础健康程度或免疫力水平较差的猪只感染ASFV后,其感染进程更加剧烈,预后更差。而使用营养干预如饲喂喷雾干燥猪血浆,或增强免疫力措施如移植疣猪粪便微生物群,可在一定程度上提高猪群的ASFV抵抗水平,两者紧密联系。提升猪只健康水平,将是有效防控ASF的根本。本文针对猪只健康状况或免疫力水平影响ASF疫苗免疫和病毒感染的相关研究数据进行综述,以期为我国ASF疫苗研究及防控政策制定提供参考。

抗菌肽对鱼类肠道菌群及免疫功能影响的研究进展

抗菌肽是先天免疫的组成部分,构成许多生物体抵御入侵病原体的第一道防线。抗菌肽是基因编码的(小于100个氨基酸),具有空间排列的疏水性和阳离子氨基酸特性的两性分子,具有多种生物学功能。抗菌肽(作为饲料添加剂)能够改善水产动物的生长性能,增强水产动物机体的抗病能力。鱼类肠道承担着营养物质消化吸收的功能,同时鱼类肠道内的微生物也参与机体的免疫反应。文章对抗菌肽的来源、分类、生物学功能、抗菌机制以及抗菌肽对鱼类肠道菌群和机体免疫功能的影响进行了系统的阐述,进而分析了抗菌肽、肠道菌群、机体免疫三者的关系。为抗菌肽替代抗生素在鱼类健康养殖中的应用提供了技术指导,为揭示抗菌肽在鱼体的相关作用机制奠定基础。

不同益生菌对犊牛生长性能、消化代谢和免疫指标的影响

试验旨在探讨犊牛日粮中添加不同益生菌对其生长性能、消化率、氮代谢、免疫指标和腹泻发生的影响。选取42头20日龄荷斯坦犊牛,按照体重相近、公母各半的原则分成7组,每组6头牛,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%枯草芽孢杆菌、0.05%腊样芽孢杆菌、0.2%乳酸杆菌、0.1%酵母菌、0.05%粪肠球菌和0.1%地衣芽孢杆菌。预饲期10 d,正试期75 d。结果表明:(1)105日龄时试验组体重高于对照组,其中0.2%乳酸杆菌组和0.05%粪肠球菌组体重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),60和105日龄时0.2%乳酸杆菌组体格高于对照组(P<0.05);30~105日龄0.2%乳酸杆菌组、0.1%酵母菌组、0.05%粪肠球菌组和0.1%地衣芽孢杆菌组日增重显著高于0.1%枯草芽孢杆菌组和对照组(P<0.05);(2)105日龄时0.05%粪肠球菌组干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和60日龄时0.2%乳酸杆菌组有机物(OM)、NDF表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),105日龄时0.1%酵母菌组NDF表观消化率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),ADF表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);(3)60日龄、105日龄时0.2%乳酸杆菌组、0.05%粪肠球菌组IgG含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),显著高于其他试验组(P<0.05);60日龄时0.05%粪肠球菌组的IgM、IgA含量和0.1%地衣芽孢杆菌组IgA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);(4)0.2%乳酸杆菌组和0.05%粪肠球菌组腹泻频率最低,粪便评分中对照组和0.05%腊样芽孢杆菌组较高。综上所述,益生菌对断奶后犊牛生长发育性能有促进作用,其中乳酸菌和粪肠球菌效果更明显;益生菌对犊牛DM、OM、NDF、ADF表观消化率及氮代谢有显著提升,粪肠球菌、酵母菌和乳酸菌在NDF和ADF表观消化率要优于其他益生菌;添加粪肠球菌可提高犊牛免疫球蛋白含量,益生菌能降低犊牛腹泻发生的概率,乳酸菌和粪肠球菌的降低的效果更佳。

痛风基因表达谱的差异基因表达及免疫细胞浸润分析

目的:研究痛风患者的差异基因表达及免疫细胞浸润情况,寻找痛风发病的关键基因及免疫细胞,探究免疫细胞与痛风的关系。方法:从GEO数据库下载痛风的芯片GSE160170,借助R语言筛选差异基因,随后采用STRING数据库对差异基因进行分析,并借助Cytoscape软件筛选关键基因,再对其进行富集分析,同时对免疫细胞浸润情况进行分析。结果:研究发现IL-6、IL-1β、TNF、CCL3、CXCL8和CXCL1为痛风发病的关键基因,主要通过IL-17、Toll样受体、NOD样受体、NF-κB等信号通路发挥细胞对脂多糖、细菌来源分子及生物刺激的反应等过程导致疾病发生;免疫浸润结果表明记忆性B细胞、活化的NK细胞、活化的树突状细胞、活化的肥大细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞在痛风患者中表达显著;免疫细胞间的相关性分析结果表明滤泡辅助性T细胞与活化的肥大细胞表达呈正相关,未活化的NK细胞与单核细胞表达呈负相关。结论:关键基因和差异表达的免疫细胞与痛风发病机制密切相关,为痛风的免疫机制研究提供了新思路。

溃疡性结肠炎的肠道免疫研究进展

溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)是一种病因尚不十分明确的结肠和直肠慢性非特异性疾病。UC与肠道免疫关系密切,肠相关淋巴组织以及固有层含有丰富的免疫细胞,对于维持肠道免疫稳态具有重要作用。辅助性T细胞(T helper cell, Th)17/调节性T细胞(T regulatory cell, Treg)失衡与UC肠道免疫稳态息息相关,而Th17/Treg细胞的分化和功能受到细胞代谢重编程的影响。本文主要从与UC相关的肠相关淋巴组织以及固有层内多种免疫因素、Th17/Treg细胞代谢重编程以及中药免疫调节治疗UC现状3个方面进行综述,以期为UC相关研究提供参考。

植物免疫诱抗剂对玉米耐盐性及产量的影响

为探究植物免疫诱抗剂对玉米耐盐性及产量的影响,以智能聪(ZNC)为材料,于2022年在山东烟台开展试验,对盐分胁迫条件下不同浓度智能聪浸种处理的玉米种子发芽率、根系生长指标和产量进行比较分析。结果表明:在8、10 g/L NaCl溶液中,玉米种子发芽率分别为27.5%、17.5%,主根长度分别为19.8、13.0 mm,显著低于其在水溶液中的发芽率(52.5%)和主根长度(55.9 mm),说明盐溶液对玉米发芽和根系生长有抑制作用。20 ng/mL智能聪浸种处理后,8、10 g/L NaCl溶液下的玉米种子发芽率分别为38.0%、25.0%,主根长度分别为24.5、15.1 mm,说明智能聪浸种能够缓解盐溶液对玉米种子发芽和根系生长的抑制作用。采用智能聪拌种结合玉米生长期兑水喷施处理,玉米产量提高5.02%。综合分析,在盐分胁迫条件下,施用智能聪可促进玉米生长,提高其产量。

丁酸梭菌对花鲈幼鱼生长性能、免疫消化及肠道菌群的影响

【目的】探究丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼生长性能,消化、免疫和抗氧化能力及肠道菌群的影响,为丁酸梭菌在花鲈鱼养殖中的应用提供理论依据。【方法】以花鲈幼鱼为试验材料设饲料中丁酸梭菌添加量为0(D0,对照)、0.25%(D1)、0.50%(D2)、1.00%(D3)、2.00%(D4)和4.00%(D5)6组,投喂花鲈幼鱼56 d,测定其生长性能、肠道消化酶活性、血清生化和免疫指标及肠道形态指标,分析肠道菌群组成。【结果】丁酸梭菌可显著降低饲料系数(P<0.05,下同),显著提高花鲈幼鱼的终末平均体质量,D3、D4和D5组的增重率及特定生长率均显著高于D0组。与D0组相比,D4组肠道糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性均显著提高,血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯含量和谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性均显著降低。D4组溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶和总一氧化氮合酶活性均显著高于D0组,D3组酚氧化酶活性显著高于D0组;与D0组相比,D3和D5组过氧化氢酶活性及总抗氧化能力均显著提高,D4组超氧化物歧化酶活性显著提高,丙二醛含量显著降低。D2、D3和D5组花鲈幼鱼肠道肌层厚及绒毛高度均显著高于D0组。D3组花鲈幼鱼肠道菌群OTU数量和Chao1指数均显著高于D0组,各试验组花鲈幼鱼肠道菌群Simpson指数和Shannon指数均显著高于D0组;在门分类水平上,丁酸梭菌降低了变形菌门和厚壁菌门相对丰度,提高了放线菌门、浮霉菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门和芽单胞菌门相对丰度;在属分类水平上,丁酸梭菌降低了劳尔氏菌属、肠弧菌属和弧菌属有害菌相对丰度,提高了节杆菌属和KD4-96_unclassified有益菌相对丰度。【结论】饲料中添加丁酸梭菌能显著提高花鲈幼鱼生长性能,提高消化、免疫和抗氧化能力,调节肠道菌群结构组成及其相对丰度,提高肠道菌群多样性,以2.00%添加量效果最好。

血清中的免疫炎症生物标志物与慢性湿疹病人的疾病严重程度相关性研究

目的探讨慢性湿疹病人血清免疫炎症生物标志物与疾病严重程度的相关性。方法将2021年9月至2022年8月于武汉市中医医院接受治疗的100例慢性湿疹病人纳入研究,包括局限性湿疹69例、泛发性湿疹31例;根据疾病严重程度分为轻度组37例、中度组34例和重度组29例;将同期该院40例健康体检者纳入对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附测定检测血清免疫炎症生物标志物白细胞介素(IL)-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、IL-10、IL-17、IL-18、IL-23、IL-33、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平;采用流式细胞仪检测外周血分化抗原(CD)4+、CD8+水平;采用Pearson相关分析慢性湿疹病人血清免疫炎症生物标志物与湿疹面积及严重度指数(EASI)评分的相关性。结果对照组、轻度组、中度组、重度组慢性湿疹病人血清IL-2[(10.51±2.10)μg/L比(12.94±2.26)μg/L比(15.03±2.34)μg/L比(17.94±2.56)μg/L]、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、IL-18、IL-23、IL-33、TNF-α、IFN-γ、CD8+依次升高,CD4+[(43.24±6.79)%比(37.04±4.25)%比(29.12±2.78)%比(25.62±2.35)%]依次降低(P<0.05)。局限性与泛发性慢性湿疹病人血清IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、IL-18、IL-23、IL-33、TNF-α、IFN-γ、CD4+、CD8+差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。慢性湿疹病人EASI评分与血清IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、IL-18、IL-23、IL-33、TNF-α、IFN-γ、CD8+呈正相关,与CD4+呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论血清免疫炎症生物标志物与慢性湿疹病人病情严重程度存在显著相关性,可考虑将各指标作为病情评估的相关辅助指标,在临床中推广应用。

中草药添加剂对西门塔尔肉牛血清免疫、细胞因子、抗氧化指标及直肠菌群的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加中草药添加剂对西门塔尔肉牛血清免疫、细胞因子、抗氧化指标及直肠菌群的影响。采用单因素随机区组试验设计,选取20头健康的12月龄平均体重为(268.80±4.95)kg的西门塔尔肉牛,随机分为对照组(CG组)和试验组(AG组),每组10个重复,每个重复1头肉牛。CG组饲喂基础饲粮,AG组在基础饲粮中额外添加100 g/(头·d)中草药添加剂。预试期5 d,正式试验期60 d。结果表明:与CG组相比,AG组西门塔尔肉牛血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量提高了12.70%和7.58%(P<0.05),血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性提高了3.13%(P<0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量降低了28.87%(P<0.05),总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)提高了1.39%(P>0.05)。AG组西门塔尔肉牛肠道菌群Shannon、Chao1和Ace指数比CG组分别提高了0.17%、1.51%和0.96%(P>0.05)。AG组西门塔尔肉牛肠道中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和疣微杆菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的相对丰度比CG组提高了6.50%和2.94%(P>0.05),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度比CG组降低了5.94%(P>0.05);未分类拟杆菌属(unclassified_Bacteroidetes)的相对丰度高于CG组(P<0.05),居海事城球杆菌属(Phocaeicola)和另枝菌属(Alistipes)的相对丰度比CG组提高了8.33%和16.45%(P>0.05)。研究表明,中草药添加剂可以提高西门塔尔肉牛的免疫水平、抗氧化能力、肠道菌群丰度,促进肠道有益菌群的生长,增强机体消化纤维的能力。