Enhanced ferroelectric and improved leakage of BFO-based thin films through increasing entropy strategy

BiFeO_(3)(BFO)has received considerable attention as a lead-free ferroelectric film due to its large theoretical remnant polariza-tion.However,BFO suffers from a large leakage current,resulting in poor ferroelectric properties.Herein,the sol-gel method was used to deposit a series of BFO-based thin films on fluorine-doped tin oxide substrates,and the effects of the substitution of the elements Co,Cu,Mn(B-site)and Sm,Eu,La(A-site)on the crystal structure,ferroelectricity,and leakage current of the BFO-based thin films were invest-igated.Results confirmed that lattice distortion by X-ray diffraction can be attributed to the substitution of individual elements in the BFO-based films.Sm and Eu substitutions contribute to the lattice distortion in a pseudo-cubic structure,while La is biased toward pseudo-tet-ragonal.Piezoelectric force microscopy confirmed that reversible switching of ferroelectric domains by nearly 180°can be realized through the prepared films.The ferroelectric hysteresis loops showed that the order for the polarization contribution is as follows:Cu>Co>Mn(B-site),Sm>La>Eu(A-site).The current density voltage curves indicated that the order for leakage contribution is as follows:Mn<Cu<Co(B-site),La<Eu<Sm(A-site).Scanning electron microscopy showed that the introduction of Cu elements facilitates the formation of dense grains,and the grain size distribution statistics proved that La element promotes the reduction of grain size,leading to the increase of grain boundaries and the reduction of leakage.Finally,a Bi_(0.985)Sm_(0.045)La_(0.03)Fe_(0.96)Co_(0.02)Cu_(0.02)O_(3)(SmLa-CoCu)thin film with a qualitative leap in the remnant polarization from 25.5(Bi_(0.985)Sm_(0.075)FeO_(3))to 98.8µC/cm^(2)(SmLa-CoCu)was prepared through the syner-gistic action of Sm,La,Co,and Cu elements.The leakage current is also drastically reduced from 160 to 8.4 mA/cm^(2)at a field strength of 150 kV/cm.Thus,based on the increasing entropy strategy of chemical engineering,this study focuses on enhancing ferroelectricity and decreasing leakage current,providing a promising path for the advancement of ferroelectric devices.

The Effects of Increasing Production of Endophytes Phomopsis B3 on Rice

After insufflating extended endophytes phomopsis B3 ferment diluent on seedling bed of rice, the effect of microbial inoculum on rice growth was studied. The investigation result of seedlings before transplanting seedling showed that leaf age,the number of green leaves,the number of tiller of individual plant and the weight of per 100 fresh plants in microbial inoculum treatment group increased 0.11,0.12 ,0. 03 and 2.6 g respectively compared with those of control group. 20 days after transplanting, increased tiller number in microbial inoculum treatment group was 55 500 hm^2 more than that in control group. 30 days after transplanting, tiller number in microbial inoculum treatment group was 42 000 hm^2 more than that in control group. In harvest season, the yield ,weight of I 0130 grain and seed-setting rate increased 300 kg/hm2, 0. 7 g and 0. 23% respectively compared with these in control group. The result of preliminary study demonstrated that microbial inoculum confected by endophytes phomopsis B3 could increase the number of strong seedling and yield.

Construction controlling and strength increasing characteristics of locally developed epoxy asphalt mixture

The construction controlling elements,including construction performance at low ambient temperatures,reserved time ranges,and the strength increasing rule,for locally developed epoxy asphalt mixture（LDEAM） are studied through laboratory tests.Air void and Marshall stability are chosen as the performance measures for evaluating the construction quality.The wheel rolling test is used to simulate the actual construction situations,while the Marshall test and the Brookfield viscosity test are adopted to study the strength increasing rule.The experimental results reveal that the LDEAM can be constructed under a low ambient temperature condition of 10℃,and its longest reserved time is 70 min at a reserved temperature of 120℃.Test also shows that the strength of the LDEAM increases with time and temperature before cured.Finally,the theoretical reason for the strength increasing rule is analyzed on the basis of the organic chemistry theory.

DUAL RANDOM MODEL OF INCREASING ANNUITY

The dual random models about the life insurance and social pension insurance have received considerable attention in the recent articles on actuarial theory and applications. This paper discusses a general kind of increasing annuity based on its force of interest accumulation function as a general random process. The dual random model of the present value of the benefits of the increasing annuity has been set, and their moments have been calculated under certain conditions.

The Buffer Capability of the Ocean to Increasing Atmospheric CO_2

The CO_2-seawater system and the method for calculating the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in seawater are studied. The buffer capability of the ocean to increasing atmospheric CO2 is expressed in terms of the differential buffer factor and buffer index. Dissolutions of aragonite and calcite have a significant inffluence on the differential buffer factor. The trend of change in the buffer factor is obtained by a box model.

Modeling the Roles of Precipitation Increasing in Glacier Systems Responding to Climate Warming—Taking Xinjiang Glaciated Region as Example

The studies on prediction of climate in Xinjiang almost show that the precipitation would increase in the coming 50 years, although there were surely some uncertainties in precipitation predictions. On the basis of the structure of glacier system and nature of equilibrium line altitude at steady state （ELAo）, a functional model of the glacier system responding to climate changes was established, and it simultaneously involved the rising of summer mean temperature and increasing of mean precipitation. The results from the functional model under the climatic scenarios with temperature increasing rates of 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05 K/year indicated that the precipitation increasing would play an evident role in glacier system responding to climate change： if temperature become 1 ℃ higher, the precipitation would be increased by 10%, which can slow down the glaciers retreating rate in the area by 4 %, accelerate runoff increasing rate by 8 % and depress the ELAo rising gradient by 24 m in northern Xinjiang glacier system where semi-continental glaciers dominate, while it has corresponding values of only 1%, 5 % and 18m respectively in southern Xinjiang glacier system, where extremely continental glaciers dominate.

Preparation and Characterization of Phenolic Prepolymer Impregnated Chinese Fir by Cyclic Increasing-Pressure Method with Green and Efficient

The Chinese fir wood was impregnated using a cyclic increasingpressure method(CIPM)with phenolic prepolymers as the impregnating modifier.Unmodified Chinese fir and progressive increasing-pressure method(PIPM)impregnated Chinese fir were used as reference samples and were compared and analyzed.The product’s chemical structure,internal morphology,crystal structure,and heat resistance were characterized.The transversal and longitudinal sections showed better filling effects,so that it bore greater external loading and reduced the water storage space.CIPM infused more phenolic prepolymer into the Chinese fir.Not only producing more physical filling but also forming more hydrogen bond associations and chemical bond combinations.Compared with PIPM and unmodi-fied Chinese fir,the CIPM impregnated Chinese fir had better mechanical strength and water resistance.The cellulose chains in CIPM impregnated Chinese fir were more closely linked and their crystallinity were clearly improved.Changes in internal morphology and crystal structure explained the reason why the mechanical properties and water resistance of CIPM impregnated Chinese fir were improved significantly.This Chinese fir had lower thermal decomposition rates,higher decomposition residual rates,and smaller combustion flames,which confirmed that it possessed improved heat and fire resistance.

Survey on Influence of Tourism Development on Ensuring Supply and Increasing Income of Farmers in Nyingchi

Tourism is an essential industry promoting economic development of Nyingchi and also plays a great role in national economy. Increasing people's income and improving living conditions are starting points of promoting tourism development. This survey indicates that tourism in Nyingchi develops rapidly,growth rate of tourists is slightly lower than growth rate of income,and per capita tourist consumption is also increasing. Comparative analysis indicates that tourist resources,traffic condition,tourism propaganda intensity,development intensity of relevant products,and seasonal factor have significant influence on ensuring supply and increasing income of farmers. Further analysis shows that low educational level,weak basic tourism knowledge,backward tourism sanitation,and lagging tourist service infrastructure are major problems and obstacles. Resource advantages of scenic spots,setting foot on structural adjustment of characteristic industry,developing specialized farmer cooperatives and leading enterprises,and deeply exploring intension of tourist culture are major approaches for ensuring supply and increasing income of farmers. In sum,it is urgent and important to strengthen ability of ensuring supply and increasing income in improving people's living conditions and promoting tourism development.

Effect of Increasing Course of Temperature and Pressure on Polypropylene Degradation in Supercritical Water

The effect of increasing course of temperature and pressure on polypropylene （PP） degradation in supercritical water was investigated for developing a process of recycling waste plastic. A group of experiments was carded out in a reaction system at a pressure of 26MPa, temperature of 380℃ or 400℃ for 30min, 70min, and 120min by Course One （the increasing course of temperature and pressure is via gaseous regions to supercritical regions）, and the other group was carried out at corresponding holding conditions by Course Two （the increasing course of temperature and pressure is via liquid regions to supercritical regions）. The time of the increasing courses was about 30min. Products were analyzed by Ostward-type viscometer, gaseous chromatography, and mass spectrometers （GC/MS）. Characterization results suggested that different increasing courses of temperature and pressure would give rise to different results, although they were treated under the similar holding conditions. It was also found that Course Two was more effective on PP degradation in supercritical water.

Forecasting increasing rate of power consumption based on immune genetic algorithm combined with neural network

Considering the factors affecting the increasing rate of power consumption, the BP neural network structure and the neural network forecasting model of the increasing rate of power consumption were established. Immune genetic algorithm was applied to optimizing the weight from input layer to hidden layer, from hidden layer to output layer, and the threshold value of neuron nodes in hidden and output layers. Finally, training the related data of the increasing rate of power consumption from 1980 to 2000 in China, a nonlinear network model between the increasing rate of power consumption and influencing factors was obtained. The model was adopted to forecasting the increasing rate of power consumption from 2001 to 2005, and the average absolute error ratio of forecasting results is 13.521 8%. Compared with the ordinary neural network optimized by genetic algorithm, the results show that this method has better forecasting accuracy and stability for forecasting the increasing rate of power consumption.

Increasing physical activity among children and adolescents:Innovative ideas needed

1.Introduction For anyone paying attention,this is a disruptive time in science in general and in health promotion science in particular.Obesity is the most prevalent nutrition-related health problem around the globe.The issue of whether,as is commonly thought,obesity is causative of early mortality or whether it is only a marker of risk has been raised.The lack of substantial and maintained change in child obesity prevention has been recognized, and numerous limitations in our conceptual and methodological approach to obesity prevention have been identified.

C1q/TNF-related protein 1 promotes vasodilatory dysfunctions by increasing arginase 1 activity and uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Objective C1q/TNF-related protein(CTRP)1 was initiallyidentified as a paralog of adiponectin based on the similarity in C1q domain of these two proteins.Previously,we showed that CTRP1promotes the development of atherosclerosis by increasing endothelial adhesiveness.Here,we sought to investigate whether CTRP1 also influences vascular dilatory functions.

Water-use efficiency in response to simulated increasing precipitation in a temperate desert ecosystem of Xinjiang, China

Water-use efficiency（WUE） is a key plant functional trait that plays a central role in the global cycles of water and carbon. Although increasing precipitation may cause vegetation changes, few studies have explored the linkage between alteration in vegetation and WUE. Here, we analyzed the responses of leaf WUE, ecosystem carbon and water exchanges, ecosystem WUE, and plant community composition changes under normal conditions and also under extra 15% or 30% increases in annual precipitation in a temperate desert ecosystem of Xinjiang, China. We found that leaf WUE and ecosystem WUE showed inconsistent responses to increasing precipitation. Leaf WUE consistently decreased as precipitation increased. By contrast, the responses of the ecosystem WUE to increasing precipitation are different in different precipitation regimes： increasing by 33.9% in the wet year（i.e., the normal precipitation years）and decreasing by 4.1% in the dry year when the precipitation was about 30% less than that in the wet year.We systematically assessed the herbaceous community dynamics, community composition, and vegetation coverage to explain the responses of ecosystem WUE, and found that the between-year discrepancy in ecosystem WUE was consistent with the extent to which plant biomass was stimulated by the increase in precipitation. Although there was no change in the relative significance of ephemerals in the plant community, its greater overall plant biomass drove an increased ecosystem WUE under the conditions of increasing precipitation in 2011. However, the slight increase in plant biomass exerted no significant effect on ecosystem WUE in 2012. Our findings suggest that an alteration in the dominant species in this plant community can induce a shift in the carbon-and water-based economics of desert ecosystems.

FIXED POINTS OF INCREASING OPERATORS IN ORDERED SPACE WITH APPLICATIONS

The minimal-maximal fixed points theorems of increasing operators are proved in ordered space and some well-known results of increasing operators and monotone operators are improved and generalized. The obtained results are then applied to singular nonlinear boundary problem in ordinary differential equation without any assumption of continuity, compactness, convexity and concavity.

ASYMPTOTIC DISTRIBUTION IN DIRECTED FINITE WEIGHTED RANDOM GRAPHS WITH AN INCREASING BI-DEGREE SEQUENCE

The asymptotic normality of the fixed number of the maximum likelihood estimators(MLEs)in the directed finite weighted network models with an increasing bi-degree sequence has been established recently.In this article,we further derive the central limit theorem for linear combinations of all the MLEs with an increasing dimension when the edges take finite discrete weight.Simulation studies are provided to illustrate the asymptotic results.

Effect of Agricultural Comprehensive Development on Increasing Income of Farmers in Jiangsu Hilly and Mountainous Areas

To adapt to rural and agricultural economic development,Jiangsu Province adjusted main task of comprehensive development of hilly and mountainous areas to supporting and promoting agricultural structural adjustment of hilly and mountainous areas and promoting increase of agricultural benefits and farmers' income. Through typical survey,this paper made an objective evaluation of effect of agricultural comprehensive development of hilly and mountainous areas in Jiangsu Province from increasing farmers' income. Results indicated that agricultural comprehensive development investment projects in Jiangsu hilly and mountainous areas are closely coupled with local agricultural production structure; financial funds promote social capital input to construction of economic forest,fruit and grass planting,and livestock raising. Through demonstration and guidance of farmers,it promoted adjustment of agricultural production structure and increased farmers' income. Finally,it came up with pertinent policy recommendations.

Effects of Chuanxiongqin hydrochloride on increasing the fluidity of brain cell membrane and scavenging free radicals in model rats with ischemia/reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND: The fluidity of cell membrane can be affected by various factors. Many experiments have confirmed that the ischemia/reperfusion of organic tissue can increase the contents of free radicals, which lead to high rigidity and low fluidity of cell membrane, and the conditions can be changed by Chuanxiongqin. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect and mechanism of Chuanxiongqin hydrochloride on the fluidity of brain cell membrane in rat models of ischemia/reperfusion. DESIGN: A completely randomized controlled animal trial. SETTINGS: Institute of Brain Sciences; Department of Physiology, Medical College, Datong University. MATERIALS: Twenty male grade Ⅰ Wistar rats of 170-220 g were randomly divided into model group (n =10) and control group (n =10). Chuanxiongqin hydrochloride (molecular mass was 172.2) was purchased from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (batch number: 0817-9803); Spin labelers: 5-doxyl-stearlic acid methylester (5DS), 16-doxyl-stearlic acid methylester (16DS), xanthine, xanthine oxidase (XOD) and 5,5-dimeth-1-pyrroline- N-oxide (DMPO) from Sigma Company; Bruker ESP 300 electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer by Bruker Company (Germany). METHODS: The experiments were carried out in the State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University from June 2001 to July 2002. In the model group, rats were made into models of cerebral ischemia by 30-minute ligation and 2-hour reperfusion of common carotid arteries; The rats in the control group were not made into models. The order parameter (S) and rotational correlation time (τc) were detected with the ESR spectrometer by means of spin labeling. The greater the S and τc, the smaller the fluidity. Meanwhile, the clearance rate of free radicals was detected with ESR spin trapping. The measurement data were compared using the t test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The S, τc and clearance rates of O2 · and OH· free radicals were compared between the model group and control group. RESULTS: The S and τc in the model group [0.738 4±0.003 5; (8.472±0.027)×10-10 s/circle] were obviously different from those in the control group [0.683 9±0.008 3; (7.945±0.082)×10-10 s/circle, t =5.731, 5.918, P < 0.05], which suggested that ischemia/reperfusion injury decreased the fluidity of brain cell membrane. After adding Chuanxiongqin hydrochloride, there were no obvious differences between the model group [0.688 5±0.030 5; (7.886±0.341)×10-10 s/circle] and control group (P > 0.05), indicating that Chuanxiongqin hydrochloride could recover the fluidity of brain cell membrane after ischemia/reperfusion injury close to the level in the normal control group. Chuanxiongqin hydrochloride could directly scavenge the O2 · and OH· free radicals, and the maximal clearance rates were 83.92% and 44.99% respectively. CONCLUSION: Chuanxiongqin hydrochloride increases the fluidity of membrane of ischemia-injured brain cell by scavenging both O2 ·and OH· free radicals.

Microwave absorbing characteristics and temperature increasing behavior of basic cobalt carbonate in microwave field

The microwave absorbing characteristics of basic cobalt carbonate,cobalt oxide(Co3O4),and the mixture of basic cobalt carbonate and cobalt oxide were investigated by means of microwave cavity perturbation,their temperature increasing curves were measured,and their ability to absorb microwave energy was also assessed based on the temperature increasing behavior of the material exposed to microwave field.Analyses of spectrum attenuation and relative frequency shift show that basic cobalt carbonate has weak capability to absorb microwave energy,while cobalt oxide has very strong capability to absorb microwave energy.It is feasible to thermally decompose basic cobalt carbonate though addition of small amount of cobalt oxide in microwave fields.The capability to absorb microwave energy of sample increases with an increase in mixing ratio of Co3O4.

GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION OF THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO INCREASING PLUS-CONVEX-ALONG-RAYS FUNCTIONS

The theory of increasing and convex-along-rays(ICAR)functions defined on a convex cone in a real locally convex topological vector space X was already well developed.In this paper,we first examine abstract convexity of increasing plus-convex-along-rays(IPCAR)functions defined on a real normed linear space X.We also study,for this class of functions,some concepts of abstract convexity,such as support sets and subdifferentials.Finally,as an application,we characterize the maximal elements of the support set of strictly IPCAR functions and give optimality conditions for the global minimum of the difference between two IPCAR functions.

Slope stability of increasing height and expanding capacity of south dumping site of Hesgoula coal mine:a case study

This paper is devoted to improve the containment capacity of the Hesgoula south dumping site.The general geology of the dumping site was obtained through geological surveys.Physico-mechanical properties of silty clay and bedrock layers that have a large impact on the stability of the dump were measured by direct shear tests and triaxial tests in laboratory.Then ultimate bearing capacity of the substrate were analyzed and calculated.This paper proposed three capacity expansion and increase plans and used GeoStudio software for comparison.Through computation of the stability of the dump site slope after capacity expansion and increase for each plan,the capacity expansion plan was determined.The capacity expansion and increase plan will solve the problem of the current insufficient containment capacity of the Hesgoula south dumping site,which is of great significance for saving mine transportation costs,improving work efficiency,and reducing grassland occupation.