Modeling Study of Aerosol Indirect Effectson Global Climate with an AGCM

Aerosol indirect effects （AIEs） on global climate were quantitatively investigated by introducing aerosol–cloud interaction parameterizations for water stratus clouds into an AGCM （BCC AGCM2.0.1）, which was developed by the National Climate Center of the China Meteorological Administration. The study yielded a global annual mean of -1.14 W m^-2 for the first indirect radiative forcing （IRF）, with an obvious seasonal change. In summer, large forcing mainly occurred in mid to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, whereas in winter, large values were found at 60°S. The second indirect effect led to global annual mean changes in net shortwave flux of -1.03 W m^-2 at the top of the atmosphere （TOA）, which was relatively significant in mid-latitude regions of both hemispheres. The total AIE reduced the global annual means of net shortwave flux at the TOA and of surface temperature by 1.93 W m^-2 and 0.12 K, respectively. Change in surface temperature induced by the total AIE was clearly larger in the Northern Hemisphere （-0.23 K） than in the Southern Hemisphere, where changes were negligible. The interhemispheric asymmetry in surface cooling resulted in significant differences in changes of the interhemispheric annual mean precipitation rate, which could lead to a tendency for the ITCZ to broaden. The total AIE decreased the global annual mean precipitation rate by 0.055 mm df^-1.

First Surface-based Estimation of the Aerosol Indirect Effect over a Site in Southeastern China

The deployment of the U.S. Atmospheric Radiation Measurement mobile facility in Shouxian from May to December 2008 amassed the most comprehensive set of measurements of atmospheric, surface, aerosol, and cloud variables in China. This deployment provided a unique opportunity to investigate the aerosol-cloud interactions, which are most challenging and, to date, have not been examined to any great degree in China. The relationship between cloud droplet effective radius （CER） and aerosol index （AI） is very weak in summer because the cloud droplet growth is least affected by the competition for water vapor. Mean cloud liquid water path （LWP） and cloud optical depth （COD） significantly increase with increasing AI in fall. The sensitivities of CER and LWP to aerosol loading increases are not significantly different under different air mass conditions. There is a significant correlation between the changes in hourly mean AI and the changes in hourly mean CER, LWP, and COD. The aerosol first indirect effect （FIE） is estimated in terms of relative changes in both CER （FIEcER） and COD （FIEcoD） with changes in AI for different seasons and air masses. FIEcoD and FIEcER are similar in magnitude and close to the typical FIE value of - 0.23, and do not change much between summer and fall or between the two different air mass conditions. Similar analyses were done using spaceborne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data. The satellite-derived FIE is contrary to the FIE estimated from surface retrievals and may have large uncertainties due to some inherent limitations.

Modeling of the Second Indirect Effect of Anthropogenic Aerosols in East Asia

This study investigated the second indirect climatic effect of anthropogenic aerosols,including sulfate,organic carbon(OC) ,and black carbon(BC) ,over East Asia.The seasonal variation of the climatic response to the second indirect effect was also characterized.The simulation period for this study was 2006.Due to a decrease in autoconversion rate from cloud water to rain as a result of aerosols,the cloud liquid water path(LWP) ,and radiative flux(RF) at the top of the atmosphere(TOA) changed dramatically,increasing by 14.3 g m-2 and decreasing by-4.1 W m-2 in terms of domain and annual average.Both LWP and RF changed most in autumn. There were strong decreases in ground temperature in Southwest China,the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in spring and autumn,while maximum cooling of up to-1.5 K occurred in the Chongqing district.The regional and annual mean change in ground temperature reached-0.2 K over eastern China.In all seasons except summer,precipitation generally decreased in most areas north of the Yangtze River,whereas precipitation changed little in South China.Precipitation changed most in summer,with alternating bands of increasing(～40 mm) and decreasing(～40 mm) precipitation appearing in eastern China.Precipitation decreased by 1.5-40 mm over large areas of Northeast China and the Huabei Plain.The domain and annual mean change in precipitation was approximately-0.3 mm over eastern China.The maximum reduction in precipitation occurred in summer,with mean absolute and relative changes of-1.2 mm and-3.8%over eastern China.This study revealed considerable climate responses to the second indirect effect of aerosols over specific regions of China.

Aerosol Indirect Effects on Warm Clouds in the Grid-Point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG(GAMIL)

Aerosol indirect effects on warm clouds are estimated in the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics,Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP LASG)(GAMIL) with a new two-moment cloud microphysics scheme using two different physically-based aerosol activation parameterizations:Abdul-Razzak and Ghan,and Nenes and Seinfeld.The annual global mean changes in shortwave cloud forcing from preindustrial times to present day(a measure of the aerosol indirect effects) estimated from these two parameterizations are remarkably similar:0.76 W m?2 with the Abdul-Razzak and Ghan parameterization,and 0.78 W m?2 with the Nenes and Seinfeld parameterization.Physically-based parameterizations can provide robust representations of aerosol effects on droplet nucleation,meaning that aerosol activation is no longer the most uncertain factor in modeling aerosol indirect effects.

Indirect effects among biodiversity loss of mutualistic ecosystems

Drastic reduction in biodiversity has been a severe threat to ecosystems,which is exacerbated when losing few species leads to disastrous and even irreparable consequences.Therefore,revealing the mechanism underlying biodiversity loss is of uttermost importance.In this study,we show that abundant indirect interactions among mutualistic ecosystems are critical in determining species’status.Combining topological and ecological characteristics,we propose an indicator derived from a dynamic model to identify keystone species and quantify their influence,which outperforms widely-used indicators like degree in realistic and simulated networks.Furthermore,we demonstrate that networks with high modularity,heterogeneity,biodiversity,and less intimate interactions tend to have larger indirect effects,which are more amenable in predicting decline of biodiversity with the proposed indicator.These findings shed some light onto the influence of apposite biodiversities,paving the way from complex network theory to ecosystem protection and restoration.

Indirect effects among biodiversity loss of mutualistic ecosystems

Drastic reduction in biodiversity has been a severe threat to ecosystems,which is exacerbated when losing few species leads to disastrous and even irreparable consequences.Therefore,revealing the mechanism underlying biodiversity loss is of uttermost importance.In this study,we show that abundant indirect interactions among mutualistic ecosystems are critical in determining species’status.Combining topological and ecological characteristics,we propose an indicator derived from a dynamic model to identify keystone species and quantify their influence,which outperforms widely-used indicators like degree in realistic and simulated networks.Furthermore,we demonstrate that networks with high modularity,heterogeneity,biodiversity,and less intimate interactions tend to have larger indirect effects,which are more amenable in predicting decline of biodiversity with the proposed indicator.These findings shed some light onto the influence of apposite biodiversities,paving the way from complex network theory to ecosystem protection and restoration.

Indirect Radiative Forcing and Climatic Effect of the Anthropogenic Nitrate Aerosol on Regional Climate of China

The regional climate model （RegCM3） and a tropospheric atmosphere chemistry model （TACM） were coupled, thus a regional climate chemistry modeling system （RegCCMS） was constructed, which was applied to investigate the spatial distribution of anthropogenic nitrate aerosols, indirect radiative forcing, as well as its climatic effect over China. TACM includes the thermodynamic equilibrium model ISORROPIA and a condensed gas-phase chemistry model. Investigations show that the concentration of nitrate aerosols is relatively high over North and East China with a maximum of 29μg m-3 in January and 8 μg m-3 in July. Due to the influence of air temperature on thermodynamic equilibrium, wet scavenging of precipitation and the monsoon climate, there are obvious seasonal differences in nitrate concentrations. The average indirect radiative forcing at the tropopause due to nitrate aerosols is -1.63 W m 2 in January and -2.65 W m 2 in July, respectively. In some areas, indirect radiative forcing reaches -10 W m-2. Sensitivity tests show that nitrate aerosols make the surface air temperature drop and the precipitation reduce on the national level. The mean changes in surface air temperature and precipitation are 0.13 K and -0.01 mm d-1 in January and -0.09 K and -0.11 mm d-1 in July, respectively, showing significant differences in different regions.

Analytical Studies of the Cloud Droplet Spectral Dispersion Influence on the First Indirect Aerosol Effect

Atmospheric aerosols （acting as cloud condensation nuclei） can enhance the cloud droplet number concentration and reduce the cloud droplet size, and in turn affect the cloud optical depth, as well as the cloud albedo, and thereby exert a radiative influence on climate （the first indirect aerosol effect）. In this paper, based on various relationships between cloud droplet spectral dispersion （c） and cloud droplet number concentration （Nc）, we analytically derive the corresponding expressions of the cloud radiative forcing induced by changes in the cloud droplet number concentration. Further quantitative evaluation indicates that the cloud radiative forcing induced by aerosols for the different ^-Nc relationships varies from -29.1% to 25.2%, compared to the case without considering spectral dispersion （e = 0）. Our results suggest that an accurate description of e - Nc relationships helps to reduce the uncertainty of the first indirect aerosol effect and advances our scientific understanding of aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions.

An improved recommendation algorithm via weakening indirect linkage effect

We propose an indirect-link-weakened mass diffusion method（IMD）, by considering the indirect linkage and the source object heterogeneity effect in the mass diffusion（MD） recommendation method. Experimental results on the MovieLens, Netflix, and RYM datasets show that, the IMD method greatly improves both the recommendation accuracy and diversity, compared with a heterogeneity-weakened MD method（HMD）, which only considers the source object heterogeneity. Moreover, the recommendation accuracy of the cold objects is also better elevated in the IMD than the HMD method. It suggests that eliminating the redundancy induced by the indirect linkages could have a prominent effect on the recommendation efficiency in the MD method.

On the parameters for electrocaloric effect predicted by indirect method

The influences of specific heat capacity CP, temperature step ？T, electric field step ？E, and initial electric field E1 on predicted electrocaloric（EC） temperature ？T of monodomain Ba TiO3 are examined by combining the Maxwell equation and phenomenological theory. Since the procedure is similar to indirect measurement of the EC effect, the results can serve as a reference for experiments. The results suggest that（i） it is reasonable to use zero-field CP,（ii） optimized ？T should be 2 K,（iii） it is better to keep △E 〈 EC, and（iv） E1〈 EC. Here, EC is the coercive field of material.

雷电间接效应多重脉冲组电流产生装置的设计

针对雷电间接效应多重脉冲组电流模拟需求,完成了雷电间接效应多重脉冲组模拟源的设计,采用20个Crowbar电路支路,通过分时放电的方式实现1个脉冲串内多脉冲输出需求,每个支路可以实现最小间隔30 ms的重复频率放电,从而实现3个脉冲串的输出需求。对放电支路的参数进行了详细设计,分析了电容、波尾电路电感、波尾电路电阻参数变化对输出特性的影响。分析了采用并联大电容实现放电电容重复频率快速充电的可行性,完成了装置的初步结构设计并结合装置结构简要分析了电路模拟参数设置的合理性。该装置建成后,可为电子、电气设备等开展测试提供技术支持。

碳排放权交易对试点地区绿色发展的影响及溢出效应——基于PSM-DID和SDID模型的实证分析

在碳中和、碳达峰背景下,本文选用2003~2021年全国273个地级市的面板数据,以碳排放权交易试点(CETP)为出发点,用生态效率测度绿色发展水平,通过PSM-DID和SDID模型实证检验了CETP对绿色发展的直接效应、间接效应和空间溢出效应。研究发现:(1)CETP能显著促进绿色发展,且通过了安慰剂检验和稳健性检验;(2)CETP产生的创新效应对绿色发展有推动作用,但产业结构效应不显著;(3)CETP对周边试点城市产生了显著负向的溢出效应,但对非试点城市的生态效率无明显影响。最后,结合以上研究结论,提出了政策建议。

政府R&D补贴的技术创新效应分析--基于2009-2021年中国的经验数据

政府R&D补贴既可以通过提供公共服务的方式直接作用于技术创新,也可以通过对社会资本的引导作用间接影响技术创新,其总效应取决于两种影响的方向与大小。基于2009—2021年中国的经验数据,建立了由技术创新方程和引致方程共同组成的动态模型,对政府R&D补贴的技术创新效应进行了实证分析。结果发现:持续增加的政府R&D补贴带来了国内专利授权数量的稳定增加,技术创新效应较为显著;政府R&D补贴不仅对技术创新产生了积极的直接影响,也通过引导社会资本投资于研发领域而对技术创新产生了积极的间接影响;政府R&D补贴的技术创新效应存在区域差异,中东部地区为正,而西部地区为负。提高资金使用效率、积极引导社会资本投资技术研发、努力改善欠发达地区的研发环境,无疑是提高政府R&D补贴技术创新效应的必要选择。

数字普惠金融支持乡村产业振兴的作用机制研究

文章基于2011—2022年中国30个省份面板数据,运用固定面板效应模型和间接效应模型,实证研究数字普惠金融对乡村产业振兴的影响效应及作用机制。结果表明,数字普惠金融对乡村产业振兴具有正向推动作用,通过促进产业结构高级化实现对乡村产业振兴的正向作用,此效应存在区域和互联网普及程度异质性;此外,数字普惠金融对乡村产业振兴存在以互联网普及率为门槛的非线性影响。据此,应提升互联网普及率、促进产业结构优化升级、健全数字普惠金融体系,以充分发挥数字普惠金融的作用。

活髓切断术与间接盖髓术对乳磨牙深龋患儿治疗效果及预后的影响比较

目的:对比分析活髓切断术与间接盖髓术对乳磨牙深龋患儿治疗效果及预后的影响。方法:对2019年1月-2023年2月笔者医院收治的152例乳磨牙深龋患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析,按治疗方法的不同分为A组(n=78,96颗患牙)和B组(n=74,96颗患牙),A组予以活髓切断术治疗,B组予以间接盖髓术治疗,治疗后均随访12个月。比较两组治疗效果、牙本质桥形成率、牙齿咀嚼功能、并发症发生情况和学龄前儿童口腔健康影响量表(ECOHIS)的差异。结果:治疗后12个月,A组患牙的修复成功率高于B组(P<0.05);治疗后6、12个月,A组患牙的牙本质桥形成率均高于B组(P<0.05);治疗后12个月,两组牙齿咀嚼功能各维度评分均高于同组治疗前,且A组均高于B组(P<0.05);A组的并发症发生率低于B组(P<0.05);两组ECOHIS量表口腔症状、口腔功能、心理状态、社会交往评分均低于同组治疗前,且A组低于B组(P<0.05)。结论:活髓切断术相较间接盖髓术对乳磨牙深龋患儿的疗效更加显著,能有效提高修复成功率,促进牙本质桥形成,改善牙齿咀嚼功能,提高生存质量,减少并发症的发生。

飞机及分系统雷电效应标准及测试浅析

对国内外关军用及民用飞机平台、分系统及设备雷电标准进行分析,针对雷电直接效应和雷电间接效应的所有测试项目,详述每个测试项目的适用区域、波形要求、测试配置等。结合现有国内雷电设计验证标准及测试存在的不足,提出提升测试设备与试验验证技术匹配性、扩展军用标准测试领域、统一同军种同一平台要求等建议。通过对军用机载平台、设备及分系统关于雷电设计验证标准及测试的分析,为相关产品设计师及试验人员提供设计指标参考,明确产品关于雷电防护的设计要求及验证要求,做到有的放矢,提高设计费效比。

乳酸菌在眼科的应用潜力

乳酸菌具有营养、抑菌、免疫调节等生物学功能,在食品、农牧业、工业、医药等领域中发挥重要作用。目前乳酸菌在临床应用研究中,关注焦点集中于胃肠道疾病、泌尿道感染、慢性鼻炎、抗肿瘤等,却鲜有介绍乳酸菌在眼部应用的研究进展。乳酸菌治疗眼病的作用机制除了通过调节炎症外,还可通过直接作用或间接作用机制治疗眼病。本文通过回顾乳酸菌在眼表疾病、真菌性角膜炎、晶状体和视网膜等疾病的应用,按乳酸菌株及其相关机制进行归纳和总结,比较不同的乳酸菌株治疗眼科疾病的差异,总结了乳酸菌在眼部研究中的体外、体内及临床证据,使用乳酸菌治疗具有较高安全性。对眼科疾病的应用展现出显著的创新性和临床意义,拓宽了乳酸菌在眼科的应用范围,为未来的临床治疗提供了新的思路。

上海市洪涝灾害损失对长江下游地区的辐射影响

随着区域经济一体化程度的加深,跨区域产业关联损失已成为灾害损失评估不容忽视的一部分,准确量化洪涝灾害损失的辐射影响对于制定防灾减灾措施、减少洪涝灾害损失具有重要作用。在系统评估了不同暴雨重现期情景下上海市减停产损失的基础上,采用两区域投入产出模型,测算和分析了长江下游地区不同省(直辖市)的区域内乘数效应、区域间溢出效应和区域间反馈效应,量化了上海市洪涝灾害损失对长江下游地区的辐射影响。结果表明,暴雨重现期10 a、20 a、30 a、50 a、100 a时,上海市的减停产损失分别为14.01亿元、19.83亿元、25.58亿元、33.82亿元和46.24亿元;在长江下游地区,上海市与浙江省的经济相互影响强度最大,且跨区域产业关联损失以溢出效应为主导;上海市发生洪涝灾害时,跨区域波及效应将导致长江下游地区损失增加26.24%。因此,在城市之间联系日益紧密的情况下,不仅要关注洪涝灾害对自身的影响,同时也要采取有效措施减少地域之间的波及影响,以便更有效地开展防灾减灾工作。

绿色金融、碳交易与产业绩效:影响机理及中国7个试点的力证

目前,各界对绿色金融和碳交易影响产业绩效的认知和预期仍相对模糊或片面。基于实际发展进程与客观诉求,对C-D生产函数进行重构与改进,通过实证分析验证绿色金融和碳交易影响产业绩效的动态机制。结果表明:直接影响,绿色金融和碳交易的导入会短暂阻碍产业绩效的提升,但跨越“拐点”后可显著促进产业发展;间接影响,绿色金融和碳交易的推进均存在一个最佳时间段,不仅可通过生产要素影响产业绩效,而且可促进“劳动密集型”向“资本密集型+能源密集型”的结构升级;现阶段绿色金融和碳交易的相互影响不具有对称性。只有对“试点建设”成功经验和作用规律进行科学总结才可为“全国推广”奠定坚实基础。

雷电对机载导弹的间接效应仿真分析

导弹作为军机的挂载,在雷电特殊环境中存在遭受雷击风险。为了提高机载导弹的雷电防护,根据标准SAE ARP5416的试验方法在CST中搭建仿真环境,对“军机挂载导弹”模型采用静电场仿真进行雷电附着1A区划分,并采用注入电流法仿真模型遭遇雷击时的间接效应。仿真结果表明:导弹导引头固定后沿(金属部分)和尾翼翼尖易遭受雷电初始附着,当雷电附着于导弹导引头固定后沿时,雷达罩内的电磁场环境最为恶劣,并且碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)舱段内产生的强电场环境和线缆的高感应电压会损坏弹内设备,而CFRP镀铝可将舱段内电场强度和线缆感应电压降低2个数量级,有着良好的雷电电磁屏蔽效果。