Has Chinese Culture Invaded Africa?

In Africa, China tends to promote its culture through language schools like the Confucius Institute and other initiatives. But its success is accompanied by the criticism that these efforts are another form of ＂cultural invasion.＂ Here is what Chinese and Africans pundits have to say.

An Evaluation Model for Improving Biodiversity in Artificial Coniferous Forests Invaded by Broadleaf Trees

Increasing attention is being paid to the various functions of forests, especially the conservation of biodiversity. In Japan, 67% of national land is covered by forest, 41% of which is artificial forest (i.e., plantations). Therefore, efforts to conserve forest biodiversity should also target artificial forests. In this study, we investigated the increase in biodiversity resulting from broadleaf tree invasion of artificial coniferous forests. We examined diversity indices and combinations of indices to identify which ones can aid forest managers in evaluating forest diversity. We also studied classification according to the richness of diversity, which corresponded to the growth stages of Chamaecyparisobtusa and Cryptomeria japonica plantation forests. Moreover, we developed a model that will contribute to sustainable forest management and biodiversity over an entire area. The model, based on a specific rotation scenario in a geographic information system, is easy to use and presents spatial and temporal changes at sites visually.

COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE OF THE URBAN PLANNING HISTORY OF QINGDAO: A MODERN PLANNING LAB OF CHINA

The purpose of this paper is to explore the significance of Chinese invaded cities in the urban planning history through a comparative view of the modern urban planning theories and methodologies of Qingdao (Tsingtau) and those of the developed world from the late 19th century to mid 20th century. After reviewing the German Plan in 1898～1906 and the Japanese Plan in 1941, the paper concludes that the basis grounds of the urban planning practices in Qingdao between 1897～1945 were of the realistic physical planning, rather than of the commonly assumed utopian garden city. Therefore, Qingdao, once being a modern planning lab objectively, helped forward the theories and methodologies of the world′s modern urban planning between the late 19th century and mid 20th century.

Invader分析——一种新的核酸检测技术

Invader分析使用一个耐热的、结构特异的内切核酸酶 ,根据结构而不是序列在特殊位点上切割核酸分子。是一种等温非“PCR”的DNA和RNA定性和定量检测方法。可简单、快速、准确检测基因突变和单核苷酸多态性 (SNPS)。在感染性疾病、遗传性疾病诊断及治疗药物选择发挥了重要作用。

Analyses of spring mean circulations for major andminor dust storm years in China-Mongolia area

To better understand the dust storm (hereafter DS) inducing circulation in the China-Mongolia (CM) DS activity area,the spring mean circulation features and differences on lower levels in three subregions of the CM DS area for the majorandminor-DS years have,as a whole (not partly),been analyzed,utilizing the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalyzed gridded data,the observed DS frequency data in the CM area,and the composite analysis method.The main conclusions are as follows:(1) Judging from the differences in the DS-inducing systems,dust origins,paths of invading cold air,and main DS-strike areas,the whole CM DS area is roughly divided into the three subre-gions:the East-,Middleand West-CM subregions (in this paper,referred to as E-,M-,and W-CM).(2) In major DSs during spring over the E-CM,the middleand lower-level troughs or cyclones over the Japan Sea and northeastern China (NEC) domi-nate.The invading cold air along the northeastern (NE) or north by east (NE) path often causes the DS in the E-CM region.But nearly the opposite is true inminor DS during spring in E-CM.(3) In the major DS during spring over the M-CM region,the Mongolian troughs or cyclones are the main DS-inducing systems.The strong invading cold air along the northwestern (NW)or north by west (Nw) path causes the DSs in the M-CM region.(4) In the major DSs during spring over the W-CM region,the South Xinjiang heat lows prevail,the intruding cold air has a western path,and creates the DSs in South Xinjiang.(5) In the past 50 years,the DSs over the M-CM region have had the most severe impact on the preceding three subregions of the CM DS area.Overall,DS activities over all of three regions of the CM area decreased in the past (particularly,over Mand W-CM regions since the mid-1980s.But there existed a short and sudden increasing in E-CM in the years 2000-2002.(6) It is circulation changes and desertification evolutions that cause the yearly and decadal changes of DS in CM area,especially the former.With the backdrop of global warming in the future,perhaps the decreased DS activities over Mand W-CM will persist for some time again,and special attention should be paid to ones over E-CM or to the individual DS events over Mand W-CM.

ABSTRACTS FROM VARIOUS ORIGINAL CHINESE JOURNALS OF TCM

TREATMENT OF 236 CASES OF FA-CIAL PARALYSIS WITH ACUPUNC-TUREMu Shukun Chinese Medical Team to SomaliaPatients in the present series wereSomalis of asthenic physique who lived neara windy and damp coast;therefore,their fa-cial paralysis were mostly of the type of evilfactors invading a deficient constitution.The cases were treated by through-punc-tures with long needles.The method

Tuberculous Mediastinal Lymphadenitis Masquerading as Leiomyoma of the Oesophagus:A Report of Four Cases

Four Patients with tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenitis resembling leiomyoma of the oesophagus are presented. The differential diagnosis between this disease and leiomyoma of the oesophagus is discussed. In any adult patient, especially young females with dysphagia and filling defects along the middle third of the oesophagus, the possibility of tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis. The material here presented is based upon conventional radiologic methods which are also available in the developing countries.

CLINICAL OBSERVATION ON THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF GUZHIZAISHENG WAN FOR TREATMENT OF ASEPTIC NECROSIS OF THE HEAD OF FEMUR

Aseptic necrosis of the head of femur falls into the category of "Gushi" (corroded bone) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Its pathogenesis is due to pathogenic factors invading channels,

Invading track of chloride ions in cemented-based materials

Invading track of chloride ions and chloride ion distribution rule in cement-based materials were investigated by partially soaking in 3.5% （mass fraction） NaCl solution and fully immerging in 3.5% and 5.0% （mass fraction） NaC1 solution, respectively, and relevant invading mechanisms were discussed. Results indicate that under full immerging condition, the invading track of chloride ions in cement mortar is similar to beeline that is vertical to chloride ion invading direction, and chloride ion content decreases rapidly with the increase of chloride ion invading depth. Under partial soaking condition, the invading track of chloride ion in cement mortar is similar to the shape of concave parabola, and chloride ion content decreases slowly along the lengthway direction of cement mortar samples in the distance of 20-80 mm from the bottom. Lots of chloride ions accumulate in cement mortar surface layer under the effect of capillary rise and evaporation and then invade cement mortar by diffusion effect. Under partial soaking condition, cement mortar is distinguished by four areas, i.e., immerging area, wet area, crystallization area and dry area.

CLINICAL OBSERVATION ON 278 CASES OF BROCHIECTASIC HEMOPTYSIS TREATED BY POINT INJECTION OF HOUTTUYNIA SOLUTION

we treated 278 cases of bronchiectasic hemoptysis with point injection ofHerba Houttuynia solution.The injected points,among which Kongzui(LU6)was the mainpoint,were selected according to the differentiation of syndromes.As a result,217 caseswere improved,40 markedly cured ,40 markedly improved.12 improved and 9 not improved.The total effective rate reached 95.5%.

常见参考文献著录格式示例

1专著 著录格式：主要责任者.题名[文献类型标志].其他责任者（例如翻译者）.版本项（1版不著录）.出版地：出版者,出版年：起页-止页. [1]Abrams WB,Beers MH,Berkow R.默克老年病手册[M].陈灏珠,王赞舜,刘厚鈺,等.译.2版.北京：人民卫生出版社,1996：22-25.

Elaeagnus Angustifolia Colonization and Understory Floristic Successional Patterns at Mid Valley,North Patagonia,Argentina

From circa 1970,Elaeagnus angustifolia(olivillo,Russian olive)has been a notorious invader in the valley livestock fields at Mid Valley of Rio Negro,in North Patagonia,Argentina.The species colonized riparian and plain areas forming different stands.Once introduced in this semiarid region,the seasonal and yearly climatic variations,as well as the flow regimen of the river,influenced the colonization speed.Depending on the landscape,E.angustifolia stands may develop as monospecific groups or in associations with other trees,leaving some uninvaded areas in-between.The different shapes and the main species forming the canopy of the stands,affect the floristic composition,and the cattle forage quality,of the US(Understory)community,if compared with the uninvaded zones.Other herbaceous community can be distinguished at the stands'border.The description of the different stages on E.angustifolia colonization in Mid Valley for 25 years,shows that the colonization was hastened by rainy years and wet soils.Once established,and while the new specimens reached the reproductive age,the enhancement of the population was the result of vegetative sprouting and diminished US diversity.This period was immediately followed by drought years,but the amelioration of soil quality of the already nitrogen fixating roots and the attenuation of incident sunlight,benefited herbaceous strata under the canopy of all the stand with Russian olive.Posterior changes in trees composition and management of the cattle fields,influenced US diversity.Today,the herbaceous composition studies show that,under dense monospecific population of E.angustifolia,the pasture reduces forage quality because of the dominance of non-palatable species.Stands'border areas combine an enhanced nitrogen content in soils,and enough light to develop a herbaceous community of annual and perennial grasses and forbs.An increment on biodiversity and spontaneous forage biomass is noticed after the Russian olive plants are removed.

Forage Offer and Nutritive Value of Elaeagnus angustifolia in North Patagonia,Argentina

The presence and growth cycle of the browse Elaeagnus angustifolia(olivillo,Russian olive),naturalized in the Mid Valley,Rio Negro,Argentina,must be considered in the yearly schedule of rangeland management.Field observations showed that cattle prefer the leaves of this species that are included on the reproductive branches which develop as a thyrse inflorescence.In this trial,authors studied the incidence of E.angustifolia in the breeding cow’s diet as determined by microhistological analysis of cow feces;mapped the distribution patterns in a cattle farm and quantified its abundance in different parcels;estimated the volume of forage produced by this species and determined the nutritive value of the edible parts of the plants.The quality and quantity of the thyrses accessible for cow’s browse suggest that E.angustifolia must be considered as an important feed input.The results are used to schedule grazing periods in a valley farm divided into plots with different abundances of E.angustifolia and a known floristic composition.

Liver tumors invading the hepatocaval confluence:treatment improvements still not completed

Also if rarely, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and metastatic carcinoma can invade the retrohepatic portion of the inferior vena cava （IVC）, because of the proximity of this vessel to the liver.

Recurrent basal cell carcinoma of lower lid invading the orbit and whole hemiface reconstructed by rectus abdominis free flap

Dear Sir, I am Dong Hyun Ji, from the Department of Ophthalmology of St. Vincent’s Hospital, Suwon, Korea. I write to present a very severely recurrent basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in lower lid invading left orbit and whole hemiface,

Harm,Reproduction,Invasion and Control of Spodoptera frugiperda

Spodoptera frugiperda is becoming more and more widely distributed in various regions of the world,and it does more and more harm to agriculture,which seriously affects the growth and development of crops.In this paper,focuses were laid on the harm,reproduction,invasion and control of Spodoptera frugiperda,with the aim to provide more scientific bases for agricultural departments to guide agricultural production and pest control.

Liver fire invading the lung: Theoretical basis, identification and treatment

Liver fire invading the lung (also called wood-fire torturing metal) is widely seen in various respiratory diseases.In order to understand this pattern well,from the perspective of the five elements theory and zang-fu theory in Chinese Medicine,we systematically reviewed and discussed the physiological and functional characteristics of the liver and lung,the liver -lung relationship,the pathogenesis and identification of the pattern,as well as the commonly used basic formulas for the treatment of this pattern,including White-Draining Powder (Xiè Bái Sǎn,泻白散),Liver Heat-Dissolving Decoction (Huà Gān Jiān,化肝煎),Indigo and Clam Shell Powder (Dài Ge Sǎn,黛蛤散)and Hemoptysis-Relieving Formula(KéXuè Fāng,咳血方).Two examples of clinical modifications of these formulas in the treatment of hemoptysis and asthma are provided in this article.It should be noted that in the treatment of pulmonary diseases,these formulas should be used flexibly,and modified in accordance to the condition of the patient.

Transsphenoidal approach to chordoma invading the sphenoid bone and clivuss

Objective To discuss the indication and methods on the surgical treatment of chordoma in volving the sphenoid bone and clivus how to improve the surgical outcome. Methods All patients were treated by transspenoidal approach surgery. Results Subtotal removal in 73.7% , and partial removal in 26.3% . No operative mortality the five-year survival rate was 58 % . Conclusion This aproach is less destructive, less time-concuming, less complications, easy to perform, and adapted to the majority of chordoma invading the sphenoid bone and clivus. Radical surgical removal and postoperative radiotherapy is an efficacious treatment and may prolong disease-free survival. 8 refs,4 figs.

Respiratory tract tumor

950309 The result of re-resection for lung cancer.GAO Wen(高文),et al.Dept Thoracic Surg,Shang-hai 1st Pulmon Hosp,Shanghai,200433.Chin J Oncol1995;17(1):30-32.In 38 cases of primary lung cancer with postopera-tive recurrence and metastasis or second primary lungcancer,re-resection was performed.The time intervalbetween the first operation and re-resection was