VIGS(Virus-induced gene silencing),a method for posttranscriptional gene silencing,is an effective technique for investigating the activities of genes in plants.Since there is no report for available VIGS system in St...VIGS(Virus-induced gene silencing),a method for posttranscriptional gene silencing,is an effective technique for investigating the activities of genes in plants.Since there is no report for available VIGS system in Styrax japonicus,the application of a VIGS approach that results in a gene knockdown to study gene function is limited.In this study,we compared the characteristics that could affect the viability of VIGS in S.japonicus,including the acetosyringone(AS)concentration,the Agrobacterium’s optical density and the inoculation method.The stable reference genes of S.japonicus were selected to validate the gene’s knockdown by quantitative PCR.As a result,we successfully constructed 2 VIGS systems based on TRV virus:vacuum with AS concentration of 200μmol·L^(-1)and OD600of 0.5,and friction-osmosis with AS concentration of 200μmol·L^(-1)and OD600of 1.0,which silencing efficiency was 83.33%and 74.19%,respectively.The successfully applied VIGS method provides a rapid and effective reverse gene functional analysis approach in S.japonicus to identify unknown gene functions.展开更多
The sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus is one of the"Eight Treasures of Seafood"and contains a number of bioactive components involved in multiple physiological and pharmacological functions.Proteins and pepti...The sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus is one of the"Eight Treasures of Seafood"and contains a number of bioactive components involved in multiple physiological and pharmacological functions.Proteins and peptides are generally considered to be responsible for these beneficial properties.In this study,a total of 3478 proteins and 17390 peptides were identified in Stichopus japonicus by proteomics methods.Among them,4 proteins were involved in 8 metabolic pathways,especially oxidative phosphorylation and cell senescence.Subsequently,lifespan assay and oxidative stress test were performed to investigate the peptides prepared from sea cucumber protein hydrolyzate using the aging model of Caenorhabditis elegans.The results of the anti-aging experiment demonstrated that high-dose peptides significantly prolonged the lifespan of nematodes(30.50%),and improved their capacity to inhibit oxidative stress.The results provide evidence supporting the development of bioactive proteins and peptides derived from Stichopus japonicus as functional foods and lay the foundation for the research of an anti-aging drug.展开更多
Information on survival and growth during the early life stage is essential to understand the mechanism of interannual variations in fish recruitment.Chub mackerel Scomber japonicus is a commercially important pelagic...Information on survival and growth during the early life stage is essential to understand the mechanism of interannual variations in fish recruitment.Chub mackerel Scomber japonicus is a commercially important pelagic fish widely distributed in the northwestern Pacific.Its catch showed large fluctuations with changes in distribution and migration under climate change and strong fishing.We determined the hatch dates and growth rates of young-of-the-year of chub mackerel through otolith microstructure using samples collected in the Oyashio water in autumn 2018.Results show that the ages of young chub mackerel ranged between 120 and 180 d,and the estimated hatch date lasted from midJanuary to late May with a peak from mid-March to mid-April.Average otolith daily increment width during the early life stages(from hatching to 25 d)showed an increasing trend.Chub mackerel grows slowly in the first 10 d,and then grows faster during the 10thto 25thd.Three groups with dissimilar growth histories and migration routes were identified using unsupervised random forest clustering analysis,but all eventually converge on the same nursery ground.The faster growth of young-of-the-year chub mackerel leads to better recruitment due to the hypothesis of growth-dependent mortality.Most chub mackerels hatched in March and April,the spawning period is longer and earlier,which could lead to strong year classes.These findings on population composition and life history traits of young-of-the-year of chub mackerel provide valuable information on its recruitment processes during the period of stock recovery.展开更多
Sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus)is an excellent model for investigating effects of bottom-dwellers on carbon mig-ration and transformation.However,the molecular mechanism of respiratory metabolism process variatio...Sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus)is an excellent model for investigating effects of bottom-dwellers on carbon mig-ration and transformation.However,the molecular mechanism of respiratory metabolism process variation caused by feeding rations is poorly understood.In this study,treatment groups set as 1%(about 0.63g),3%,and 7%of total body weight(named F1,F3 and F7 groups respectively).The potential molecular mechanisms behind the functions of respiratory tree and body wall were investigated by RNA-Seq.A total of 52411 expressed genes were identified from 89342 expressed transcripts.The results showed 759,254 and 334 genes were up-regulated,and 334,445 and 992 genes were down-regulated in respiratory tree of F1 vs.F3,F1 vs.F7 and F3 vs.F7,respectively.Meanwhile,2070,1601 and 896 genes were up-regulated,and 1303,1337 and 1144 genes were down-regulated in body wall between F1 vs.F3,F1 vs.F7 and F3 vs.F7,respectively.Differentially expressed genes were enriched in salivary secretion and ECM-receptor interaction pathways in respiratory tree,and in various types of N-glycan biosynthesis,ribosome and sphingolipid metabolism pathways in body wall.These results suggested respiratory tree and body wall were involved in activation of respiratory metabolisms in response to different feeding rations.Our research provided valuable knowledge for physiological differences in res-piratory metabolism.展开更多
The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus plays important roles in marine benthic ecosystem as environmental cleaners,and it is the important aquaculture species in China.High water temperature poses critical threat for...The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus plays important roles in marine benthic ecosystem as environmental cleaners,and it is the important aquaculture species in China.High water temperature poses critical threat for the survival of A.japonicus,which has resulted in extensive death in summer.To explore the genes expression profiles under different levels of heat stress,the high-throughput RNA-seq was applied in this study.Our results revealed a total of 1371,1225 and 1408 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in 26℃for 6 h,26℃for 48 h and 30℃for 6 h respectively in comparison with Control group.The pathway analysis suggested“Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum(ER)”was significantly enriched in all these heat stress(HS)treatment groups.The expression results of key DEGs in this pathway(Hsp70,Derlin,NEF,PDI,GPR94 and ERP57)by qRT-PCR was in accordance with the RNA-seq data.The subcluster analysis of DEGs revealed that a variety of heat shock proteins(HSPs)and calcium ion binding proteins had an obvious up-regulated expression in 26℃for 6 h,comparatively low expression in 26℃for 48 h,and the highest expression in 30℃for 6 h.The other DEGs subcluster,consisting of critical components of extracellular matrix(ECM)and a subset of peptidases and proteases,showed significantly rising tendency in 30℃for 6 h.Additionally,the expression of matrix metalloproteases(MMP1,MMP16 and MMP19)was prominently affected by HS,and peaked in 30℃for 6 h.This study provides a series of candidate genes for further study about heat shock response in A.japonicus,especially genes associated with protein processing in ER and regulation of ECM,which also offers new insights into cellular homeostasis under stressful conditions in marine invertebrates.展开更多
Previous studies have shown that Vibrio splendidus infection causes mitochondrial damage in Apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes,leading to the production of excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)and irreversible apopt...Previous studies have shown that Vibrio splendidus infection causes mitochondrial damage in Apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes,leading to the production of excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)and irreversible apoptotic cell death.Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial autophagy(mitophagy)is the most effective method for eliminating damaged mitochondria and ROS,with choline dehydrogenase(CHDH)identified as a novel mitophagy receptor that can recognize non-ubiquitin damage signals and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3)in vertebrates.However,the functional role of CHDH in invertebrates is largely unknown.In this study,we observed a significant increase in the mRNA and protein expression levels of A.japonicus CHDH(AjCHDH)in response to V.splendidus infection and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)challenge,consistent with changes in mitophagy under the same conditions.Notably,AjCHDH was localized to the mitochondria rather than the cytosol following V.splendidus infection.Moreover,AjCHDH knockdown using si RNA transfection significantly reduced mitophagy levels,as observed through transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy.Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying CHDH-regulated mitophagy showed that AjCHDH lacked an LC3-interacting region(LIR)for direct binding to LC3 but possessed a FB1 structural domain that binds to SQSTM1.The interaction between AjCHDH and SQSTM1 was further confirmed by immunoprecipitation analysis.Furthermore,laser confocal microscopy indicated that SQSTM1 and LC3 were recruited by AjCHDH in coelomocytes and HEK293T cells.In contrast,AjCHDH interference hindered SQSTM1 and LC3 recruitment to the mitochondria,a critical step in damaged mitochondrial degradation.Thus,AjCHDH interference led to a significant increase in both mitochondrial and intracellular ROS,followed by increased apoptosis and decreased coelomocyte survival.Collectively,these findings indicate that AjCHDH-mediated mitophagy plays a crucial role in coelomocyte survival in A.japonicus following V.splendidus infection.展开更多
Panax japonicus and its approximation varieties,such as Rhizoma Panacis Majoris and Panax japonicus C. A. Mey. var.major （Burk.） C.Y. Wu et K.M. Feng belong to Panax,which are less commonly used traditional Chinese ...Panax japonicus and its approximation varieties,such as Rhizoma Panacis Majoris and Panax japonicus C. A. Mey. var.major （Burk.） C.Y. Wu et K.M. Feng belong to Panax,which are less commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. Because of similar traits and effectiveness,they were always used as one type of medicine for a long time. Aiming at this phenomenon,the chemical composition and contents of P. japonicus and its approximation varieties from different area were compared in order to provide a chemical basis for clarifying the classification of the genus.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore the effects of seven kinds of Chinese herbal medicine on Escherichia coil and Staphylococcus aureus in terms of unilater- al bacteriostatic effect, such as root and leaf of Ophiopogo...[Objective] The aim was to explore the effects of seven kinds of Chinese herbal medicine on Escherichia coil and Staphylococcus aureus in terms of unilater- al bacteriostatic effect, such as root and leaf of Ophiopogon japonicus, honeycomb, Panax pseudoginseng, and Allium macrostemon. [Method] Herbal active ingredients were extracted by water boiling method and a bacteriostatic experiment was per- formed by oxford cup diffusion method, to select Chinese herbs with antibacterial effects. MIC values of seven kinds of Chinese herbal medicine were determined by in vitro half-fold dilution method. [Results] Root and leaf of Ophiopogon japonicus, honeycomb, Panax pseudoginseng, Allium macrostemon, Juncus effusus and Xanthi- um sibiricum had bacteriostatic effects on Escherichia coil and Staphylococcus au- reus in varying degrees. Xanthium and leaf of Ophiopogon japonicus performed bet- ter on Escherichia coil, with MIC values at 7.81 and 15.63 mg/ml, respectively. Panax pseudoginseng and Xanthium performed better on Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values at 15.63 and 31.25 mg/ml. And the drug＇s effect was positively correlated with the concentration. [Conclusion] Xanthium sibiricum is the best bacte- riostatic effect, followed by leaf of Ophiopogon japonicus, and Juncus effusus per- forms the poorest. Panax pseudoginseng showed the best bacteriostatic effect, fol- lowed by Xanthium sibiricum and Juncus effusus performs the poorest. These pro- vide references for clinic safety.展开更多
Two new C 27 steroidal glycosides, named ophiopojaponin A (1) and B (2), together with two known ones, were isolated from the tubers of the famous traditional Chinese herb Ophiopogon japonicus Ker_Gawl. The spect...Two new C 27 steroidal glycosides, named ophiopojaponin A (1) and B (2), together with two known ones, were isolated from the tubers of the famous traditional Chinese herb Ophiopogon japonicus Ker_Gawl. The spectroscopic and chemical evidence revealed their structures to be pennogenin 3_O_[2′_O_acetyl_α_L_rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]_β_D_xylopyranosyl (1→3)_β_D_glucopyranoside (1), 26_O_β_D_glucopyranosyl_(22ξ, 25R)_3β, 14α, 22ξ, 26_tetrahydroxyfurost_5_ene 3_O_α_L_rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)_β_D_glucopyranoside (2), diosgenin 3_O_[α_L_rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]_β_D_xylopyrano_syl (1→3)_β_D_glucopyranoside (3) and ruscogenin 1_O_[α_L_rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]_β_D_xylopyranosyl (1→3)_β_D_fucopyranoside (4).展开更多
In order to control the spawning quality and improve the economic benefit of Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, the indoor temperature and light control methods were employed for artificial maturation, spawning and hatch...In order to control the spawning quality and improve the economic benefit of Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, the indoor temperature and light control methods were employed for artificial maturation, spawning and hatching of A. japonicus, and the larval survival rate, disease incidence rate and economic benefit were analyzed. The results showed that compared with those of conventional temperature-reared larvae, the survival rate of raised temperature-reared larvae was increased by 15.8%, the disease incidence rate was reduced by 10.2%, and the economic benefit was improved by 21.6%. These results will provide theoretical basis and technical support for the artificial breeding of A. japonicus.展开更多
基金supported by the Subject of Key R&D Plan of Shandong Province(Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project)“Mining and Accurate Identification of Forest Tree Germplasm Resources”(Grant Nos.2021LZGC02303)Science&Technology Specific Projects in Agricultural High-tech Industrial Demonstration Area of the Yellow River Delta(Grant No.022SZX16)。
文摘VIGS(Virus-induced gene silencing),a method for posttranscriptional gene silencing,is an effective technique for investigating the activities of genes in plants.Since there is no report for available VIGS system in Styrax japonicus,the application of a VIGS approach that results in a gene knockdown to study gene function is limited.In this study,we compared the characteristics that could affect the viability of VIGS in S.japonicus,including the acetosyringone(AS)concentration,the Agrobacterium’s optical density and the inoculation method.The stable reference genes of S.japonicus were selected to validate the gene’s knockdown by quantitative PCR.As a result,we successfully constructed 2 VIGS systems based on TRV virus:vacuum with AS concentration of 200μmol·L^(-1)and OD600of 0.5,and friction-osmosis with AS concentration of 200μmol·L^(-1)and OD600of 1.0,which silencing efficiency was 83.33%and 74.19%,respectively.The successfully applied VIGS method provides a rapid and effective reverse gene functional analysis approach in S.japonicus to identify unknown gene functions.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Program of Higher Education Institutions in Hainan Province(Hnky2019-110)Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(424QN258)+1 种基金Hainan Provincial Key Point Research and Invention Program(ZDYF2022SHFZ309)Special Scientific Research Project of Hainan Academician Innovation Platform(YSPTZX202132).
文摘The sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus is one of the"Eight Treasures of Seafood"and contains a number of bioactive components involved in multiple physiological and pharmacological functions.Proteins and peptides are generally considered to be responsible for these beneficial properties.In this study,a total of 3478 proteins and 17390 peptides were identified in Stichopus japonicus by proteomics methods.Among them,4 proteins were involved in 8 metabolic pathways,especially oxidative phosphorylation and cell senescence.Subsequently,lifespan assay and oxidative stress test were performed to investigate the peptides prepared from sea cucumber protein hydrolyzate using the aging model of Caenorhabditis elegans.The results of the anti-aging experiment demonstrated that high-dose peptides significantly prolonged the lifespan of nematodes(30.50%),and improved their capacity to inhibit oxidative stress.The results provide evidence supporting the development of bioactive proteins and peptides derived from Stichopus japonicus as functional foods and lay the foundation for the research of an anti-aging drug.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41930534)the Third Institute of Oceanography through the National Program on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction(No.GASI-02-PACYDaut)。
文摘Information on survival and growth during the early life stage is essential to understand the mechanism of interannual variations in fish recruitment.Chub mackerel Scomber japonicus is a commercially important pelagic fish widely distributed in the northwestern Pacific.Its catch showed large fluctuations with changes in distribution and migration under climate change and strong fishing.We determined the hatch dates and growth rates of young-of-the-year of chub mackerel through otolith microstructure using samples collected in the Oyashio water in autumn 2018.Results show that the ages of young chub mackerel ranged between 120 and 180 d,and the estimated hatch date lasted from midJanuary to late May with a peak from mid-March to mid-April.Average otolith daily increment width during the early life stages(from hatching to 25 d)showed an increasing trend.Chub mackerel grows slowly in the first 10 d,and then grows faster during the 10thto 25thd.Three groups with dissimilar growth histories and migration routes were identified using unsupervised random forest clustering analysis,but all eventually converge on the same nursery ground.The faster growth of young-of-the-year chub mackerel leads to better recruitment due to the hypothesis of growth-dependent mortality.Most chub mackerels hatched in March and April,the spawning period is longer and earlier,which could lead to strong year classes.These findings on population composition and life history traits of young-of-the-year of chub mackerel provide valuable information on its recruitment processes during the period of stock recovery.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31672657).
文摘Sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus)is an excellent model for investigating effects of bottom-dwellers on carbon mig-ration and transformation.However,the molecular mechanism of respiratory metabolism process variation caused by feeding rations is poorly understood.In this study,treatment groups set as 1%(about 0.63g),3%,and 7%of total body weight(named F1,F3 and F7 groups respectively).The potential molecular mechanisms behind the functions of respiratory tree and body wall were investigated by RNA-Seq.A total of 52411 expressed genes were identified from 89342 expressed transcripts.The results showed 759,254 and 334 genes were up-regulated,and 334,445 and 992 genes were down-regulated in respiratory tree of F1 vs.F3,F1 vs.F7 and F3 vs.F7,respectively.Meanwhile,2070,1601 and 896 genes were up-regulated,and 1303,1337 and 1144 genes were down-regulated in body wall between F1 vs.F3,F1 vs.F7 and F3 vs.F7,respectively.Differentially expressed genes were enriched in salivary secretion and ECM-receptor interaction pathways in respiratory tree,and in various types of N-glycan biosynthesis,ribosome and sphingolipid metabolism pathways in body wall.These results suggested respiratory tree and body wall were involved in activation of respiratory metabolisms in response to different feeding rations.Our research provided valuable knowledge for physiological differences in res-piratory metabolism.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42276143 and 31902360the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation under contract Nos ZR2022MC050 and ZR2022QD003the“First Class Fishery Discipline”Programme[(2020)3]in Shandong Province。
文摘The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus plays important roles in marine benthic ecosystem as environmental cleaners,and it is the important aquaculture species in China.High water temperature poses critical threat for the survival of A.japonicus,which has resulted in extensive death in summer.To explore the genes expression profiles under different levels of heat stress,the high-throughput RNA-seq was applied in this study.Our results revealed a total of 1371,1225 and 1408 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in 26℃for 6 h,26℃for 48 h and 30℃for 6 h respectively in comparison with Control group.The pathway analysis suggested“Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum(ER)”was significantly enriched in all these heat stress(HS)treatment groups.The expression results of key DEGs in this pathway(Hsp70,Derlin,NEF,PDI,GPR94 and ERP57)by qRT-PCR was in accordance with the RNA-seq data.The subcluster analysis of DEGs revealed that a variety of heat shock proteins(HSPs)and calcium ion binding proteins had an obvious up-regulated expression in 26℃for 6 h,comparatively low expression in 26℃for 48 h,and the highest expression in 30℃for 6 h.The other DEGs subcluster,consisting of critical components of extracellular matrix(ECM)and a subset of peptidases and proteases,showed significantly rising tendency in 30℃for 6 h.Additionally,the expression of matrix metalloproteases(MMP1,MMP16 and MMP19)was prominently affected by HS,and peaked in 30℃for 6 h.This study provides a series of candidate genes for further study about heat shock response in A.japonicus,especially genes associated with protein processing in ER and regulation of ECM,which also offers new insights into cellular homeostasis under stressful conditions in marine invertebrates.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32102825)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LQ22C190003)。
文摘Previous studies have shown that Vibrio splendidus infection causes mitochondrial damage in Apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes,leading to the production of excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)and irreversible apoptotic cell death.Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial autophagy(mitophagy)is the most effective method for eliminating damaged mitochondria and ROS,with choline dehydrogenase(CHDH)identified as a novel mitophagy receptor that can recognize non-ubiquitin damage signals and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3)in vertebrates.However,the functional role of CHDH in invertebrates is largely unknown.In this study,we observed a significant increase in the mRNA and protein expression levels of A.japonicus CHDH(AjCHDH)in response to V.splendidus infection and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)challenge,consistent with changes in mitophagy under the same conditions.Notably,AjCHDH was localized to the mitochondria rather than the cytosol following V.splendidus infection.Moreover,AjCHDH knockdown using si RNA transfection significantly reduced mitophagy levels,as observed through transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy.Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying CHDH-regulated mitophagy showed that AjCHDH lacked an LC3-interacting region(LIR)for direct binding to LC3 but possessed a FB1 structural domain that binds to SQSTM1.The interaction between AjCHDH and SQSTM1 was further confirmed by immunoprecipitation analysis.Furthermore,laser confocal microscopy indicated that SQSTM1 and LC3 were recruited by AjCHDH in coelomocytes and HEK293T cells.In contrast,AjCHDH interference hindered SQSTM1 and LC3 recruitment to the mitochondria,a critical step in damaged mitochondrial degradation.Thus,AjCHDH interference led to a significant increase in both mitochondrial and intracellular ROS,followed by increased apoptosis and decreased coelomocyte survival.Collectively,these findings indicate that AjCHDH-mediated mitophagy plays a crucial role in coelomocyte survival in A.japonicus following V.splendidus infection.
基金Supported by the National Natural Foundation of China(30873383)~~
文摘Panax japonicus and its approximation varieties,such as Rhizoma Panacis Majoris and Panax japonicus C. A. Mey. var.major （Burk.） C.Y. Wu et K.M. Feng belong to Panax,which are less commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. Because of similar traits and effectiveness,they were always used as one type of medicine for a long time. Aiming at this phenomenon,the chemical composition and contents of P. japonicus and its approximation varieties from different area were compared in order to provide a chemical basis for clarifying the classification of the genus.
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore the effects of seven kinds of Chinese herbal medicine on Escherichia coil and Staphylococcus aureus in terms of unilater- al bacteriostatic effect, such as root and leaf of Ophiopogon japonicus, honeycomb, Panax pseudoginseng, and Allium macrostemon. [Method] Herbal active ingredients were extracted by water boiling method and a bacteriostatic experiment was per- formed by oxford cup diffusion method, to select Chinese herbs with antibacterial effects. MIC values of seven kinds of Chinese herbal medicine were determined by in vitro half-fold dilution method. [Results] Root and leaf of Ophiopogon japonicus, honeycomb, Panax pseudoginseng, Allium macrostemon, Juncus effusus and Xanthi- um sibiricum had bacteriostatic effects on Escherichia coil and Staphylococcus au- reus in varying degrees. Xanthium and leaf of Ophiopogon japonicus performed bet- ter on Escherichia coil, with MIC values at 7.81 and 15.63 mg/ml, respectively. Panax pseudoginseng and Xanthium performed better on Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values at 15.63 and 31.25 mg/ml. And the drug＇s effect was positively correlated with the concentration. [Conclusion] Xanthium sibiricum is the best bacte- riostatic effect, followed by leaf of Ophiopogon japonicus, and Juncus effusus per- forms the poorest. Panax pseudoginseng showed the best bacteriostatic effect, fol- lowed by Xanthium sibiricum and Juncus effusus performs the poorest. These pro- vide references for clinic safety.
文摘Two new C 27 steroidal glycosides, named ophiopojaponin A (1) and B (2), together with two known ones, were isolated from the tubers of the famous traditional Chinese herb Ophiopogon japonicus Ker_Gawl. The spectroscopic and chemical evidence revealed their structures to be pennogenin 3_O_[2′_O_acetyl_α_L_rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]_β_D_xylopyranosyl (1→3)_β_D_glucopyranoside (1), 26_O_β_D_glucopyranosyl_(22ξ, 25R)_3β, 14α, 22ξ, 26_tetrahydroxyfurost_5_ene 3_O_α_L_rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)_β_D_glucopyranoside (2), diosgenin 3_O_[α_L_rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]_β_D_xylopyrano_syl (1→3)_β_D_glucopyranoside (3) and ruscogenin 1_O_[α_L_rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]_β_D_xylopyranosyl (1→3)_β_D_fucopyranoside (4).
文摘In order to control the spawning quality and improve the economic benefit of Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, the indoor temperature and light control methods were employed for artificial maturation, spawning and hatching of A. japonicus, and the larval survival rate, disease incidence rate and economic benefit were analyzed. The results showed that compared with those of conventional temperature-reared larvae, the survival rate of raised temperature-reared larvae was increased by 15.8%, the disease incidence rate was reduced by 10.2%, and the economic benefit was improved by 21.6%. These results will provide theoretical basis and technical support for the artificial breeding of A. japonicus.
