Development and application of a real-time polymerase chain reaction method for Campylobacter jejuni detection

AIM:To develop a real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR) method to detect and quantify Campylobacter jejuni(C.jejuni) from stool specimens.METHODS:Primers and a probe for real-time PCR were designed based on the specific DNA sequence of the hipO gene in C.jejuni.The specificity of the primers and probe were tested against a set of Campylobacter spp.and other enteric pathogens.The optimal PCR conditions were determined by testing a series of conditions with standard a C.jejuni template.The detection limits were obtained using purified DNA from bacterial culture and extracted DNA from the stool specimen.Two hundred and forty-two specimens were analyzed for the presence of C.jejuni by direct bacterial culture and real-time PCR.RESULTS:The optimal PCR system was determined using reference DNA templates,1 × uracil-DNA glycosylase,3.5 mmol/L MgCl 2,1.25 U platinum Taq polymerase,0.4 mmol/L PCR nucleotide mix,0.48 μmol/L of each primer,0.2 μmol/L of probe and 2 μL of DNA template in a final volume of 25 μL.The PCR reaction was carried as follows:95 ℃ for 4 min,followed by 45 cycles of 10 s at 95 ℃ and 30 s at 59 ℃.The detection limit was 4.3 CFU/mL using purified DNA from bacterial culture and 10 3 CFU/g using DNA from stool specimens.Twenty(8.3%,20/242) C.jejuni strains were isolated from bacterial culture,while 41(16.9%,41/242) samples were found to be positive by realtime PCR.DNA sequencing of the PCR product indicated the presence of C.jejuni in the specimen.One mixed infection of C.jejuni and Salmonella was detected in one specimen and the PCR test for this specimen was positive.CONCLUSION:The sensitivity of detection of C.jejuni from stool specimens was much higher using this PCR assay than using the direct culture method.

Genetic and Antibiotic Resistance Characteristics ofCampylobacterjejuni Isolated from Diarrheal Patients,Poultry and Cattle in Shenzhen

Objective To investigate genetic and antibiotic resistance characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni(C. jejuni) isolated from Shenzhen. Methods Multilocs sequence typing and agar dilution methods were used to define the genotype and antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni, respectively. Results In total, 126 C. jejuni strains were isolated. The prevalence of C. jejuni was 5.3% in diarrheal patients. The prevalence in poultry meat(36.5%) was higher than that in cattle meat(1.1%). However, the prevalence in poultry cloacal swabs(27.0%) was lower than that in cattle stool(57.3%). Sixty-two sequence types were obtained, among which 27 of the STs and 10 alleles were previously unreported. The most frequently observed clonal complexes were ST-21(11.9%), ST-22(10.3%), and ST-403(7.1%). ST-21, ST-45, ST-354, ST-403, and ST-443 complexes overlapped between isolates from patients and cattle, whereas ST-45 and ST-574 complexes overlapped between isolates from patients and poultry. All C. jejuni were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The highest resistance rate was toward ciprofloxacin(89.7%), followed by tetracycline(74.6%), and nalidixic acid(69.0%). Conclusion This is the first report of the genotypes and antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni in Shenzhen. Overlapping clonal complexes were found between isolates from patients and cattle, and between patients and poultry.

Reaction of antibodies to Campylobacter jejuni and cytolethal distending toxin B with tissues and food antigens

BACKGROUND The bacteria Campylobacter jejuni(C. jejuni) is commonly associated with GuillaneBarré syndrome(GBS) and irritable bowel syndrome(IBS), but studies have also linked it with Miller Fisher syndrome, reactive arthritis and other disorders, some of which are autoimmune. It is possible that C. jejuni and its toxins may be crossreactive with some human tissues and food antigens, potentially leading to autoimmune responses.AIM To measure the immune reactivity of C. jejuni and C. jejuni cytolethal distending toxin(Cdt) antibodies with tissue and food antigens to examine their role in autoimmunities.METHODS Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) methodology, specific antibodies made against C. jejuni and C. jejuni Cdt were applied to a variety of microwell plates coated with 45 tissues and 180 food antigens. The resulting immunoreactivities were compared to reactions with control wells coated with human serum albumin(HSA) which were used as negative controls and with wells coated with C. jejuni lysate or C. jejuni Cdt which served as positive controls.RESULTS At 3 SD above the mean of control wells coated with HSA or 0.41 OD, the mouse monoclonal antibody made against C. jejuni showed moderate to high reactions with zonulin, somatotropin, acetylcholine receptor, β-amyloid and presenilin.This immune reaction was low with an additional 25 tissue antigens including asialoganglioside, and the same antibody did not react at all with another 15 tissue antigens. Examining the reaction between C. jejuni antibody and 180 food antigens, we found insignificant reactions with 163 foods but low to high immune reactions with 17 food antigens. Similarly, we examined the reaction of C. jejuni Cdt with the same tissues and food antigens. The strongest reactions were observed with zonulin, intrinsic factor and somatotropin. The reaction was moderate with 9 different tissue antigens including thyroid peroxidase, and reaction was low with another 10 different antigens, including neuronal antigens.The reaction of C. jejuni Cdt antibody with an additional 23 tissue antigens was insignificant. Regarding the reaction of C. jejuni Cdt antibody with different food antigens, 160 out of 180 foods showed insignificant reactions, while 20 foods showed reactions ranging from low to high.CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that C. jejuni and its Cdt may play a role in inflammation and autoimmunities beyond the gut.

Polyphosphate and associated enzymes as global regulators of stress response and virulence in Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter jejuni(C. jejuni),a Gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium,is a predominant cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Despite its importance as a major foodborne pathogen,our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying C. jejuni stress survival and pathogenesis is limited. Inorganic polyphosphate(poly P) has been shown to play significant roles in bacterial resistance to stress and virulence in many pathogenic bacteria. C. jejuni contains the complete repertoire of enzymes required for poly P metabolism. Recent work in our laboratory and others have demonstrated that poly P controls a plethora of C. jejuni properties that impact its ability to survive in the environment as well as to colonize/infect mammalian hosts. This review article summarizes the current literature on the role of poly P in C. jejuni stress survival and virulence and discusses on how poly P-related enzymes can be exploited for therapeutic/prevention purposes. Additionally,the review article identifies potential areas for future investigation that would enhance our understanding of the role of poly P in C. jejuni and other bacteria,which ultimately would facilitate design of effective therapeutic/preventive strategies to reduce not only the burden of C. jejuni-caused foodborne infections but also of other bacterial infections in humans.

Antibiotic susceptibility profiling and virulence potential of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from different sources in Pakistan

Objective:To determine antibiotic resistance patterns and virulence potential of Campylobacter jejuni(C.jejuni) isolates from clinical human diarrheal infections,cattle and healthy broilers.Methods:Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of C.jejuni isolates were determined by Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion assay.These isolates were then subjected to virulence profiling for the detection of map A(membrane-associated protein).cadF(fibronectin binding protein).wlaN(beta-1.3-galaclosyltransferase) and neu AB(sialic acid biosynthesis gene).Further C.jejuni isolates were grouped by random amplification of polymorphic DNA(RAPD) profiling.Results:A total of436 samples from poultry(n=88).cattle(n=216) and humans(n=132) from different locations were collected.Results revealed percentage of C.jejuni isolates were 35.2%(31/88).25.0%(54/216) and 11.3%(15/132) among poultry,cattle and clinical human samples respectively.Antibiotic susceptibility results showed that similar resistance patterns to cephalothin was ie.87.0%,87.1%and 89%among humans,poultry and cattle respectively,followed by sulfamethoxazolc+trimcthoprim 40.0%,38.7%and 31.0%in humans,poultry and cattle and Ampicillin 40%,32%and 20%in humans,poultry and cattle respectively.Beta-lactamase activity was detected in 40.00%humans.20.37%cattle and 32.25%in poultry C.jejuni isolates.CadF and mapA were present in all poultry,cattle and human C jejuni isolates.wlauN was not detected in any isolate and neu AB was found in 9/31(36%) poultry isolates.RAPD profiling results suggested high diversity of C.jejuni isolates.Conclusions:Detection of multidrug resistant C.jejuni strains from poultry and cattle is alarming as they can be potential hazard to humans.Moreover,predominant association of virulence factors,cadF and map A(100%each) in C.jejuni isolates from all sources and neuAB(36%) with poultry isolates suggest the potential source of transmission of diverse types of C.jejuni to humans.

In Vitro Protein Expression Profile of Campylobacter jejuni Strain NCTC11168 by Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry

Objective To investigate the protein expression profiles of the major food‐borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni NCTC11168.Methods Membrane and soluble cellular proteins were extracted from the genome‐sequenced C.jejuni strain NCTC11168.Protein expression profiles were determined using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis（2‐DE）.All the detected spots on the 2‐DE map were subjected to matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry（MALDI‐TOF/TOF） analysis.Results A total of 537 and 333 spots were detected from the whole cell and membrane‐associated proteins of C.jejuni NCTC11168 cultured on Columbia agar medium at 42 ℃ by 2‐DE and Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining,respectively.Analyses of whole cell and membrane‐associated proteins included 399 and 133 spots,respectively,which included 182 and 53 functional proteins identified by MALDI‐TOF/TOF analysis.Conclusion The comprehensive expression protein profiles of C.jeuni NCTC11168 obtained in this study will be useful for elucidating the roles of these proteins in further pathogenesis investigation.

Can Campylobacter jejuni play a role in development of celiac disease? A hypothesis

Celiac disease （CD） is an entropathy with malabsortive condition in which an allergic reaction to the cereal grain-protein （gluten） causes small intestine rnucosal injury. CD is a multifactorial disorder in which both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the disease development. Mechanisms have been described to explain the pathology of CD. T cells specific for multiple gluten peptides are found in virtually all patients. Generation of such a broad T cell response may be a prerequisite for disease development. CD is associated with multiple extraintestinal presentations, including neurological deficits. Recent studies have shown a significant correlation between anti-ganglioside antibodies and neurological disorders in patients with underlying CD. Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids which are abundant in nervous system and in other tissues including gastrointestinal tract. It is not known what triggers the release of anti-ganglioside antibodies in people with gluten sensitivity. But, the mechanism is likely to involve the intestinal immune system response to ingested gliadin, a component of wheat gluten. Studies showed that mechanisms different from gluten exposure may be implicated in antibody formation, and other environmental factors may also exist. In addition, considering the fact that genetic predisposition dysregulating mucosal immune responses in the presence of certain environmental triggers like gastrointestinal infections may be strong etiological factors for developing chronic intestinal inflammation including CD, the hypothesis raised in our mind that antiganglioside antibody formation in CD may play a role not only in development of neurological complications in celiac patients, but also in development of CD itself. As presence of Campylobacter jejuni in other diseases with antigangliosides antibody formation has been established, we propose the possible role of Campylobacter jejuni in development of CD in association with other genetic and environmental factors by the mechanism that molecular mimicry of gangliosides-like epitopes common to both lipo-polysacharide coats of certain strains of Campylobacter jejuni and gangliosides in cell structure of gastrointestinal mucosa may cause an autoimmune response and consequently lead to atrophy and degeneration of mucosa possibly by apoptosis.

Genetic Characteristics of Lipooligosaccharide and Capsular Polysaccharide of Campylobacter jejuni from Different Sources in China

Objective To determine the distribution of two important virulence factors[lipooligosaccharide(LOS)and capsular polysaccharide(CPS)]in Campylobacter jejuni(C.jejuni)isolated from different sources in China and to develop a rapid screening method for Guillain–Barrésyndrome(GBS)-associated strains.Methods Whole-genome sequencing was carried out for 494 C.jejuni strains.The Ortho MCL software was used to define the LOS/CPS gene clusters.CPS genotyping was performed with serotype-specific sequence alignment using the BLAST software.Real-time Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was developed with the unique sequences of specific CPS types.Results Nine novel and 29 previously confirmed LOS classes were identified.LOS classes A,B,and C were the most common(48.2%,238/494)among the 494 strains.Twenty-six capsular types were identified in 448 strains.HS2,HS4c,HS5/31,HS19,and HS8/17 were the most frequent CPS genotypes(58.7%,263/448).Strains of 17 CPS genotypes(strain number>5)had one or two prevalent LOS classes(P<0.05).Multiplex real-time PCR for rapid identification of HS2,HS19,and HS41 was developed and validated with strains of known serotypes.Conclusion Our results describe the genetic characteristics of the important virulence factors in C.jejuni strains in China.The multiplex real-time PCR developed in this study will facilitate enhanced surveillance of GBS-associated strains in China.

Disruption of colonic barrier function and induction of mediator release by strains of Campylobacter jejuni that invade epithelial cells

AIM: To study the mechanisms by which Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) causes inflammation and diarrhea. In particular, direct interactions with intestinal epithelial cells and effects on barrier function are poorly under- stood. METHODS: To model the initial pathogenic effects of C. jejuni on intestinal epithelium, polarized human colonic HCA-7 monolayers were grown on permeabilized filters and infected apically with clinical isolates of C. jejuni. Integrity of the monolayer was monitored by changes in monolayer resistance, release of lactate dehydrogenase, mannitol fluxes and electron microscopy. Invasion of HCA-7 cells was assessed by a modified gentamicin protection assay, translocation by counting colony forming units in the basal chamber, stimulation of mediator release by immunoassays and secretory responses in monolayers stimulated by bradykinin in an Ussing chamber. RESULTS: All strains translocated across monolayers but only a minority invaded HCA-7 cells. Strains that invaded HCA-7 cells destroyed monolayer resistance over 6 h, accompanied by increased release of lactate dehydrogenase, a four-fold increase in permeability to [3H] mannitol, and ultrastructural disruption of tight junctions, with rounding and lifting of cells off the filter membrane. Synthesis of interleukin (IL)-8 and prostaglandin E2 was increased with strains that invaded the monolayer but not with those that did not. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate two distinct effects of C. jejuni on colonic epithelial cells and provide an informative model for further investigation of initial host cell responses to C. jejuni.

Use of reducing agents for the aerobic growth of Campylobacter jejuni

Objective:To produce a technique for the growth of Campylobacter jejuni in aerobic condition Methods:Different combinations of reducing agents were tested in brucella broth and the growth turbidity was compared with tubes containing normal broth only.Microaerophilic environment was also provided in a petri plate seeded with Campylobacter culture by pouring 3 different concentrations（10%,5%and 2.5%） of five reducing agents along with bacto-agar in the lid which was used to cover and seal the culture plate.Six reducing agents were also added in broth in concentration of 0.25 mg/mL of each with different combinations.Results:In lid agar technique,Campylobacter jejuni growth appeared in all three concentrations of reducing agents, that is 10%,5%and 2.5%after 24 hours of incubation but the best results were observed in 10% concentration.The colonial and morphological characters were not affected when the organisms were grown by this technique.Conclusions:It was found that reducing agents enhance the growth of C.jejuni/coli.In combination of FeSO4,Na2CO3 with H3BO3 worked as ideal mixture for the aerobic growth of Campylobacter.This technique is more economical as compared to commercially available media in the market and can be used for the oral facultative and microaerophilic bacterial growth in laboratory.

Antibiotic resistance profile and RAPD analysis of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from vegetables farms and retail markets

Objective:To investigate antibiotic resistance profile and characterize Campylobacter jejuni(C.jejuni) isolates using random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) analysis.Methods:Ninety eight C.jejuni isolates from farms and retail outlets were screened against 10 antibiotics commonly used clinically and agriculturally by using disk diffusion method.RAPD analysis was done to characterize 98 C.jejuni isolates.Results:Fifty-one percent of the isolates had multiple antibiotic resistance index 0.2 and below.This indicated that the isolates in the vegetables were not from the high risk environment or extensive farming practices.C.jejuni isolates found resistant towards penicillin G(93%),vancomycin(86%),ampicillin(35%),erythromycin(28%),gentamycin(4%),amikacin(3%),enrofloxacin(1%),norfloxacin(1%) and no resistance towards ciprofloxacin.RAPD clustering analysis showed that the contamination of C.jejuni in vegetables was likely due to cross contamination at retail markets.Conclusions:C.jejuni contamination in vegetables at retail markets was due to cross contamination.Current finding proved that C.jejuni in small scale vegetables production was less expose towards antibiotic abuse.

Genetic and Phenotypic Variation of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC11168 Caused by flhA Mutation during Laboratory Passage

Objective Campylobacter jejuni NCTC11168 is commonly used as a standard strain for flagellar biosynthesis research.In this report,two distinguished phenotypic isolates(CJ1Z,flhA mutant strain,lawn;CJ2S,flhA complemented strain,normal colony)appeared during laboratory passages for NCTC11168.Methods Phenotypic assessments,including motility plates,transmission electron microscopy,biofilm formation assay,autoagglutination assay,and genome re-sequencing for these two isolates(CJ1Z,flhA mutant strain;CJ2S,flhA complemented strain)were carried out in this study.Results Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the flagellum was lost in CJ1Z.Phenotypic assessments and genome sequencing of the two isolates were performed in this study.The capacity for biofilm formation,colony auto-agglutination,and isolate motility was reduced in the mutant CJ1Z.Comparative genomic analysis indicated a unique native nucleotide insertion in flhA(nt,2154)that caused the I719Y and I720Y mutations and early truncation in flhA.Conclusion FlhA has been found to influence the expression of flagella in C.jejuni.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study to describe the function of the C-terminal of this protein.

Effect of Stress-Adaptation on Antibiotic Sensitivity Profiles of <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i>

Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of human gastroenteritis. Campylobacter jejuni requires special conditions and media in the laboratory for its growth. In nature, however, this organism is able to survive in very diverse and hostile environments and produce disease in humans and animals. The different mechanisms by which C. jejuni survives stressful conditions in the environment still remain unclear. Stress-adaptation may be one of the factors helping this organism to survive stresses. Some C. jejuni strains have been found to have increased antibiotic resistance in last several years. To determine the effect of acid adaptation on the antibiotic sensitivity profile of C. jejuni, 4 different isolates of C. jejuni (a human isolate and 3 poultry isolates) were exposed to an acid pH of 5.5 and then rechallenged with different stresses. The antibiotic sensitivity profiles of C. jejuni after stress-adaptation were compared with antibiotic sensitivity profiles of non-stressed C. jejuni using the Kirby Bauer agar disc diffusion assay. The antibiotic sensitivity profiles of the C. jejuni isolates used in this study were found to change when the acidadapted bacteria were subjected to further stresses such as an acidic pH of 4.5, aerobic atmosphere and starvation. In the majority of the cases, antibiotic-resistant C. jejuni isolates were found to be more sensitive to antibiotics after stress-adaptation, but in a few cases C. jejuni showed increased resistance. These results indicate that increasing various stresses in a sequential pattern may, in some cases, reduce antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni isolates.

Modification of Campylobacterjejuni Broiler Colonization by a Feed Additive Composed of Encapsulated Organic Acids and Essential Oils

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel feed additive on chicken intestinal colonization and carcass contamination by Campylobacterjejuni. The feed additive was composed of microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils （OA/EO）. The feed additive tested was provided by Jefo Nutrition Inc., St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada. Day-old birds were separated into two rooms and subdivided into two groups. Chicken were fed with OA/EO or not fed with OA/EO until they reached 35 d of age. At 14 d of age, chickens received an oral suspension of two well characterized C. jejuni strains, depending on the room they were housed in. The levels of C. jejuni were periodically monitored in the caecum and on the carcasses. C. jejuni colonization was further characterized by the use of high-resolution melt analysis of the C. jejuniflaA gene （HRM-flaA）. The effect of the feed additive was strain-dependent. In room two, the feed additive had no effect on the caecal counts. In room one, at 35 d of age, caecal C. jejuni counts were higher with OA/EO, as opposed to carcasses counts which were lower in the treated group. The HRM-flaA analysis showed that an amplification profile was predominant in birds fed with OA/EO at 35 d of age in room one, suggesting the selection of a C. jejuni strain. In conclusion, the OA/EO seemed to be effective to reduce C. jejuni levels but this effect appeared strain dependent.

Modification and Evaluation of Brucella Broth Based Campylobacter jejuni Transport Medium

Reliable transport of Campylobocter jejuni isolates is critical to microbial epidemiology research, especially in developing countries without a good temperature control mailing system. Various factors, including oxygen, temperature, transport medium composition, could affect the survival of C jejunL In this study, the protective effects of different ingredients in C. jejuni transport media at 4 ℃ and 25 ℃ and under aerobic condition were quantitatively evaluated respectively. The results showed that enriched medium, supplementation with 5% blood and being kept at 4 ℃ could improve the viability of different C. jejuni strains during transport. In addition, supplementation with 25 mmol/L L-fucose in Wang＇s transport medium could significantly improve the survival of C.

Public Health Significance of <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i>

Campylobacter jejuni is a prominent bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis. Campylobacteriosis outbreaks reported were related to the ingestion of the contaminated food. Meat are reported to be frequently infected with C. jejuni. It is well recognized that C. jejuni is one of the main causes of gastroenteritis in humans, and poultry meat is reported to be the main source. A number of studies in several countries have shown the occurrence of C. jejuni in animal farms, slaughterhouses, and meat. This review simply describes the occurrence, spreading, and public health significance of C. jejuni.

Synthesis of a conjugable hexasaccharide corresponding to the capsular polysaccharide of Campylobacter jejuni strain BH0142

The first assembly of a conjugation-ready hexasaccharide from the capsular glycan of C.jejuni.strain BH0142 has been accomplished.The synthesis features the efficient preparation of 6-deoxy-D-idoheptopyranosyl fluoride donors proceeding from allylα-D-C-glucopyranoside by a C1-to-C5 switch strategy with radical dehydroxymethylative fluorination as a key step,stereocontrolled construction of 1,2-trans-α-D-ido-heptopyranosidic bonds and of 1,2-cis-α-D-galactopyranosidic linkages.The obtained target oligosaccharide sets a solid foundation for making structurally-defined multivalent glycoconjugate vaccine candidates against C.jejuni.infections.

GM1 ANTIBODY IN GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME AFTER CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI INFECTION

Fecal culture of Campylobacter jejuni was prepared by the method of Skirrow, and serum class specific antibodies (IgG.IgM and IgA)to Campylobacter jejuni and class specific antibodies(IgG IgM)to GMI were prepared with solid phase enzyme linked immunasorbent assay in 16 cases

Risk factors and clinical implication of superimposed Campylobacter jejuni infection in patients with underlying ulcerative colitis

Background and aims:Superimposed Campylobacter jejuni infection(CJI)has been described in patients with ulcerative colitis(UC).Its risk factors and impact on the disease course of UC are not known.Our aims were to evaluate the risk factors for CJI in UC patients and the impact of the bacterial infection on outcomes of UC.Methods:Out of a total of 918 UC patients tested,21(2.3%)of patients were found to be positive for CJI(the study group).The control group comprised 84 age-matched UC patients who had tested negative for CJI.Risk factors for CJI and UC-related outcomes at 1 year after diagnosis of CJI were compared between the two groups.Results:Ten patients(47.6%)with CJI required hospital admission at the time of diagnosis,including eight for the management of“UC flare”.Treatment with antibiotics resulted in improvement in symptoms in 13 patients(61.9%).On multivariate analysis,hospital admission in the preceding year was found to be an independent risk factor for CJI[odds ratio(OR):3.9;95%confidence interval(CI):1.1–14.1]and there was a trend for chronic liver disease as a strong risk factor(OR:5.0;95%CI:0.9–28.3).At 1-year follow up,there was a trend for higher rates of UC-related colectomy(28.8% vs.14.3%;P=0.11),and mortality(9.5%vs.1.2%;P=0.096)in the study group.Conclusion:Recent hospitalization within 1 year was found to be associated with increased risk for CJI in UC patients.There was a trend for worse clinical outcomes of UC with in patients with superimposed CJI,which was frequently associated with UC flare requiring hospital admission.

格林-巴利综合征临床、C-jejuni和GM_1抗体的相关性

目的:格林-巴利综合征(GBS)病因及发病机制探讨。方法:ELISA法测定49例GBS病人血清抗空肠弯曲菌抗体(Cj-Ab)及GM_1-IgG抗体,并与临床严重程度、预后、电生理进行相关分析。结果:GBS组血清Cj-IgA、IgG,GM_1-IgG阳性率与对照组存在显著差异,而GBS组血清Cj抗体、GM_1抗体与临床严重程度、预后及电生理均无相关性。结论:Cj近期感染与GBS发病相关;GBS病人血清GM_1-IgG亦有显著升高,但与Cj感染无关,可能只是一种神经损害后继发免疫改变,反对Yuki关于Cj感染后自身免疫引起GBS学说。