Effects of Previous Crop and Bag Color on Growth of Tomato Cultivated in Bags

[Objective] This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the further development of bag culture in production of facility vegetables. [Method] The effects of different previous crops and bag colors on the growth and development, yield and quality of tomato were investigated under the condition of substrate bag culture. [Result] The plant growth of tomato cultivated in bag was close to that of the tomato growing in soil. Under the condition of substrate bag culture, the yield of tomato was increased by as high as 4%, the irrigation water was saved by 39.6%, the fertilizer for drip irrigation was saved by 77.5%, the vitamin C content and the flavor of tomato were improved, and the content of nitrate in tomato was reduced compared with soil cultivation. [Conclusion] Substrate bag culture of tomato could achieve better economic benefits.

Effects of Bagging with Paper Bags and Non-woven Bags on Flavor Compounds of Feicheng Peach

With Hongli Feicheng Peach as the test material, the effects of bagging with 4 kinds of paper bags and 3 kinds of non-woven bags on the soluble sugar, organic acids and aroma compounds in peach fruits were investigated using headspace solid-phase microextraction （HS-SPME） combined with gas chromatogra- phy-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） and high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The results showed that there were significant differences in sugar and acids contents of peach fruits between different bagging treatments. The sugar con- tent of peach fruits was increased when bagged with single-layer inner-black outer- yellow paper bags and double-layer inner-white outer-yellow paper bags. The organ- ic acid content in peach fruits bagged with all the types of bags except the single- layer inner-black outer-yellow paper bag was increased greatly. The count and rela- tive content of aroma compounds were all decreased after bagging. Combined with the detection results of soluble sugar, organic acids and aroma compounds, the sin- gle-layer inner-black outer-yellow paper bag was suitable for bagging of Hongli Fe- icheng peach.

基于Bagging集成的高维不平衡数据特征选择方法

随着大数据的发展,很多应用领域样本都以高维形式呈现,而数据集的高维特性会削减不平衡学习的分类效果。针对高维不平衡数据的分类问题,文章提出了一种基于SVM-RFE与Bagging集成的自适应特征选择方法WAFS,该算法结合嵌入式与包装式的特征选择方法,能够自适应地选择最优特征构成特征空间。在5个不同维度(100~5000)的高维不平衡公开数据集上与基于过滤式的CSFS特征选择算法和基于嵌入式的ASG特征选择算法进行了对比分析,并探究了适合不同数据集的最佳采样方式以及不同维度数据集的最优特征空间率。以AUC、Acc、Recall、F1-score和G-mean为评估指标,实验结果表明,WAFS算法在不同维度数据集上都有比较好的表现,尤其是在分类高维小样本的不平衡数据集上具有巨大优势,在保证了准确率的前提下,该模型也有很强的稳定性和泛化性。

Effects of different color paper bags on aroma development of Kyoho grape berries

This study investigated the influence of red,green,blue,and white paper bags on the free volatile compound development of Kyoho grape berries from green to harvest.Seven functional groups of volatiles were identified during the development of Kyoho grape berries including esters,aldehydes,alcohols,terpenes,ketones,acids,and hydrocarbons.Esters and aldehydes were abundant in Kyoho grape berries,mainly represented by ethyl acetate,ethyl butyrate,and(E)-2-hexenal.They accumulated quickly after veraison and slightly decreased toward maturation.Red,green,blue,and white paper bags promoted the accumulation of esters and inhibited the accumulation of aldehydes,also inhibited the accumulation of alcohols,tepenes,ketones,and acids.Their effect from strong to weak was green,blue,red,and white paper bags.The expression profiles of genes in the lipoxygenase-hydroperoxide lyase(LOX-HPL) pathway were also analyzed and the results indicated that the regulation of red,green,blue,and white paper bags on aldehydes,alcohols,and esters volatile aromas was at transcriptional level.The results expanded our comprehension in grape aroma biosynthesis and berry bagging technique in table grape cultivation.

基于Bagging-WOA-SVR的粮堆温度场预测模型

采用阵列式分布的测温电缆检测粮仓温度变化情况,利用机器学习技术来预测粮食温度,用粮仓1年监测数据来预测粮堆未来27 d温度。传统的BP、RBF、RF、SVR单模型对粮堆温度进行预测存在误差大、泛化能力差等缺点,提出一种基于Bagging集成的鲸鱼算法优化支持向量回归模型(Bagging-WOA-SVR),并与灰狼算法优化支持向量回归模型作比较。将影响粮堆温度的多种因素做灰色关联分析,选取粮仓内温度、粮仓内湿度、粮仓外温度、粮仓外湿度、粮仓平均温度、地表温度作为神经网络的输入,粮堆平均温度作为预测输出,选取3个指标为评判标准,对比分析模型预测精度。结果表明:提出的Bagging-WOA-SVR模型相比之下有着较好的稳定性,均方误差为0.24,相关系数为0.9892。

EffectS of sequence of nylon bags rumen incubation on kinetics of degradation in some commonly used feedstuffs in dairy rations

Nowadays, most available information on the degradative behaviour of feeds in ruminants is based on in situ incubation in the rumen, and it is adopted by many feed evaluation systems currently in use for ruminants. However, the outcome of.this technique might be affected by many factors such as sequence of nylon bags incubation in the rumen. The objective of current study was to investigate effects of sequence of nylon bag incubation on degradative behavior of dry matter （DM）, crude protein （CP）, neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and acid detergent fiber （ADF） in some feed ingredients commonly used in dairy rations, including alfalfa haylage, corn silage, corn grain and soybean meal. Four multiparous Holstein lactating cows fitted with permanent ruminal cannulas were used. The nylon bags containing feed samples either were placed in the rumen at once and removed at designated time intervals （all in-gradually out method; AG） or were placed in the rumen at designated time points and retrieved at once （gradually in-all out method; GA）. Fractional rate of degradation of potentially degradable fraction, lag time and effective rumen degradability （ED） of DM and CP were significantly higher in the AG compared to the GA method （P〈0.05）. Fractional rates of DM and CP degradation was higher in alfalfa haylage samples incubated in the rumen using the AG method compared to that using the GA method （0.138 h-1 vs. 0.073 h-1 and 0.002 h-1 vs. 0.1125 h-1, for DM and CP, respectively; P〈0.05）. Due to a higher fractional rate of degradation （Kd） of DM and CP, the ED of DM and CP at different fractional passage rates were higher in the AG than those in the GA method （P〈0.05）. Potentially degradable fraction and lag time of NDF were higher in the AG method compared to the GA method （P〈0.05）. Placing all bags in the rumen at once and removing them at designated time intervals compared with introduction of bags in reverse sequence and removing them all at once led to a lower undegradable fraction （U） of NDF in alfalfa （1.8% vs. 4.0%, respectively; P〈0.05） and corn silage （3.3% vs. 6.7%, respectively; P〈0.05） samples. Potentially degradable fraction of ADF was significantly higher in the AG method compared with the GA method （P〈0.05）. Bag incubation sequence had profound effects on kinetics of degradation of DM, CP and NDF in situ in the feed samples studied. The effects were more evident in the forages （especially alfalfa haylage） than in the concentrate ingredientsnamely corn grain and soybean meal..This experiment is the first time to investigate effects of two methods under the same experiment conditions, providing basic data for the determination of ED.

Packaging Bags of Peanuts with Function of Prevention of Aflatoxin B_1

Packaging bags composited with barrier film and moisture absorbent nonwoven fabrics were prepared in order to design a kind of functional bag which could prevent the contamination of aflatoxin B1of peanuts. The internal relative humidity( RH) of packaging bags with peanuts was monitored. The influences of the superabsorbent fiber( SAF) and jute fiber were investigated and the mechanism was analyzed.

Study of Durability of Siliceous Sand Based Mortars in Togo, and of Binder of Plastic Bags of the Kind “Voltic”: Hydrocarbons’ Effect

The present study aims at environmental protection through the use of plastic wastes in the production of mortar. The behavior of siliceous sand-based mortars from Togo and binders of plastic bags of the kind “voltic” is analyzed. Mortar samples from a mixture of siliceous sand and binder of plastic bags are prepared and subjected to physical and mechanical tests after immersion in the hydrocarbon from 0 hour to 504 hours. The result demonstrates that hydrocarbons have no influence on mechanical properties of mortars for an immersion time below 3 hours. Between 3 hours and 24 hours the presence of hydrocarbon increases their physical and mechanical properties. After 24 hours mortars generally lose the mechanical properties of around 8% to 24% due to the loss of viscosity and cohesiveness of the binder caused by the fuel. The behavior in the face of hydrocarbons shows that the material can be used in the surface of roads by carefully avoiding that hydrocarbons remain on the roads for a period of time beyond 24 hours.

糙皮侧耳BAG家族蛋白鉴定及其基因表达模式分析

在NCBI、JGI数据库检索糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)BAG蛋白(PoBAGs),对其进行生物信息学分析,并测定不同发育(菌丝、原基、子实体)阶段和高温(42℃)、低温(4℃)胁迫时PoBAG基因的表达情况,分析其表达模式。结果表明:共检索到3个(分别命名为PoBAG-1、PoBAG-2、PoBAG-3)具有BAG结构域的蛋白,其中,PoBAG-1、PoBAG-2还分别含有1个IQ基序和类泛素化结构域;PoBAG-1、PoBAG-3为亲水性不稳定蛋白,且亲缘关系较近,可能主要定位于细胞核和细胞质中;PoBAG-2为亲水性稳定蛋白,与其他具有类泛素化结构域的BAG蛋白具有较近的亲缘关系,可能主要定位于线粒体和细胞质中。与菌丝相比,3个PoBAGs在原基和子实体中相对表达量均显著上调;与对照(25℃)相比,42℃高温胁迫时,PoBAG-1、PoBAG-3相对表达量极显著上调,PoBAG-2显著下调;4℃低温胁迫时,PoBAG-1和PoBAG-2相对表达量显著上调,PoBAG-3显著下调。研究结果为进一步解析BAG家族蛋白在糙皮侧耳生长发育以及温度胁迫响应过程中的功能提供参考。

Critical Discourse Analysis of "Leftover Ladies"

In recent years, many new words have emerged in our life, such as "leftover men and ladies." The investigation and reports of the media and the TV series have attracted a great deal of attention. Taking a critical discourse analysis perspective(CDA), this article analyzes textual data from some news reports and interviews related to this heated topic. Norman Fairclough's Discourse and Social Change would provide some theoretical framework for this study. The findings reveal how this concept is constructed and how it influences our society.

Effect Analysis About Suffocating the Larva of Bactrocera minax with No-insecticide Plastic Bags

[Objective] The aim of this study was to select an efficient and non-pol-luting method to kil the larva of fruit fly in citrus. [Method] The larvae of Bactrocera minax in citrus fruits were suffocated using plastic bags with or without a certain concentration of pesticide. Then, the mortality of in different treatments was measured 24, 48, 60, 240 and 480 h later. Final y, variance analysis was carried out. [Result] There was no significant difference in the mortality between the two treatments： suffocating the larvae with sealed plastic bags containing no or a certain concentration of pesticide 5 d. later. The former had high mortality, but also was economic and without any pol ution. The orange maggots were more easier to be kil ed in sealed plastic bags. [Conclusion] Suffocating orange maggots with no-insec-ticide plastic bag is economic, efficient and has no pol ution to the environment.

Consumer willingness to pay for plastic bags levy and willingness to accept eco-friendly alternatives in Botswana

Plastic bags, though commonly used for packaging of goods, are highly durable and non- biodegradable. Plastic bag litter serves as a negative environmental externality detrimental to animal health and natural beauty of the environment. In an effort to curtail the excessive use of plastic bags in Botswana, the government introduced a plastic levy targeted at consumers at retail points. This study uses primary data collected from 367 respondents randomly selected from six geospatially and purposively selected shopping malls to determine the consumers＇ willingness to pay （WTP） for continued plastic bag usage and their willingness to accept （WTA） to shift to eco-friendly alternatives. The results of the study revealed that open dumping and burning of plastic litter are more common in Maun than in Gaborone, It also showed that there is a significant relationship between the level of education and W＇FP. Further, there is a significant variation in income and education in respect to environmental awareness. The government should improve its efforts of sensitizing the public about the improper disposal of plastic bags.

Analysis of Heavy Metal Lead and Chromium Elements in Food Packaging Bags

[Objectives]This study was conducted to detect the contents of heavy metal lead and chromium in food packaging bags.[Methods]The contents of heavy metal lead and chromium in food packaging bags were determined by microwave digestion-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer.With concentrated nitric acid and 30%hydrogen peroxide solution as the digestion system,food packaging bags of different materials,plastic packaging bags and paper packaging bags,were ultrasonically digested and then determined for the contents of heavy metal lead and chromium by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.[Results]The determination results showed that the linear correlation coefficient of lead was 0.9967,and the linear correlation coefficient of chromium was 0.9977.The method has the characteristics of simplicity,high analysis speed and high sensitivity.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the safety of food packaging bags.

从ladies and gentlemen谈起

众所周知,ladies and gentlemen 是英美人士在公众场合发表讲话时常用的称呼语。从表面上看,这一短语将 ladies 置于 gentlemen 之前,似乎是英美等英语国家遵循 ladies first(女士优先)的习俗,对妇女表示尊重,实际上这一习惯性语序的形成,除历史语义的缘故外,亦跟音韵节奏有密不可分的关系。具体地讲,ladies and gentlemen 比 gentlemenand ladies 更符合英语的音韵节奏规律,因而说起来顺口些,听起来顺耳些。这是由于 gentlemen 是一个三音节的长词,安排在最后可保持音韵节奏上的平衡,给人一种稳定感。

基于MLP-Bagging集成分类模型的在线学习行为分析

针对教育者难以对学习者多样化的在线学习行为进行监测和研判等问题,提出一种带嵌入层的MLP-Bagging集成分类模型对学习者的在线学习行为进行分析与判别.考虑到学习者的在线学习行为以及个体特性,从学习准备行为、知识获取行为、交互学习行为、学习巩固行为和辅助特征5个方面构建在线学习行为模型,并采用MLP-Bagging集成分类模型对学习者进行分类判别.实验结果表明,所构建的学习模型可对在线学习者的学习行为进行符合实际的建模,加入辅助特征有利于对各类学习者的在线学习行为进行深入的分析与指导,并且在分类模型中加入嵌入层可以有效克服标签编码带来的数据冗余和误差缺陷,从而获得更好的分类效果.与其他分类模型相比,融合多个MLP分类器的Bagging集成模型可以减少单个MLP分类器的方差,其分类准确率达到98.72%,具有较好的实际应用价值.

The Microenvironment within and Pollen Transmission through Polyethylene Sorghum Pollination Bags

Bird damage is a problem in sorghum breeding and germplasm maintenance operations. Paper pollination bags are damaged by rain and provide minimal deterrent to birds. Earlier we reported upon bird resistance of spun polyethylene pollination bags. Herein, we report the potential for pollen transmission through, and the microenvironment within, hard form (HfT) and soft form (SfT) spun polyethylene pollination bags as compared to traditional Paper pollination bags. Within Paper pollination bags morning temperatures were 10°C - 15°C above ambient and high temperature excursions as high as 45°C were measured. Heating in Sft and HfT was 25% and 50% that of Paper, respectively. Temperature differences between bags were attributed to differences in albedo and air permeability of the bag materials. No difference in pollen transmission through Paper and HfT was found. Although SfT allowed 35% - 40% wind borne pollen through the pores as compared to controls, male sterile plants covered with SfT produced only 30 seeds/panicle, about 1% of a self-pollinating fertile plant. Our results suggested that SfT could adequately reduce or eliminate cross-pollination in self-pollinating plants while maintaining near ambient environmental conditions.

Research Note: Bird-Resistant Pollination Bags for Sorghum Breeding and Germplasm Maintenance

Bird damage is a problem in sorghum breeding and germplasm maintenance operations. Paper pollination bags are damaged by rain and provide only a minimal deterrent to birds. To overcome these limitations we fabricated pollination bags from spun polyethylene fiber sheeting. No seed yield difference was found between plants bagged with either spun polyethylene or paper. Seed loss by bird damage was nearly eliminated under the polyethylene bags. In areas where bird damage is problematic bird resistant pollination bags can allow for a reduction in the plot size required for breeding and germplasm maintenance operations, increase the productivity of such operations as genetic diversity per unit land area, and make direct measurement of seed yield possible in agronomic field experiments.

Packaging Bags with the Function of Micro-environment Modification

Three kinds of packaging bags composited with barrier film and moisture absorbents were designed in order to find out how to create an internal micro-environment with low O2content and relative humidity( RH). Peanuts with different moisture contents were filled into packaging bags and stored in an environmental chamber for a certain period of time. An RH recorder was sealed in each bag and the RH inside the bag was recorded. The moisture contents of peanuts before and after storage were measured as well.It is found that peanuts with moisture content of 13% can reduce O2content inside the bag by the aerobic respiration,achieving the self modified atmosphere packaging( MAP) effect. A microenvironment with lower RH can be created by using super-absorbent fiber( SAF) or mineral bag as the moisture absorbent. The moisture contents of peanuts stored in the bags with SAF and mineral bag as moisture absorbent decreased from 13% to 10. 5%and 11. 3%,respectively. SAF is a promising material of packaging bags composited with barrier film,in which a low RH and high CO2content can be created.

The Validity of the Reduction of Disposable Plastic Checkout Bags in Japan

This study examined the effect of reducing disposable plastic checkout bags used in supermarkets, convenience stores, and so on in Japan. Considering that even when these checkout bags are abolished, alternative waste bags should be newly produced, because these checkout bags have been reused as household waste bags so far, and the corresponding amount of oil is still necessary to produce them, the amount of oil saved by this bag reduction was found to be 0.2 L/person/year at most. Further, it was demonstrated that the necessity to purchase substitute bags may increase the household and financial burden on consumers.

Ammonia Diffusion Phenomena through Nalophan^TMBags Used for Olfactometric Analyses

The ammonia loss through NalophanTM bags has been studied. Ammonia was chosen as target compound in order to be representative of odorous molecules of small dimensions. The losses observed for storage conditions and times as allowed by the reference standard for dynamic olfactometry (EN 13725:2003) indicate that odour concentration values due to the presence of small molecules may be significantly underestimated if samples are not analysed immediately after sampling. The diffusion coefficient of ammonia through the NalophanTM film was evaluated using the Fick’s law, and it turned out to be equal to 2.38E-12 (m2/s). The results and their theoretical interpretation indicate that concentration losses due to ammonia diffusion through the NalophanTM film can be decreased by using large bags and filling them up to their maximum capacity.