＂PARADOX OF ENGLISH LAND LAW＂ - AN ENLIGHTENMENT TO LAND LAW REFORM IN CHINA

Since the founding of New China in 1949, the land law system with Chinese characteristics has been formed based on various practices, inter alia, the evolution of the rural land law system from the agrarian reform to the cooperative and people＇s communes and further to the household contract responsibility system, which made historical contributions to the development of Chinese social economy. However, with the development of the practices and the deepening of the reform, China＇s land law system is facing great challenges under the new circumstances. Although many differences exist between English land law and Chinese land law in the areas of legal form, the regulated objects and contents, English land law can provide some beneficial enlightenment to China＇s land law reform. Particularly, the ＂paradox of English land law,＂ which presents the way how the English land law, as the law adjusting the basic property relations with many traditional factors, responds to the process of social and economic development with leaps and bounds.

Comment on Marx's Theory of the Law of Diminishing Land Fertility

Marx＇s theory of the law of diminishing land fertility is an indispensable part of Marx＇s theory of rent. Marx not only denied the non-scientific component of the theory, but also affirmed the scientific component of the theory. China＇s theoretical circles have held a total negative attitude towards the theory for a long term, which has brought serious consequences to research on agricultural economic theory and agricultural production practice. Comprehensively understanding the scientific connotation of Marx＇s theory of the law of diminishing land fertility has extremely important theoretical and practical significance for reducing the blindness of land investment and improving the investment efficiency of land.

Analysis on Capitalization of Rural Land Ownership in China by Law and Economics

To find solutions for legal system for capitalization of rural land ownership in China,this paper studied and analyzed existing problems in rural land system and legal environment using legal theory and transaction cost theory. Results indicated that(i) the restriction of institutional condition upon property right and transaction is more essential,and key points include the relationship of entities of right formed jointly by the state,collective and farmers,accurate positioning of property right structure,and security for land appreciation income right and allocation mechanism;(ii) the land property right structure should select a legal structure with minimum transaction cost. It is concluded that entitling the ownership to a single entity is an economical method to eliminate current conflict of rural land right.

Empirical Analysis on Farmers' Willingness to Accept Compensation Whose Land is Expropriated——Based on Survey Analysis on Rural Households in 17 Provinces

According to the data of survey on farmers' land right from Rural Development Institute (the USA),Renmin University of China and Michigan S ate University,this paper conducts empirical analysis on farmers' willingness to accept compensation ho e land is expropriated and the related influencing factors by adopting Logistic model.The study indicates that the proportion of farmers' non-agricultural income,the level of economic development in the region,participation right and right to vote,exert conspicuous impact on farmers' satisfaction degr whose land is expropriated.In the provinces that are surveyed,most of the expropriated land is used for the public welfare project building,and in the current context of rapid urbanization,the conditions for defining public interests have not yet been put in place;the farmers in developed regions with more non-agricultural job opportunities express higher degree of satisfaction to the compensation for expropriated land;it is required to establish sound land expropriation compensation mechanism and bolster farmers' participation right,so as to offer fair and reasonable compensation for the farmers whose land is expropriated.

The Infeasibility of Establishing Land Development Rights in China Based on the Path of Real Rights

Using comparative analysis and documentation method,this paper reveals infeasibility of establishing land development rights in China based on the path of real rights,in the hope of providing recommendations for improving the research route on localization of land development rights. Results indicate that at the level of legislative techniques,the land development rights rooted from property right paradigm do not contain possess the elements of object of real rights and conflict with the principle of statutory real rights and single ownership. At the level of legal logic,individual case of TDR conflicts with real right in rem. In conclusion,it is infeasible to introduce land development rights based on the path of real rights. In future,it is required to discard the concept of mechanical transplantation and explore feasible path and seek feasible way for establishing land development rights along with the direction of quasi-property and improving regulation efficiency.

土地经营权入股立法的反思与展望

自家庭联产承包责任制实施以来,关于农村土地承包经营权能否以入股等方式流转,在政策与法律层面经历了比较复杂的变迁过程。土地经营权入股在立法中得到确认是“三权分置”改革的重要成果之一,有利于在流转中更好地实现土地经营权的价值。土地经营权入股现行立法表达不规范、不统一,且与相关法律规定存在冲突,导致立法预期的实现受阻。以立法的基本原理来审视,立法用语不规范只是表面现象,土地经营权的性质不明才是立法困境的根源,对入股所致不利后果的担忧则进一步导致适用难题。实践中大量存在的“以租代转”、“名为入股、实为出租”现象表明,既有立法并不能有效满足土地经营权入股的需求,反而徒增解释与适用的混乱。为了弥合土地经营权入股的认知分歧,保持相关立法之间的协调,实现“三权分置”的立法目的,有必要在立法中统一相关表述,明确规定土地经营权的性质,移除土地经营权承载的不必要负担,让土地经营权真正成为“可以用货币估价并可以依法转让的非货币财产”,进而以“作价出资”取代“入股”。

论集体公益性建设用地使用权的法律构造

集体公益性建设用地使用权的法律供给严重不足,学者观点又存在较大分歧。在“房地一体”登记下,集体土地所有权的代表行使主体享有独立的集体公益性建设用地使用权,并应平等、补充适用《土地管理法》与《民法典》。界分村级组织集体公益性建设用地使用权的登记主体是村民委员会还是农村集体经济组织,应尽量登记给村民委员会。集体公益性建设用地使用权的设立宜采取拨用而非划拨的方式,并经登记生效;其不能抵押,但可以在不降低公益效用的前提下,经政府机关批准和集体成员民主议定,采取转让、互换等方式处分。集体公益性建设用地使用权因集体公益收回应当符合比例原则,因经营性转化应当明确转化的条件、程序、方式和收益分配。

1949—2021年登陆我国热带气旋历史规律研究

基于1949—2021年中国气象局最佳热带气旋路径数据,按照相应规则筛选出登陆我国的热带气旋及登陆位置,分析研究登陆热带气旋的数量、强度、时间等特征和变化规律,并具体分析沿海各地区登陆热带气旋的变化规律。结果表明:1949—2021年登陆我国的热带气旋数量呈略微减小趋势,有明显的高峰、低谷期,2018年后处于一个较低的水平;热带气旋登陆时的强度主要集中于强热带风暴、台风级别,登陆月份主要集中于7—9月;1949—2021年登陆我国的低强度热带气旋有减小趋势,而高强度热带气旋有增大趋势,说明登陆的高强度热带气旋将会越来越多,这可能与全球变暖以及热带扩展有关;1949—2021年登陆热带气旋位置在纬向上有轻微的南落,经向上无明显变化,这和前人的研究结论不一致,可能是由于选取的数据源以及时间跨度不一致造成的;我国沿海各地区热带气旋登陆频次最高的是广东地区,其次是台湾地区、海南、福建地区,大体上从南到北逐渐减少;台湾地区高强度登陆热带气旋占比最多,其次为浙江、福建、广东、海南地区;长期来看,广东、台湾地区年热带气旋登陆频次呈现减小趋势,浙江、福建地区呈现上升趋势。

Expansion of traditional land-use and deforestation:a case study of an adat forest in the Kandilo Subwatershed,East Kalimantan,Indonesia

Deforestation issues are more problematic when indigenous(adat) communities,living within a forest,have lived there for many generations.These adat communities,who employ traditional land-use,are frequently accused of encroaching on the forest.To understand existing and future trends in the spatial patterns of the expansion of traditional land-use and deforestation,we conducted a case study in the Kandilo Subwatershed using mixed methods with image interpretation,spatial modelling and sociocultural surveys to examine the interrelationships between physical conditions,community characteristics and traditional land-use expansion.We investigated community characteristics through household interviews,communication with key informants,and discussions with focusgroups.By using an area production model,we were able to analyze the effect of improved farming systems,policy intervention and law enforcement on traditional land-use expansion and deforestation.Based on our examination of a 20-year period of traditional land-use activities in adat forests,the evidence indicated that the steeper the slope of the land and the farther the distance from the village,the lower the rate of deforestation.Our study found that customary law,regulating traditional land-use,played an important role in controlling deforestation and land degradation.We conclude that the integration of land allocation,improved farming practices and enforcement of customary law are effective measures to improve traditional land productivity while avoiding deforestation and land degradation.

Timberland Investing and Private Property Rights in the United States of America

Investments in rural land for agriculture, timber, and other natural resource purposes occur frequently and globally. Fundamental principles of liberty and property found in the United States of America’s (“US”) legal system, from its origins to recent US Supreme Court decisions, continue to positively benefit holders of real estate in the Southern US, through a deep-rooted public policy of supporting private property rights and rural economic development. This stable rule of law enhances the long-term adaptability and sustainability of timberland as an asset class. This article is a commentary. It combines legal research methodology with the observations and conclusions of the authors. Its purpose is to demonstrate that the existence of alienable, documentable ownership, and related property rights create inherent stability and security. These principles form the basis of a culture that is defined by the rule of law and is “open for business.” This business mindset is particularly prevalent in the Southern US.

粮食安全视角下农村乱占耕地建房执法问题研究——基于400个典型案例的实证分析

粮食安全关乎国运民生。当前,我国农村乱占耕地建房问题突出,对粮食安全造成一定威胁,国务院及其相关部门虽多次加大对农村乱占耕地建房的执法力度,但执法效果仍存在较大提升空间。文章通过对筛选的400个农村乱占耕地建房典型案例进行实证分析,认为当前农村乱占耕地建房执法仍存在执法权横向划分不明确、基层执法权纵向配置不合理、综合执法力度不足、执法队伍业务水平不高等问题,并提出明确划分执法权限、推进部门综合执法、下放行政执法权、提高执法队伍业务水平是突破农村乱占耕地建房执法困境、守牢耕地红线、夯实粮食安全根基的因应之策。

集体经营性建设用地入市制度的实施与司法应对

落实和实施集体经营性建设用地入市制度对于构建城乡统一的建设用地市场意义重大。现行法虽然为集体经营性建设用地入市提供了许多实体、程序规则,但存在规范不衔接乃至规范冲突等问题,为此,须从司法裁判视角确定各类相关规则的规范功能和规范要求。具言之,在司法审查过程中,集体经营性建设用地应采用“集体土地所有权依法登记且入市地块符合现行有效的国土空间规划”标准进行认定,集体经营性建设用地入市的决策应遵循“全体具有完全民事行为能力的成员三分之二以上参加并同意”规则,集体经营性建设用地入市合同应认定为民事合同,集体经营性建设用地入市监管协议的法律性质应认定为行政协议。围绕集体经营性建设用地入市合同和监管协议产生的纠纷应当分别通过民事诉讼和行政诉讼程序加以解决。

彝寨地权习惯法的演进及其现实意义探析——基于滇中北部地区武定县S村的考察

武定S村为古老的彝族村落,对家庭承包的集体土地和村公共用地的使用权习惯规则,是其传统文化的重要组成部分。这些土地权利习惯规则,既有彝族传统习惯法的影响,又具鲜明的区域特点,对周边地区其他民族的土地利用习惯产生了重要影响。在多民族经济、文化的交流、碰撞、借鉴与融合中,其传统的土地权利习惯规则历经发展与变迁,仍然保留了一些较有特色的习惯。通过总结这些土地使用的习惯内涵与特点,探讨其对国家法律的补充功能,对促进当地社会的稳定与发展有积极的现实意义。

耕地种植用途管控制度研究——基于《粮食安全保障法》相关规定的解析

从《土地管理法》规定“耕地用途管制”到《粮食安全保障法》规定“耕地种植用途管控”,这在一定程度上说明国家层面对耕地种植用途干预的具体方式倾向于更加注重市场机制的功能发挥。耕地种植用途管控事实上意味着国家在寻求耕地内部效益与外部效益之间的平衡,并且嵌入了优化耕地种植结构的立法意图。检视我国的耕地种植用途管控制度可见,国土空间规划存在制度厚度不足、耕地保护利用激励制度存在绩效不彰、耕地种植用途管控存在操作性层面挑战、耕地种植用途管控面临多元价值冲突。完善耕地种植用途管控制度的关键是要厘清政府干预市场的边界,对国土空间规划制度进行调适,补强耕地保护利用激励制度,在此基础上,还需进一步优化农村集体经济组织的管理功能。

协同机制下的国土调查监测信息化实践

随着国土调查进入后“三调”时期,围绕土地利用现状的变更调查与监测变得更加趋于常态化、多元化,同时也与土地管理和土地执法结合得更紧密。本文将立足浦东新区的土地利用现状,从管理与执法两个维度发现存在的薄弱环节,展开协同工作机制的梳理和探讨,并利用信息化手段优化工作平台、推动协同工作机制的实现,从而逐步解决国土变更调查与监测过程中发现的各类问题。

非法占用农用地罪“改变被占用土地用途”的刑法教义学认定

保护农用地使用的合法权益对农业高质量发展具有重要意义。但对非法占用农用地罪的关键入罪要素——“改变被占用土地用途”的准确认定却还存在诸多争议,主要表现在土地性质的认定存在双重标准、“改变行为”的界定不清以及“非法占用”与“改变用途”之间的关系厘定不明。积极刑法观的提出对该罪的认定具有积极地指导作用。在积极刑法观理念下,应坚持生态法益原则,厘清“改变行为”的界限,明确“非法占用”与“改变用途”的关系,并坚持以规划地类为标准确定土地性质,准确认定本罪之“改变被占用土地用途”,以有效地预防农用地犯罪,为实现“美丽中国”的宏伟目标提供坚实的法治保障。

紫铜爆炸成型弹丸等效弹丸侵彻规律研究

为了探究一种以紫铜作为药型罩材料的周向多线性爆炸成型弹丸侵彻毁伤规律,用25 mm口径火炮发射一种长径比为1∶5的紫铜EFP等效弹丸,分别从紫铜弹丸1000~1700 m/s的着靶速度和0°~70°的着靶角度两方面研究了其对Q235钢的侵彻毁伤规律,建立了紫铜杆式弹丸侵彻Q235钢靶的仿真模型,拟合出了实验所用紫铜的Johnson-Cook本构模型参数及断裂失效参数,并且利用侵彻试验结果对仿真模型的准确性进行验证。研究结果表明:该拉伸试验得到的Johnson-Cook本构模型参数及断裂失效参数能够较为准确地描述紫铜在侵彻过程中的断裂失效行为;在800~2000 m/s时,紫铜EFP模拟弹丸侵彻深度随侵彻速度的增加呈线性增加;弹丸着靶角为40°时,弹丸偏转角达到最大6.35°,弹丸着靶角在10°~30°之间时,弹丸侵彻深度能达到最大。该研究可为周向多线性紫铜爆炸成型弹丸战斗部的威力设计提供参考。

干旱瘠薄地研究的热点与可视化分析

【目的】统计分析国内干旱瘠薄地研究的热点,为旱地农业的高效发展和科研人员及时掌握干旱瘠薄地的研究态势提供参考。【方法】参考文献计量学方法,分析1955—2023年CNKI数据库中收录的相关研究文献,对国内干旱瘠薄地研究的论文数量、出版刊物、研究内容和研究重点等进行统计,并用CiteSpace V可视化软件进行研究热点预测和分析。【结果】1955—2023年干旱瘠薄地论文数量整体呈波浪式上升,其相关研究逐渐成为研究热点。目前,国内发文机构主要集中在农业发展水平较高、学术力量雄厚的省份,如北京、江苏、四川、河南和陕西等地,其中,西北农林科技大学的发文量最多,达92篇,且相关论文主要发表在环境和农业类学术期刊。检索获得的2116篇论文和高水平822篇论文中发文量在4篇及以上的作者分别有34人和15人,共发表论文分别为226篇和95篇,分别占干旱瘠薄地相关论文总数的10.7%和11.6%,与普赖斯推论的指标(核心作者的论文数应占论文总数的50%)尚存在差距,没有稳定的核心作者群体,核心作者人数较少。高频关键词主要有干旱胁迫、土壤退化、抗旱性、小麦、花生和光合特性等,且不同阶段研究重点和热点不同。【结论】干旱瘠薄地不同时间段的研究重点和热点不同。加强国内外干旱瘠薄地研究领域高水平科研机构间的合作与交流是提高科研成果产出的有效途径之一,研究干旱瘠薄地作物对干旱胁迫生理及分子水平的响应机理,选育抗旱性强的作物品种,改良干旱瘠薄地的水肥供应,从而提高作物产量已成为当前干旱瘠薄地研究的重点和热点。

不同类型城市用地面积与人口规模的标度律研究——以长江经济带城市为例

中国快速城镇化进程的一个突出矛盾是土地城镇化普遍快于人口城镇化.然而,不同类型城市用地面积与人口规模的增长关系尚不清楚,且缺少从复杂城市系统视角认识人地关系演化规律.该文以长江经济带县级及以上城市为例,使用城市标度律探究不同类型城市用地面积与人口规模非线性关系,从用地结构视角揭示城市人地关系及演化规律.结果表明:1)2012—2021年,道路交通设施用地增速明显快于城市人口,是土地城镇化快于人口城镇化的主因.2)城市用地与人口规模总体上呈亚线性关系,体现了规模经济效应;但工业用地与人口规模呈超线性关系,反映了大城市工业用地供给过多的系统性偏差.3)基于规模调整指数的用地效率评价结果显示:在同等规模城市中,长江中游城市人均居住用地偏少,工业用地规模调整指数“东多西少”的空间特征更加明显.复杂城市系统理论为认识城市人地关系及演化提供了新方法,未来需要从用地结构和空间布局两个方面因城施策,优化调整城市人地关系.

涉村庄规划案件裁判规则的构建思路——以农村住房建设纠纷为切入点

较之于相对完备的城市建设规划制度,乡村建设规划制度起步晚、实施难度大。在农村住房建设纠纷中,实际用地情况与现时规划是否符合、规划调整有无引发权利减损是常见的法律争议点。这些问题的出现与乡村建设规划制度在概念阐释、程序建构、补偿制度等方面不够完善相关,并将对村民土地财产权利产生影响。在构建此类案件的裁判规则时,既要重视村庄规划的法定效力,又要结合地方历史政策、村庄规划的现时状态等情况进行综合评价。对于因规划变更造成财产损失的村民,需进一步明确补偿机制。