Spatiotemporal landscape pattern changes and their effects on land surface temperature in greenbelt with semi-arid climate:A case study of the Erbil City,Iraq

Urban expansion of cities has caused changes in land use and land cover(LULC)in addition to transformations in the spatial characteristics of landscape structure.These alterations have generated heat islands and rise of land surface temperature(LST),which consequently have caused a variety of environmental issues and threated the sustainable development of urban areas.Greenbelts are employed as an urban planning containment policy to regulate urban expansion,safeguard natural open spaces,and serve adaptation and mitigation functions.And they are regarded as a powerful measure for enhancing urban environmental sustainability.Despite the fact that,the relation between landscape structure change and variation of LST has been examined thoroughly in many studies,but there is a limitation concerning this relation in semi-arid climate and in greenbelts as well,with the lacking of comprehensive research combing both aspects.Accordingly,this study investigated the spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern of LULC and their relationship with variation of LST within an inner greenbelt in the semi-arid Erbil City of northern Iraq.The study utilized remote sensing data to retrieve LST,classified LULC,and calculated landscape metrics for analyzing spatial changes during the study period.The results indicated that both composition and configuration of LULC had an impact on the variation of LST in the study area.The Pearson's correlation showed the significant effect of Vegetation 1 type(VH),cultivated land(CU),and bare soil(BS)on LST,as increase of LST was related to the decrease of VH and the increases of CU and BS,while,neither Vegetation 2 type(VL)nor built-up(BU)had any effects.Additionally,the spatial distribution of LULC also exhibited significant effects on LST,as LST was strongly correlated with landscape indices for VH,CU,and BS.However,for BU,only aggregation index metric affected LST,while none of VL metrics had a relation.The study provides insights for landscape planners and policymakers to not only develop more green spaces in greenbelt but also optimize the spatial landscape patterns to reduce the influence of LST on the urban environment,and further promote sustainable development and enhance well-being in the cities with semi-arid climate.

Landscape ecological risk assessment and its driving factors in the Weihe River basin,China

Weihe River basin is of great significance to analyze the changes of land use pattern and landscape ecological risk and to improve the ecological basis of regional development.Based on land use data of the Weihe River basin in 2000,2010,and 2020,with the support of Aeronautical Reconnaissance Coverage Geographic Information System(ArcGIS),GeoDa,and other technologies,this study analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics and driving factors of land use pattern and landscape ecological risk.Results showed that land use structure of the Weihe River basin has changed significantly,with the decrease of cropland and the increase of forest land and construction land.In the past 20 a,cropland has decreased by 7347.70 km2,and cropland was mainly converted into forest land,grassland,and construction land.The fragmentation and dispersion of ecological landscape pattern in the Weihe River basin were improved,and land use pattern became more concentrated.Meanwhile,landscape ecological risk of the Weihe River basin has been improved.Severe landscape ecological risk area decreased by 19,177.87 km2,high landscape ecological risk area decreased by 3904.35 km2,and moderate and low landscape ecological risk areas continued to increase.It is worth noting that landscape ecological risks in the upper reaches of the Weihe River basin are still relatively serious,especially in the contiguous areas of high ecological risk,such as Tianshui,Pingliang,Dingxi areas and some areas of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.Landscape ecological risk showed obvious spatial dependence,and high ecological risk area was concentrated.Among the driving factors,population density,precipitation,normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),and their interactions are the most important factors affecting the landscape ecological risk of the Weihe River basin.The findings significantly contribute to our understanding of the ecological dynamics in the Weihe River basin,providing crucial insights for sustainable management in the region.

Characteristics and drivers of the soil multifunctionality under different land use and land cover types in the drylands of China

The drylands of China cover approximately 6.6×106 km2 and are home to approximately 5.8×10^(8)people,providing important ecosystem services for human survival and development.However,dryland ecosystems are extremely fragile and sensitive to external environmental changes.Land use and land cover(LULC)changes significantly impact soil structure and function,thus affecting the soil multifunctionality(SMF).However,the effect of LULC changes on the SMF in the drylands of China has rarely been reported.In this study,we investigated the characteristics of the SMF changes based on soil data in the 1980s from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center.We explored the drivers of the SMF changes under different LULC types(including forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert)and used structural equation modeling to explore the main driver of the SMF changes.The results showed that the SMF under the four LULC types decreased in the following descending order:forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert.The main driver of the SMF changes under different LULC types was mean annual temperature(MAT).In addition to MAT,pH in forest,soil moisture(SM)and soil biodiversity index in grassland,SM in shrubland,and aridity index in desert are crucial factors for the SMF changes.Therefore,the SMF in the drylands of China is regulated mainly by MAT and pH,and comprehensive assessments of the SMF in drylands need to be performed regarding LULC changes.The results are beneficial for evaluating the SMF among different LULC types and predicting the SMF under global climate change.

Extensive identification of landslide boundaries using remote sensing images and deep learning method

The frequent occurrence of extreme weather events has rendered numerous landslides to a global natural disaster issue.It is crucial to rapidly and accurately determine the boundaries of landslides for geohazards evaluation and emergency response.Therefore,the Skip Connection DeepLab neural network(SCDnn),a deep learning model based on 770 optical remote sensing images of landslide,is proposed to improve the accuracy of landslide boundary detection.The SCDnn model is optimized for the over-segmentation issue which occurs in conventional deep learning models when there is a significant degree of similarity between topographical geomorphic features.SCDnn exhibits notable improvements in landslide feature extraction and semantic segmentation by combining an enhanced Atrous Spatial Pyramid Convolutional Block(ASPC)with a coding structure that reduces model complexity.The experimental results demonstrate that SCDnn can identify landslide boundaries in 119 images with MIoU values between 0.8and 0.9;while 52 images with MIoU values exceeding 0.9,which exceeds the identification accuracy of existing techniques.This work can offer a novel technique for the automatic extensive identification of landslide boundaries in remote sensing images in addition to establishing the groundwork for future inve stigations and applications in related domains.

Assessing Spatio-Temporal Land Cover Changes in Dhund River Basin, Eastern Rajasthan (India), Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Data

Land cover is an impression of natural cover on surface of earth such as bare soil, river, grass etc. and utilization of these natural covers for various human needs and purposes by mankind is defined as land use. Land cover identification, delineation and mapping is important for planning activities, resource management and global monitoring studies while baseline mapping and subsequent monitoring is done by application of land use to get timely information about quantity of land that has been used. The present study has been carried out in Dhund river watershed of Jaipur, Rajasthan which covers an area of about 1828 sq∙km. The minimum and maximum elevation of the area is found to be 214 m and 603 m respectively. Land use and land cover changes of three decades from 1991 to 2021 have been interpreted by using remotes sensing and GIS techniques. ArcGIS software (Arc map 10.2), SOI topographic map, Cartosat-1 DEM and satellite data of Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 have been used for interpretation of eleven classes. The study shows an increase in cultivated land, settlement, waterbody, open forest, plantation and mining due to urbanization because of increasing demands of food, shelter and water while a decrease in dense forest, river, open scrub, wasteland and uncultivated land has also been marked due to destruction of aforementioned by anthropogenic activities such as industrialization resulting in environmental degradation that leads to air, soil and water pollution.

Rainfall Dynamics and Landslides in Urban Areas of Gabon: The Case of Libreville-Est (Gabon)

Due to its abundant rainfall, the city of Libreville, which concentrates more than half of Gabon’s population, is frequently confronted with the impacts of natural disasters such as floods and landslides. This study attempts to identify the complex relationships between the dynamics of land use and the role of rainfall in the occurrence of landslides. On the one hand, it uses statistics on landslides compiled from information taken from general news bulletins and, on the other, daily rainfall data obtained from the National Meteorological Department. The study revealed that the Libreville East sector, dominated by Mount Nkol Ogoum, one of Libreville’s most prominent landforms, is affected by a land-use dynamic in which human settlement has been progressing for some thirty years, to the detriment of the original vegetation which, among other things, helped to stabilise the soil on the hillsides and the marshy areas at the foot of the slopes. The result is not only an uncontrolled occupation of the land, but also a major landslide every two years in this part of the city, causing significant loss of life and property. However, an analysis of the time series shows little rainfall variability, marked in particular by a predominance of negative anomalies, and the occurrence of a few exceptional daily rainfall peaks. Similarly, the period from 20 October to 20 November, which receives the most rainfall, also appears to be the most conducive to landslides.

基于长时间序列Landsat影像的南方人工林干扰与恢复制图分析

基于1986年到2011年的Landsat影像,以南方人工林分布区域广东省佛冈县为例,运用Landsat生态系统自适应处理系统(LEDAPS)预处理生成标准的地面反射率数据构建Landsat时间序列堆栈(LTSS)用于Land Trendr算法监测人工林森林干扰与恢复的长时间序列变化,分析了连续24a森林干扰的年份变化、干扰量以及干扰持续的时间,验证了算法识别干扰的精度,并探讨了人工林干扰的驱动力。结果表明佛冈县的森林干扰较为剧烈,一般都在1000 hm^2。而1987、2002、2004、2005、2006、2007和2009年的干扰面积均超过2000 hm^2,其中1987、2007年两年的干扰面积达到6000 hm^2以上。相比森林干扰的变化,佛冈县的森林恢复面积随时间的变化相对平稳。通过对佛冈县森林干扰和恢复面积的趋势分析,发现20世纪80年代末到90年代森林干扰和恢复的面积基本少于2000年以后的变化面积,变化趋势比2000年以后的显得平缓;从2000年开始,森林干扰面积逐渐上升,总体面积变化趋势高于森林的恢复,但森林的恢复面积仍有所提升。其中,佛冈县的森林干扰持续1a时间的面积比例约38%,持续2a时间约28%,持续3a时间约25%,持续4a时间约7%,主要为短期急剧的干扰事件。另外,持续时间为4a以上的森林干扰和恢复的面积在佛冈县不超过100hm^2。2000年之前持续干扰和急剧干扰面积相当,变化比较平缓;到2000年之后,急剧干扰的面积远大于持续干扰,最高约达2800 hm^2,但两者都呈现波动上升的变化趋势。在选取的两个4km^2的样方中,基于影像光谱识别以及通过比对干扰资料的可视化验证方法表明算法结果与真实地表的解译信息较吻合,误差约为0.1km^2。利用长时间序列遥感影像进行森林干扰的自动化监测十分必要,导出的定性、定位与定量信息,一方面为可持续的森林经营奠定基础,另一方面为评价森林生产力与森林碳储量提供有效的数据支撑。

基于Landsat长时间序列的森林扰动参数提取与树高估算

【目的】研究基于遥感影像的森林扰动信息定量提取及其对树高估算的影响,为遥感反演森林参数(树高、生物量)提供参考和借鉴。【方法】选取黑龙江省凉水国家级自然保护区为研究区,以1984—2006年33期Landsat TM/ETM+多光谱遥感影像为数据源,对其进行缨帽变换提取缨帽角(TCA)和缨帽距离(TCD)2个扰动监测指数,采用时间轨迹分析方法(LandTrendr)对TCA与TCD指数进行时间序列重构,分别提取扰动发生的前一年(DBYEA)、扰动发生前的光谱值(DBVAL)、扰动持续时间(DDUR)、扰动量级(DMAG)、扰动后开始修复的时间(RBYEAR)、扰动后开始修复的光谱值(RBVAL)、修复量级(RMAG)和修复持续时间(RDUR)8个时间序列扰动参数。基于单时相Landsat影像光谱信息与单时相Landsat影像光谱信息+森林扰动参数2组变量分别采用随机森林(RF)算法估算树高。【结果】采用单时相Landsat影像光谱信息结合基于TCA和TCD提取的16个时间序列扰动参数建立的树高反演模型预估精度比采用单时相Landsat影像光谱信息建立的树高反演模型预估精度提高6.34%,均方根误差(RMSE)降低0.50 m。树高反演模型中基于TCA提取的时间序列扰动参数变量重要性高于基于TCD提取的时间序列扰动参数变量重要性。【结论】基于LandTrendr提取的森林时间序列扰动参数能够增强反射率与树高之间的相关性,提高遥感树高模型的反演精度,基于TCA提取的森林时间序列扰动参数对树高的解释能力高于基于TCD提取的森林时间序列扰动参数。

Studies of Soil Physical Property on Different Abandoned Lands in the Minqin Oasis,Downstream of the Shiyang River

The vast area of farmland was abandoned at downstream of the Shiyang River because of decreased water recourse. To ensure the ecological safety of Minqin Oasis and to provide management basis for the abandoned land, soil physical properties were observed and studied. The authors analyzed land with abandonment time of 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, 8 years, 15 years, 24 years and 31 years. Samples were took at the 0-40 cm layer of soil to measure the bulk density, porosity and grain composition of soil in the different abandoned lands. Results showed that the tendency of clay content was decreasing, conversely, the fine sand increased at the layer of 0-10 cm of different abandoned lands.The changes of grain content reached a peak at the fourth year after the land was abandoned, then varied slightly. The variation of grain content of abandoned land was obvious with the extension of the abandonment year. The soil bulk density decreased and porosity increased with the extension of the abandonment year. The difference of porosity and soil bulk density at the range of 0-40 cm of different abandoned land decreased after the land abandoned for 3 years. The quality of soil was decreased, while the soil permeability was improved. The soil physical properties changed obviously in 3 to 4 years after abandonment, so it is the key time for land management.

Study on Dynamic Changes of Land Utilization and Landscape Layout in Pearl River Estuary

Taking advantage of remote sensing(RS) technology and geographic information system(GIS) technology to interpret the four periods' data of remote sensing images of Pearl River Estuary in the years of 1990,1995,2000,and 2005,the changes in land utilization and landscape layout of Pearl River Estuary have been analyzed with reference to land utilization dynamic model and quantitative method in landscape ecology.Results indicate several points as followings.①Located in the region typical of high-speed economic development,Pearl River Estuary shows noticeable changes in land types and evident spatial temporal difference.During these 15 years,the areas of cultivated land and forests have experienced dramatic decline while the land for construction purposes shows the trend of powerful increase.②On the prospect of variation,landscape metrics have indicated great differences among other landscape pattern indices except for Area-Weighted Mean Patch Fractal Dimension(AWMPFD) especially during the period from 1990 to 1995 which experiences the most obvious changes.③On the prospect of landscape,landscape pattern indices also indicate great changes in the landscape layout of Pearl River Estuary from 1990 to 2005 as well as noticeable increase in the number of patches,and various landscape pattern indices show the increase in the degree of regional landscape fragmentation and increase in diversity.

Analysis and Simulation for Landscape Pattern Changes of Land Use in Wuzhong District, Suzhou City

Based on analyzing the changes of land use in Wuzhong District, Suzhou City from 2005 to 2008, temporal and spatial changes of land use from 2008 to 2020 were analyzed by using the model CLUE-S and, from the perspective of landscape ecology, future landscape pattern changes of land use in Wuzhong District were also quantitatively discussed by utilizing landscape indices. The results indicated that there was a large variation range of land use in Wuzhong District from 2005 to 2008 and massive farmland and woodland were transformed into construction land and gardens. Guided by the policy of saving intensive land and protecting farmland, future variation range of land use will get smaller obviously. The fragmentation degree for farmland, woodland and water area will get decreased but will get increased relatively for construction land. In general, all landscapes tend to a balanced development.

Research on Plant Landscape Design in the Reconstruction of Urban Green Land——A Case Study of Green Land Reconstruction of Yangliu River in Wenjiang City of China

In modern green land planning, it should highlight the application of native plants and the construction of urban three-dimensional greening. By taking green land reconstruction of Yangliu River of Wenjiang City as an example, the site condition and design concept have been analyzeds; and furthermore, reconstruction schemes have been explained in detail based on five themes. It has emphasized composing landscape based on sections, enriching plant levels, improve forest canopy line and enrich tour space. Plants on green lands can be moved, adjusted, transformed, added and supplemented.

Analysis on Land Cover Change and Landscape Pattern of Wuzhi Mountain in Hainan Province

Combining the integrated technology of ecological quantity analytical method with GIS technology, based on the Landsat TM images and SPOT images in 1995 and 2009, this paper made a quantitative analysis of the changing process of land use/cover. The results showed that land use/cover in study area had undergone obviously changes from 1995 to 2009. The artificial landscapes which were mainly tropical crops plantation increased dramatically, natural forest and rubber forest was substantially reduced. The major patterns of land use change in the study area were the conversions of the natural forest and rubber forest to tropical crops plantation and cultivated land, cultivated land converted to tropical crops plantation and residential area. The analysis of landscape index showed that the role of landscape structure more diverse and uniform with the diversity of landscape fragmentation increases, the dominance of natural forest and rubber forest on the overall control of landscape reduced under the influence of human activities in the study area. The driving force analysis showed that economic development, agriculture industrial structure, policy and technology factors were the dominant factors of land use/change in the study area in the short term.

Studies of Soil Physical Properties and Community Characteristics of Different Abandoned Lands in the Minqin Oasis,Downstream of the Shiyang River

[Objective] The aim was to explore physical properties and community characteristics of abandoned lands in different years in Minqin Oasis, downstream of the Shiyang River, [Method] The evolution of environment and plant community characteristics in different abandoned lands were analyzed after abandonment for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 15, 24 and 31 years, and the plant community characteristics, water content, bulk density, porosity and mechanical composition of soil in the different a- bandoned lands were also researched in the Minqin Oasis, downstream of the Shiyang River. [Result] Plant of 32 species spread over 14 family live through fifty years appeared in abandoned lands in the study area. Shrubs was 6 species, herbs was 26 species among them, which were 18.75%, 81.25% respectively. The goose- foot family （6 species）, the composite family（4 species）,the grass family（4 species）, caltrop family（3 species） were 53.13% among them. Within the range of 0-40 cm of different abandoned Land, the soil moisture content showed a trend of first increase and then decrease with the increase of soil depth changes in soil bulk density and porosity of less obvious. In the range of 0-40 cm soil depth, the largest proportion of fine sand, followed by silt and clay and the smallest proportion of coarse sand in every plot, but the proportion of the each silt size varies little with the years aban- doned. [Conclusion] The research provides references for vegetation reconstruction and eco-environment construction in abandoned lands in downstream of Shiyang River.

GIS-based Study on the Evolution of County-scale Land Use Landscape Pattern —A Case Study of Da'an City, China

With land use landscape pattern of Da'an City in west Jilin Province as an example, internal mechanism of regional land use changes was explored on the basis of GIS and remote sensing interpretation data. County-scale RS images were processed in ENVI, relevant indexes of land use change and landscape ecology selected to analyze quantity structure change, dynamic change and transition matrix of land use, and evolution trends of land use/cover change and landscape pattern in the study area analyzed. The results showed that from 1995 to 2005 Da'an City has witnessed a decreasing mean patch area of farmland, grassland and woodland, aggravating fragmentation of woodland and grassland; declining landscape diversity and increasing dominance degrees of certain landscapes; diversified land use types but lower rationality, increasing areas of certain landscape types.

Land Use Changes along Rail Traffic Routes in Wuhan City Based on Landscape Indexes

Based on analyzing the remote sensing images of Wuhan City in 1998,2002 and 2008,information about the land use changes along rail traffic routes before and after the construction of these routes are extracted,and 9 landscape indexes are applied to quantitatively study the change trend of its land use pattern.The results show that the construction of rail traffic routes has brought enormous changes to the land use pattern along the routes,say,built-up area has become the dominant type which has been rapidly concentrating into patches;the amounts of small patches,such as grass land,have gradually declined and shown an imbalanced distribution.

Study on the Landscaping Technologies for Coastal Saline-Alkali Land in Tanghai County of Tangshan City

Tanghai County is one of the counties in Tangshan City with the highest saline-alkali degree, with 80% of its land being covered by saline-alkali soils. Through studying landscaping technologies for coastal saline-alkali land in Tanghai County, 3 dominant modes for landscaping engineering in such land were summarized as shallow underground pipe desalination technology, banding soil replacement technology and hole membrane soil replacement technology, which are different in application scope and also in cost (respectively 260, 210 and 170 yuan). 3 landscaping measures were also proposed, including promotion of suitable plant cultivation technologies, application of saline-alkali tolerant plants and biological improvement of soils. To explore economic and practical planting patterns for saline-alkali land, low-cost landscaping tests were conducted from the perspectives of improving landscaping engineering mode and optimizing landscaping measures, and the results showed that it was practical to apply low-cost landscaping patterns, and comprehensive ecological measures should be adopted to realize the sustained utilization of soil.

Study on Land Use and Landscape Pattern Change in Yanqing County of Beijing in Past Twenty Years

With Yanqing County as the study subject,land use and landscape pattern change were discussed by using transition matrix,gravity center model and landscape pattern indexes.Based on this,the correlation between them was analyzed by using SPSS technology,taking transformation among the main land types as the dependent variable,and the elevation,slope ratio,distance to towns as the independent variables.In addition,the influences of policy factor,economic development and demographic factor on land use change were discussed.

Study on Coastal Landscape Pattern Change Based on GIS

Based on GIS technology,from the perspective of landscape ecology and by taking Dianbai County for example,the paper had made landscape layout division according to land use types and studied dynamic change of local land use through indexes' change.The result showed that coastal mudflat in Diantai County had increased obviously while water area had decreased substantially and other lands also decreased in a way from 2005 to 2009.The number of land use patches increased,fractal dimension and isolating degree appeared to be in increasing trend,and diversity and evenness degree presented to be in decreasing trend.Spatial heterogeneity of landscape layout reduced,and dominance and fragmentation degree of it increased.Human activity made larger interference on landscape layout.

Analysis of Landscape Pattern Feature of Land Use Based on Landscape Ecology——A Case Study of Panshi City in China

Based on land use data of 2009 and GIS, by combining with Fragstats3.3, landscape pattern features of Panshi City have been analyzed through landscape area, number of patches, patch density, and mean patch size. The results show that forest land and cultivated land take the dominance in Panshi City, the use ratio of construction land is not high and reserved land resource is not abundant. On this basis, some suggestions have been proposed in view of establishing sustainably developing land use planning and increasing landscape stability. It should adjust land use structure and increase land productivity; reasonably arrange rural residential lands and enhance the treatment of discarded industrial lands; and reasonably control land scale of key towns and cities.