Pharmacognostic Identification of Borreriae Strictae Herba and Borreriae Latifoliae Herba

[Objectives]This study was conducted to identify and compare Borreria stricta(Linn.f.)G.Mey.and Borreria latifolia(Aubl.)K.Schum.,so as to provide a basis for their pharmacognostic identification.[Methods]The identification of B.stricta and B.latifolia was carried out by identification of origin,character identification,microscopic identification.[Results](i)Identification of origin:①B.stricta:B.stricta is an annual erect slender herb.The stem is quadrangular,rarely branched.The leaves are leathery,nearly sessile,fusiform or lanceolate bar-shaped,tapered at the top,narrowed at the base,and rough on both sides.When fresh,they are dark green.The stipules are nearly glabrous,and there are spines longer than the inflorescence at the top.②B.latifoli:B.latifoli is an annual loose stout herb,covered with hair.The stem is quadrangular,and has narrow wings on the edges.The leaves are elliptic or oval and oblong,yellow green when fresh.The stipules are membranous and covered with coarse bristles,and they have bristles longer than the sheath on the top.(ii)Character identification:①B.stricta:The roots of B.stricta has a rough,dense and hard texture with many transverse folds on the surface and many fiber thorns and cracks on the fracture surface.B.stricta tastes bitter.②B.latifoli:The roots of B.latifoli is slightly fleshy,flexible and hard to be broken.The stem is obviously quadrangular,hairy.B.latifoli tastes bitter and irritative.(iii)Microscopic identification:①B.stricta:The false annual rings are obvious in the cross section of the roots of B.stricta.The cross section of the stem looks like a round square with four short wings at the corners.Calcium oxalate needle crystal bundles can be seen in the leaf cross section.②B.latifoli:Calcium oxalate needle crystal bundles can be seen in the root and stem cross sections of B.latifoli.The cross section of the stem is unrepresentative square,with wide and long wings at the corners.In the cross section of leaves,non-glandular hairs can be seen in the upper and lower epidermis cells.[Conclusions]The above three identification methods can effectively identify B.stricta and B.latifolia.

Postharvest Application of 1-Methylcyclopropene Maintains Quality and Extends the Shelf-Life of Zizania latifolia during Storage at 25˚C

The effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on postharvest quality of Zizania latifolia during storage at 25˚C were investigated. The results pointed out that a postharvest application of 1-MCP maintained the good visual appearance of fresh Z. latifolia, inhibited browning, mildew and weight loss at the bottom of Z. latifolia, and there is no significant changes on L, a*, b* and ΔE during the whole storage period. In addition, 1-MCP treatment inhibited the respiratory intensity of Z. latifolia during the first three days of storage, but it was significantly higher than that of the control on the sixth day of storage. Compared with the control, 1-MCP treatment maintained relatively high SOD, CAT, APX activities and low PAL, POD, PLD, lipase and LOX activities, delayed the decline of AsA content, reduced the accumulation of O2-, H2O2 and MDA, and ultimately maintained the integrity of cell structure and delayed the senescence of Z. latifolia. In addition, positive effects of 1-MCP on maintaining the cell structure integrity were observed in this investigation throughout the storage period at 25˚C.

不同时期大叶苦丁茶(Ilex latifolia Thunb.)不同器官中咖啡酰奎宁酸类成分的毛细管电泳分析（英文）

大叶苦丁茶(Ilex latifolia Thunb.)含有丰富的咖啡酰奎宁酸。在本研究中,运用胶束电动毛细管色谱法,测定了在不同发育时期的大叶苦丁茶不同器官中的咖啡酰奎宁酸含量。大叶苦丁茶的不同器官在不同发育时期的咖啡酰奎宁酸含量有着显著的变化。在叶片中,10天叶龄的叶的咖啡酰奎宁酸含量是19.78 g/100 g,而当叶龄达到12月时,其中的咖啡酰奎宁酸含量已经降为1.41 g/100 g。随着发育时间的增长,雌花、雄花中的含量变化也有类似的变化。雌花(果)和雄花在发育期为10天时的咖啡酰奎宁酸含量高:分别20.29 g/100 g和18.06 g/100g,随后在雌花发育成的7个月果实中下降到0.16 g/100 g,而在40天期接近脱落的雄花中其含量降为10.36 g/100 g。大叶苦丁茶的器官中,除了嫩叶,雄花由于高含量的咖啡酰奎宁酸和较多的生物量,也是一种好的咖啡酰奎宁酸来源材料。本文首次报道了大叶苦丁茶的花中含有大量的咖啡酰奎宁酸。MEKC方法也是首次被用于苦丁茶中的咖啡酰奎宁酸类成分的测定,使用这种方法,大叶苦丁茶中的6种咖啡酰奎宁酸成分在40分钟内完全分离。相较于以前文献中报道的高效液相色谱法,本文为苦丁茶中的咖啡酰奎宁酸的质量控制提供了一种新的检测方法。

Isolation of Zizania latifolia Species-specific DNA Sequences and Their Utility in Identification of Z. latifolia DNA Introgressed into Rice

根据两个植物抗病基因N和RPS2中核酸结合位点 (NBS)和富亮氨酸重复区 (LRR)中的保守序列设计了一对特异引物 ,用PCR从具有水稻 (OryzasativaL .)改良所需要的许多优良性状的水稻近缘野生种菰 (Zizanialatifolia(Griseb .)Turcz.exStapf)的基因组DNA中扩增同源片段。PCR产物经克隆后 ,分别以菰和水稻的基因组DNA为探针 ,通过点杂交对所得克隆进行了分析。点杂交结果表明 ,在所分析的 6 0个克隆中有 2个克隆是菰专化的序列 ,即它们与水稻无杂交信号。基因组DNA的Southern杂交进一步证实了这 2个克隆的专化性。为了验证一些可能的“水稻_菰”渐渗杂交系是否确实含有源自供体菰的DNA ,以这 2个克隆为探针 ,与经EcoRⅠ酶切的 5个可能的渐渗杂交系进行了Southern杂交。结果表明 ,这 2个克隆均能检测出其中的一个系含有其同源序列。这一结果为曾经报道的经一种非常规有性杂交方法将菰DNA导入水稻提供了确凿的证据。

Comparative Study on the Genomes Between Oryza alta and Oryza latifolia Based on C-Genome

[Objective] Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was used to study the relationship between the two CCDD genomes of Oryza alta and Oryza latifolia. [Method] Total DNA of Oryza officinalis (C-genome) was used as a probe for genomic in situ hybridization on metaphase chromosomes from Oryza alta and Oryza latifolia, respectively. [Result] Under certain post-hybridization washing stringencies, C- and D-genome could be distinguished in CCDD genome type; there were huge differences in some CC chromosomes of Oryza alta, Oryza latifolia, and Oryza officinalis. The genome of Oryza latifolia was more original. [Conclusion] Comparative analysis of the Oryza species with identical genome type may facilitate to elucidate the possible approaches to plant genome evolution and species evolution.

Research on Purification Effect of Jian Lake Zizania latifolia Wetland Lakefront Zone in Northwest of Yunnan Plateau on Nitrogen and Phosphorus of Agricultural Non-point Source

As the main external pollution source of lake,nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural non-point source make a great contribution to the lake eutrophication pollution.Wetland lakefront zone which plays a key role in externally agricultural non-point source pollution is considered as the biggest barrier for controlling external pollution.In this research,the Jian lake plateau Zizania latifolia wetland lakefront zone was selected for agricultural non-point source pollutions control with the systematic field research,and the lakefront zone was approved to have an effective purification effect on nitrogen and phosphorus from Jinlong River; the theoretical mechanism of lakefront zone removing nutrient was also investigated.Z.latifolia wetland lakefront zone could remove nitrogen and phosphorus from Jinlong River and the removal ratio can reach 55.8-62.52% and 59.47-69.81% respectively.So,we can indicate that the Jian Lake plateau Z.latifolia wetland lakefront zone had a good effect on controlling agricultural non-point source pollution and protecting the environment.

菰(Zizania latifolia)ISSR反应体系的建立及优化

菰是一种稻族野生资源,水生或沼生,在我国有着广泛的分布。野生菰群体不仅是一种重要的育种基因资源,同时还有着巨大的生态作用。为建立适宜于菰的ISSR反应体系,以菰DNA基因组为模板对ISSR反应体系中的主要影响因子进行优化。采用单因素变量法在12个不同梯度水平上设计正交试验针对体系中d NTPs浓度、Mg2+浓度、Taq聚合酶浓度、引物浓度、模板DNA浓度及引物退火温度等6个因子进行优化,确定了在20μL ISSR反应体系中各组分的最适因素水平分别为:3.0 mmol Mg2+(10×Buffer),0.5 mmol d NTPs、1.0μmol引物浓度、0.24 U/μL Taq聚合酶、1.5 ng/μL DNA模板以及55℃退火温度。应用该优化体系对80个菰材料进行扩增,证实了该体系的适用性和稳定性,为菰遗传资源的鉴定、评价与利用提供了技术支撑。

铅锌矿废水中重金属在宽叶香蒲(Typha latifolia)的积累与分布

本文通过对净化塘系统和对照点的水、土和宽叶香蒲组织的分析结果指出:宽叶香蒲具有较强的忍耐、吸收和积累Pb、Zn等重金属的能力。Pb、Zn等重金属在宽叶香蒲体内的积累数量与分布规律是根>地下茎>叶;老地下茎>嫩地下茎;Pb在叶的分布是老叶>成熟叶>嫩叶。在净化塘系统内,各种重金属在宽叶香蒲根部积累比例最大的是Pb,其次是Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Mn。

菰(Zizania latifolia)主要农艺性状及其驯化育种

通过收集我国菰野生资源和半野生资源并进行驯化育种,获得了株型紧凑、茎叶粗壮直立的2个半驯化菰材料"加油1号"和"戈山1号",并以该半驯化菰为育种材料,对它们的染色体基数、花期、花序结构、种子性状及发芽率等进行研究.结果表明:中国菰(Zizania latifolia)染色体数为2n=34条,不同于北美菰;"加油1号"的花期主要在9月中旬到10月中旬之间,总体比野生菰早约15d,比"戈山1号"晚约10d;在菰花序中雌雄花比例约为1∶1.8,并首次绘制了其花序模式图;"加油1号"菰糙米千粒质量为12.7g,粒长和宽分别为9.70mm和1.48mm,比北美沼生菰(Z.palustris)偏小;电镜观察发现菰米淀粉粒排列规则;采用改良的种子处理方法,菰种发芽率可以达到62.9%.本研究获得的半驯化菰材料开花正常,株型紧凑,为实现中国菰驯化提供了重要的基础遗传材料,但在落粒性和花期等目标农艺性状上还有待改良.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidants activities of aqueous stem bark extract of Schotia latifolia Jacq

Objective:To evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Scholia latifolia(S.latifolia)bark locally used for the treatment of oxidative stress-induced ailments in South Africa.Methods:The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of aqueous extract of the plant was assessed against 1,1-diphenyl-2-pierylhydrazyl(DPPH),nitric oxide(NO),2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt(ABTS)and the ferric reducing agent.Total phenolics,flavonoids,flavonols and proanthocyanidins were also determined to assess their corresponding effect on the antioxidant activity of this plant.Results:The activities of plant extract against DPPH,ABTS and NO radicals were concentration dependent with IC_(50)value of 0.06,0.05 and 0.05 mg/mL,respectively.The reducing power of the extract was greater than that of butylated hydroxyl toluene(BHT)and ascorbic acid which were used as standard drugs in a concentration dependent manner.The total phenolics content of the aqueous bark extract was(193.33±0.03 TE/g),followed by flavonoids(72.70±0.01 QE/g),proanthocyanidins|48.76±0.00 CE/g)and flavonols(47.76±0.21 QE/g).Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of percentage tannin(11.40±0.02),alkaloid(9.80±0.01),steroids(18.20±0.01),glycosides(29.80±0.01)and saponins(6.80±0.00).The results exhibited a positive linear correlation between these polyphenols and the free radical scavenging activities.Conclusions:Our findings provide evidence that the crude aqueous extract of S.latifolia is a potential source of natural antioxidants and this justifies its uses in folkloric medicines.

茭草(Zizania latifolia)在不同人工湿地中的生长适应性

茭草是太湖流域河、湖水陆交错带及低洼沼泽中普遍生长的挺水植物,其生长条件在当地挺水植物中具有代表性.根据该流域河道水陆交错带的现状与挺水植物生长特性,针对性地设计了置入式生态滤床、生物氧化池、潜流表面流复合人工湿地和水平潜流人工湿地4种不同生境条件,研究茭草的生长适应性,为建立与恢复退化的河道水陆交错带植被群落提供科学依据和技术支持.结果表明,茭草能够适应不同生长环境,在沸石基质和水培环境中均能正常生长;不同环境条件下其生长速度和繁茂程度存在差异.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of hydroalcoholic stem bark extract of Schotia latifolia Jacq

Objective:To investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of hydroalcoholic extract of Scholia latifolia（S.latifolia） bark commonly used in South Africa traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments.Methods:The antibacterial test and MIC was determined by using agar well diffusion and dilution methods respectively against eight strains of bacteria. The total phenol,proanthocyanidin and flavonoid contents of 5.latifolia were assessed using Standard methods.The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using ferric reducing power and the free radical scavenging activity against 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH）, 2.2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid（ABTS）,nitric oxide（NO）,hydrogen peroxide（H2O2） and lipid oxidation（LO）.Results:The antibacterial activity demonstrated an appreciable effect against all the gram positive bacteria at MIC between 0.016 and 10 mg/ml. while that of gram negative bacteria was above 10 mg/mL.The plant extract exhibited high concentration of proanthocyanidin[（300.00±0.10） mg CE/g].followed by flavonoid[（12.46±0.04 mg） TE/g]and phenol[（1 l.06±0.03） mg QE/g]contents.Similarly,the extract at 0.5 mg/mL scavenges DPPH.ABTS.H2O2.LO and NO by 87.55%.89.47%.77.15%.86.48%and 77.75%of the radicals respectively.The reducing power was also found to be concentration dependent Conclusions: Our data suggest that S.latifolia extract has antibacterial and antioxidants activity and thus could be used as alternative therapv against antibiotic resistance bacteria and to prevent man) radical related diseases.

Green Composite Material Made from Typha latifolia Fibres Bonded with an Epoxidized Linseed Oil/Tall Oil-Based Polyamide Binder System

Here,we report the mechanical and water sorption properties of a green composite based on Typha latifolia fibres.The composite was prepared either completely binder-less or bonded with 10%(w/w)of a bio-based resin which was a mixture of an epoxidized linseed oil and a tall-oil based polyamide.The flexural modulus of elasticity,the flexural strength and the water absorption of hot pressed Typha panels were measured and the influence of pressing time and panel density on these properties was investigated.The cure kinetics of the biobased resin was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)in combination with the iso-conversional kinetic analysis method of Vyazovkin to derive the curing conditions required for achieving completely cured resin.For the binderless Typha panels the best technological properties were achieved for panels with high density.By adding 10%of the binder resin the flexural strength and especially the water absorption were improved significantly.

Nauclea latifolia aqueous leaf extract eliminates hepatic and cerebral Plasmodium berghei parasite in experimental mice

Objective: To assess the effects of hot water leaf extract of Nauclea latifolia(N. latifolia) on antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation values and parasite levels in hepatic and brain tissue of experimental mice(BALB/c) infected with Plasmodium berghei(P. berghei) malaria.Methods: Forty nine mice were divided into seven groups(n = 7) and used for the study. Group A(control) were given 0.2 m L/kg phosphate buffer saline; Group B mice were infected with P. berghei and treated with phosphate buffer saline. Groups C and D mice were also infected but treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of leaf extract respectively. Groups E and F mice were not infected, but received 200 and 300 mg/kg of leaf extract respectively. Group G mice were infected and treated with chloroquine(5 mg/kg). Liver and brain tissues of mice were prepared for both biochemical assay and microscopic examination. Results: Results showed that P. berghei malaria infection induced oxidative stress in both liver and brain tissues as evidenced by the significant(P < 0.05) decrease in antioxidants: superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and catalase. These reductions perhaps caused compromise in membrane integrity as indicated by the significant increase in lipid peroxidation product malondialdhyde. Malaria parasites were also identified in these tissues. However, N. latifolia treatment eliminated the parasites in tissues and protected them from oxidative damage even better than chloroquine treatment did, whose anti-malarial potency also cleared tissue parasites. The measurement of protection by N. latifolia against damage was strengthened by the insignificant micro structural alterations.Conclusions: The bioactive phytochemical(s) in N. latifolia should be structured and the mechanism(s) of its antimalarial tendency should be further investigated.

Triterpenoids from Ainsliaea latifolia and Their Cyclooxyenase‑2(COX‑2)Inhibitory Activities

Eight new triterpenoids were isolated from Ainsliaea latifolia.The structures of these compounds were elucidated by interpretation of spectroscopic data,including HRESIMS and NMR data.Compounds 4–6 are identifed as rare trinorcucurbitane or tetranorcucurbitane triterpenoids.The absolute confgurations of compounds 1 and 2 were confrmed by Snatzke’s method.All compounds were evaluated for their inhibition against cyclooxyenase-2(COX-2),in which compound 4 showed signifcant inhibitory efect against COX-2 with IC_(50) value of 3.98±0.32μM,comparable to that of positive control NS-398(IC504.14±0.28μM).

Comparative Analysis on Genomes from Oryza alta and Oryza latifolia by C_0t-1 DNA

In order to reveal the origin and evolutionary relationship between two CCDD genome species, Oryza alta and Oryza latifolia, fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） was adopted to analyze the genomes of the two species with C0t-1 DNA from O. alta as a probe. Karyotype was also comparatively analyzed between O. alta and O. latifolia based on their similar band patterns of the hybridization signals. There were a high homology and close relationship between O. alta and O. latifolia, however, the distinction between the hybridization signals was also clear. C0t-1 DNA was proved to be species- and genome type-specific. It is suggested that C0t-1 DNA-FISH could be more efficient to analyze the genomic relationship between different species. According to the comparative analysis of highly and moderately repetitive DNA sequences between the two allotetraploidy species, O. alta and O. latifolia, the possible origin and evolutionary mechanism of allotetraploidy of Oryza were discussed.

Transgenic Rice Plants Harboring Genomic DNA from Zizania latifolia Confer Bacterial Blight Resistance

Based on the sequence of a resistance gene analog FZ14 derived from Zizania latifolia （Griseb.）, a pair of specific PCR primers FZ14P1/FZ14P2was designed to isolate candidate disease resistance gene. The pooled-PCR approach was adopted using the primer pair to screen a genomic transformation-competent artificial chromosome （TAC） library derived from Z. latifolia. A positive TAC clone （ZR1） was obtained and confirmed by sequence analysis. The results indicated that ZR1 consisted of conserved motifs similar to P-loop （kinase la）, kinase 2, kinase 3a and GLPL （Gly-Leu-Pro-Leu）, suggesting that it could be a portion of NBS-LRR type of resistance gene. Using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Nipponbare mature embryo, a total of 48 independent transgenic To plants were obtained. Among them, 36 plants were highly resistant to the virulent bacterial blight strain PXO71. The results indicate that ZR1 contains at least one functional bacterial blight resistance gene.

Effects of Fenaminosulf on Yield and Benefit of Single Cropping Zizania latifolia

[Objective]The paper was to normalize the application of fenaminosulf in single cropping Zizania latifolia. [Method]Effects of spraying periods,different concentrations and spraying times of fenaminosulf on yield and output value of single cropping Z. latifolia were studied.[Result]In some regions where single cropping Z. latifolia could be harvested twice per year,fenaminosulf significantly promoted formation of swollen gall,and advanced the harvest period for about 50 d. Application of 0.5 g/L（ a.i.） fenaminosulf at 150,160 and 175 d post transplanting promoted swollen gall formation and enhanced the yield of Z. latifolia.In normal single cropping Z. latifolia growing regions,once application of fenaminosulf obviously advanced harvest period and improved yield and benefit of Z. latifolia,but with the increasing frequency of use,yield and benefit of Z. latifolia decreased significantly.[Conclusion]It is recommended that 1.0 g/L（a.i.） fenaminosulf can be applied for just once at 40-60 d post transplanting of Z. latifolia.

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Zizania latifolia to Traditional Chinese Medicine Wastewater

Effects of traditional Chinese medicine wastewater treatment on the physiological and biochemical indexes( such as TTC,Pro,GSH,MDA,SOD,POD,CAT,and PAL) of Zizania latifolia were investigated under four concentrations of medicine wastewater. The results showed that under the stress of traditional Chinese medicine wastewater,the contents of GSH,MDA and Pro had different degrees of increase,which would promote the increasing of superoxide anion. Meanwhile,the activities of root,SOD,POD,CAT and PAL also increased with the concentration of traditional Chinese medicine wastewater. Therefore,Z. latifolia had very strong anti-adversity abilities and tolerances to traditional Chinese medicine wastewater and can be used as one of the constructed wetland plants treating medicine wastewater.

Forest structure, diversity and regeneration in unburnt and burnt Anogeissus latifolia forests in Garhwal Himalayas

The present study was carried out at two different gradients of unbumt and burnt Anogeissus latifolia forest sites in the Garhwal region, India. At each gradient, the unburnt and burnt forest sites were further categorized into three different elevations, i.e., lower （700 m）, middle （850 m） and upper （1000 m）. At each elevation, the density of trees, saplings and seedlings was higher at the unburnt sites except for trees at the upper elevation which was higher at the burnt sites. The total basal area of each layer of for- est was also higher at the unburnt sites. The study revealed that the lower number of saplings and seedlings at the burnt forest sites might be due to the effect of fire. Most trees in the lower dbh classes were affected by forest fire at the burnt sites which reduced the total density and total basal area of the trees compared to the unburnt sites. The diversity of trees increased with increasing elevation. However, the diversity of saplings and seedlings reduced with increasing elevation.