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Reliability-based life-cycle cost seismic design optimization of coastal bridge piers with nonuniform corrosion using different materials
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作者 Wu Xiangtong Yuan Wenting Guo Anxin 《Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration》 SCIE EI CSCD 2024年第1期209-225,共17页
Reinforcement corrosion is the main cause of performance deterioration of reinforced concrete(RC)structures.Limited research has been performed to investigate the life-cycle cost(LCC)of coastal bridge piers with nonun... Reinforcement corrosion is the main cause of performance deterioration of reinforced concrete(RC)structures.Limited research has been performed to investigate the life-cycle cost(LCC)of coastal bridge piers with nonuniform corrosion using different materials.In this study,a reliability-based design optimization(RBDO)procedure is improved for the design of coastal bridge piers using six groups of commonly used materials,i.e.,normal performance concrete(NPC)with black steel(BS)rebar,high strength steel(HSS)rebar,epoxy coated(EC)rebar,and stainless steel(SS)rebar(named NPC-BS,NPC-HSS,NPC-EC,and NPC-SS,respectively),NPC with BS with silane soakage on the pier surface(named NPC-Silane),and high-performance concrete(HPC)with BS rebar(named HPC-BS).First,the RBDO procedure is improved for the design optimization of coastal bridge piers,and a bridge is selected to illustrate the procedure.Then,reliability analysis of the pier designed with each group of materials is carried out to obtain the time-dependent reliability in terms of the ultimate and serviceability performances.Next,the repair time of the pier is predicted based on the time-dependent reliability indices.Finally,the time-dependent LCCs for the pier are obtained for the selection of the optimal design. 展开更多
关键词 reliability-based design optimization(RBDO) life-cycle cost(LCC) nonuniform corrosion coastal bridge pier REPAIR
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LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND LIFE-CYCLE COST AS COLLABORATIVE TOOLS IN RESIDENTIAL HEATING SYSTEM SELECTION
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作者 Scott Glick Angela A.Guggemos 《Journal of Green Building》 2010年第3期107-115,共9页
Typically the selection of a residential heating system focuses on first costs rather than the economic or environmental life cycle consequences.The use of life cycle assessment and life cycle cost methodologies in th... Typically the selection of a residential heating system focuses on first costs rather than the economic or environmental life cycle consequences.The use of life cycle assessment and life cycle cost methodologies in the design phase provide additional criteria for consideration when selecting a residential heating system.A comparative case study of a gas forced air and radiant solar heating system was conducted for a 3,000 square foot house located in Fort Collins,Colorado,U.S.A.The initial results of an analysis of the life cycle assessment and the life cycle cost data indicated the gas forced air system was superior,both environmentally and economically.Further data analysis pinpointed solar radiant system components for replacement in an effort to reduce both life cycle environmental emissions and costs.This analysis resulted in a hybrid radiant system using a high-efficiency gas-fired boiler,a choice that lowered both the solar radiant system’s costs and emissions.This new system had slightly lower environmental impacts than both the gas forced air system and solar radiant system.Unfortunately the hybrid system had less impact on the life cycle cost with the hybrid system substantially more expensive then the gas-forced air alternative. 展开更多
关键词 life cycle cost LCC life cycle assessment LCA residential heating systems
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Life-cycle cost analysis of optimal timing of pavement preservation 被引量:1
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作者 Zilong WANG Hao WANG 《Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering》 SCIE EI CSCD 2017年第1期17-26,共10页
Optimal application of pavement preservation or preventive maintenance is critical for highway agencies to allocate the limited budget for different treatments. This study developed an integrated life-cycle cost analy... Optimal application of pavement preservation or preventive maintenance is critical for highway agencies to allocate the limited budget for different treatments. This study developed an integrated life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) model to quantify the impact of pavement preservation on agency cost and vehicle operation cost (VOC) and analyzed the optimal timing of preservation treatments. The international roughness index (IRI) data were extracted from the long-term pavement performance (LTPP) program specific pavement studies 3 (SPS-3) to determine the long-term effectiveness of preservation treatments on IRI deterioration. The traffic loading and the initial IRI value significantly affects life extension and the benefit of agency cost caused by pavement preservation. The benefit in VOC is one to two orders greater in magnitude as compared to the benefit in agency cost. The optimal timing calculated based on VOC is always earlier than the optimal timing calculated based on agency cost. There are considerable differences among the optimal timing of three preservation treatments. 展开更多
关键词 pavement preservation life-cycle cost analysis agency cost vehicle operation cost
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Design,simulation of different configurations and life-cycle cost analysis of solar photovoltaic-water-pumping system for agriculture applications:use cases and implementation issues
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作者 L.Ashok Kumar C.N.Lakshmiprasad +1 位作者 G.Ramaraj G.Sivasurya 《Clean Energy》 EI 2022年第2期335-352,共18页
Water is an essential resource for agriculture and the majority of land is irrigated through borewells or wells.The power requirement for an irrigation pump motor is fed by the on-grid power supply but the availabilit... Water is an essential resource for agriculture and the majority of land is irrigated through borewells or wells.The power requirement for an irrigation pump motor is fed by the on-grid power supply but the availability of electricity in rural areas is still questionable.With rising concerns about global warming and the rise in carbon footprints,it is necessary to choose clean and green energy,thereby attaining self-sustainable life.India receives yearly a mean solar irradiation of 6.5 kWh/m^(2)day.Hence,a solar photovoltaic-water-pumping system(SPV-WPS)is a suitable alternative to grid energy;thereby,the farmers would generate electricity through the solar photovoltaic system and become self-sufficient in their energy needs.In this paper,two different agricultural fields in Tamil Nadu,India that deploy flood irrigation and drip irrigation are taken as a case study.The paper discusses the concerns on the use of grid power and their carbon footprint,design and simulation of 4-and 5.5-kW SPV-WPSs using PVsyst 7.1.1,and the advantages of using SPV-WPSs and life-cycle cost analysis on different use cases.The Government of India has introduced a special scheme to promote the installation of SPV-WPSs by offering attractive incentives through PM-Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan(KUSUM)yojana.The results of the case study show that with the use of SPV-WPSs,either with or without subsidy,the farmer could gain a minimum of 250%on the investment with a project lifetime of 25 years. 展开更多
关键词 solar water pump PVsyst PM-KUSUM subsidy life-cycle cost sustainable development goal
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Preventing the Immense Increase in the Life-Cycle Energy and Carbon Footprints of LLM-Powered Intelligent Chatbots
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作者 Peng Jiang Christian Sonne +2 位作者 Wangliang Li Fengqi You Siming You 《Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第9期202-210,共9页
Intelligent chatbots powered by large language models(LLMs)have recently been sweeping the world,with potential for a wide variety of industrial applications.Global frontier technology companies are feverishly partici... Intelligent chatbots powered by large language models(LLMs)have recently been sweeping the world,with potential for a wide variety of industrial applications.Global frontier technology companies are feverishly participating in LLM-powered chatbot design and development,providing several alternatives beyond the famous ChatGPT.However,training,fine-tuning,and updating such intelligent chatbots consume substantial amounts of electricity,resulting in significant carbon emissions.The research and development of all intelligent LLMs and software,hardware manufacturing(e.g.,graphics processing units and supercomputers),related data/operations management,and material recycling supporting chatbot services are associated with carbon emissions to varying extents.Attention should therefore be paid to the entire life-cycle energy and carbon footprints of LLM-powered intelligent chatbots in both the present and future in order to mitigate their climate change impact.In this work,we clarify and highlight the energy consumption and carbon emission implications of eight main phases throughout the life cycle of the development of such intelligent chatbots.Based on a life-cycle and interaction analysis of these phases,we propose a system-level solution with three strategic pathways to optimize the management of this industry and mitigate the related footprints.While anticipating the enormous potential of this advanced technology and its products,we make an appeal for a rethinking of the mitigation pathways and strategies of the life-cycle energy usage and carbon emissions of the LLM-powered intelligent chatbot industry and a reshaping of their energy and environmental implications at this early stage of development. 展开更多
关键词 Large language models Intelligent chatbots Carbon emissions Energy and environmental footprints life-cycle assessment Global cooperation
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Construction of project quality health monitoring system based on life-cycle theory
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作者 陈彦 成虎 +1 位作者 刘晶 戴洪军 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2008年第4期508-512,共5页
In order to more effectively assess the health status of a project, the monitoring indices in a project's life cycle are divided into quality index, cost index, time index, satisfaction index, and sustainable develop... In order to more effectively assess the health status of a project, the monitoring indices in a project's life cycle are divided into quality index, cost index, time index, satisfaction index, and sustainable development index. Based on the feature of qualitative and quantitative indices combining, the PCA-PR (principal component analysis and pattern recognition) model is constructed. The model first analyzes the principal components of the life-cycle indices system constructed above, and picks up those principal component indices that can reflect the health status of a project at any time. Then the pattern recognition model is used to study these principal components, which means that the real time health status of the project can be divided into five lamps from a green lamp to a red one and the health status lamp of the project can be recognized by using the PR model and those principal components. Finally, the process is shown with a real example and a conclusion consistent with the actual situation is drawn. So the validity of the index system and the PCA-PR model can be confirmed. 展开更多
关键词 life-cycle theory principal component analysis (PCA) pattern recognition (PR) quality health monitoring
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Cost-optimization based target reliabilities for design of structures exposed to fire
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作者 Ranjit Kumar Chaudhary Thomas Gernay Ruben Van Coile 《Resilient Cities and Structures》 2024年第2期20-33,共14页
Adequacy of structural fire design in uncommon structures is conceptually ensured through cost-benefit analysis where the future costs are balanced against the benefits of safety investment.Cost-benefit analyses,howev... Adequacy of structural fire design in uncommon structures is conceptually ensured through cost-benefit analysis where the future costs are balanced against the benefits of safety investment.Cost-benefit analyses,however,are complicated and computationally challenging,and hence impractical for application to individual projects.To address this issue,design guidance proposes target reliability indices for normal design conditions,but no target reliability indices are defined for structural fire design.We revisit the background of the cost-optimization based approach underlying normal design target reliability indices then we extend this approach for the case of fire design of structures.We also propose a modified objective function for cost-optimization which simplifies the evaluation of target reliability indices and reduces the number of assumptions.The optimum safety level is expressed as a function of a new dimensionless variable named“Damage-to-investment indicator”(DII).The cost optimization approach is validated for the target reliability indices for normal design condition.The method is then applied for evaluating DII and the associated optimum reliability indices for fire-exposed structures.Two case studies are presented:(i)a one-way loaded reinforced concrete slab and(ii)a steel column under axial loading.This study thus provides a framework for deriving optimum(target)reliability index for structural fire design which can support the development of rational provisions in codes and standards. 展开更多
关键词 Target reliability cost optimization life-cycle cost Structural fire engineering Design code
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Characterization and evaluation of brittleness of deep bedded sandstone from the perspective of the whole life-cycle evolution process 被引量:5
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作者 Zhixiang Song Junwen Zhang +2 位作者 Yang Zhang Xukai Dong Shanyong Wang 《International Journal of Mining Science and Technology》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第4期481-502,共22页
The quantitative determination and evaluation of rock brittleness are crucial for the estimation of excavation efficiency and the improvement of hydraulic fracturing efficiency.Therefore,a“three-stage”triaxial loadi... The quantitative determination and evaluation of rock brittleness are crucial for the estimation of excavation efficiency and the improvement of hydraulic fracturing efficiency.Therefore,a“three-stage”triaxial loading and unloading stress path is designed and proposed.Subsequently,six brittleness indices are selected.In addition,the evolution characteristics of the six brittleness indices selected are characterized based on the bedding effect and the effect of confining pressure.Then,the entropy weight method(EWM)is introduced to assign weight to the six brittleness indices,and the comprehensive brittleness index Bcis defined and evaluated.Next,the new brittleness classification standard is determined,and the brittleness differences between the two stress paths are quantified.Finally,compared with the previous evaluation methods,the rationality of the proposed comprehensive brittleness index Bcis also verified.These results indicate that the proposed brittleness index Bccan reflect the brittle characteristics of deep bedded sandstone from the perspective of the whole life-cycle evolution process.Accordingly,the method proposed seems to offer reliable evaluations of the brittleness of deep bedded sandstone in deep engineering practices,although further validation is necessary. 展开更多
关键词 BRITTLENESS Deep bedded sandstone Whole life-cycle evolution process Bedding effect Effect of confining pressure Entropy weight method
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Life-cycle failure probability analysis of deteriorated RC bridges under multiple hazards of earthquakes and strong winds 被引量:2
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作者 Zheng Xiaowei Li Hongnan 《Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration》 SCIE EI CSCD 2022年第3期811-823,共13页
Engineering structures may be exposed to one or more extreme hazards during their life-cycles.Current structural design specifications usually treat multiple hazards separately in designing structures and there is a l... Engineering structures may be exposed to one or more extreme hazards during their life-cycles.Current structural design specifications usually treat multiple hazards separately in designing structures and there is a limited probabilistic basis on extreme load combinations.Additionally,the performance of engineering structures will be deteriorated by the aggressive environments during their service periods,such as chloride attack,concrete carbonation,and wind-induced fatigue.This study presents a probabilistic methodology to assess the time-dependent failure probability of RC bridges with chloride-induced corrosion under the multiple hazards of earthquakes and strong winds.The loss of cross-section area of reinforcements and the reduction in strength of reinforcing steel and concrete cover induced by the chloride attack are considered.Moreover,the Poisson model is employed to obtain the occurrence probabilities of the individual and concurrent earthquake and strong wind events.The convolution integral is used to determine the joint probability distribution of combined load effects under simultaneous earthquakes and strong winds.Numerical results indicate that the structural failure probability under multiple hazards increases significantly during the bridge′s life-cycle due to the chloride corrosion effect.The contribution of each hazard event on the total structural failure probability varies with time.Thus,neglecting the combined influences of multiple hazards and chloride-induced corrosion may bring erroneous predictions in failure probability estimates of RC bridges. 展开更多
关键词 life-cycle multihazard CHLORIDE occurrence model failure probability
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Life-cycle Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Capture for Enhanced Oil Recovery 被引量:4
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作者 Edgar G. Hertwich Martin Aaberg +1 位作者 Bhawna Singh Anders H. StrФmman 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2008年第3期343-353,共11页
The development and deployment of Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) technology is a cornerstone of the Norwegian government's climate strategy. A number of projects are currently evaluated/planned along the ... The development and deployment of Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) technology is a cornerstone of the Norwegian government's climate strategy. A number of projects are currently evaluated/planned along the Norwegian West Coast, one at Tjeldbergodden. COe from this project will be utilized in part for enhanced oil recovery in the Halten oil field, in the Norwegian Sea. We study a potential design of such a system. A combined cycle power plant with a gross power output of 832 MW is combined with CO2 capture plant based on a post-combustion capture using amines as a solvent. The captured CO2 is used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). We employ a hybrid life-cycle assessment (LCA) method to assess the environmental impacts of the system. The study focuses on the modifications and operations of the platform during EOR. We allocate the impacts connected to the capture of CO2 to electricity production, and the impacts connected to the transport and storage of CO2 to the oil produced. Our study shows a substantial reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions from power production by 80% to 75 g·(kW·h)^-1. It also indicates a reduction of the emissions associated with oil production per unit oil produced, mostly due to the increased oil production. Reductions are especially significant if the additional power demand due to EOR leads to power supply from the land. 展开更多
关键词 carbon dioxide capture and storage enhanced oil recovery offshore power supply life-cycle analysis
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A Blockchain-Based Life-Cycle Environmental Management Framework for Hospitals in the COVID-19 Context 被引量:1
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作者 Botao Zhong Han Gao +1 位作者 Lieyun Ding Yuhang Wang 《Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第1期208-221,共14页
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emergency, many hospitals were built or renovated around the world to meet the challenges posed by the rising number of infected cases. Environmental management in the ho... During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emergency, many hospitals were built or renovated around the world to meet the challenges posed by the rising number of infected cases. Environmental management in the hospital life cycle is vital in preventing nosocomial infection and includes many infection control procedures. In certain urgent situations, a hospital must be completed quickly, and work process approval and supervision must therefore be accelerated. Thus, many works cannot be checked in detail. This results in a lack of work liability control and increases the difficulty of ensuring the fulfillment of key infection prevention measures. This study investigates how blockchain technology can transform the work quality inspection workflow to assist in nosocomial infection control under a fast delivery requirement. A blockchain-based life-cycle environmental management framework is proposed to track the fulfillment of crucial infection control measures in the design, construction, and operation stages of hospitals. The proposed framework allows for work quality checking after the work is completed, when some work cannot be checked on time. Illustrative use cases are selected to demonstrate the capabilities of the developed solution. This study provides new insights into applying blockchain technology to address the challenge of environmental management brought by rapid delivery requirements. 展开更多
关键词 Blockchain Envir onmental management Nosocomial infection control Work quality management life-cycle traceability
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Life-cycle CO_2 Emissions and Their Driving Factors in Construction Sector in China
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作者 CUI Can WANG Zhen BIN Guoshu 《Chinese Geographical Science》 SCIE CSCD 2019年第2期293-305,共13页
As the construction sector is a major energy consumer and thus a significant contributor of CO_2 emissions in China,it is important to consider carbon reduction in this industry.This study analyzed six life-cycle stag... As the construction sector is a major energy consumer and thus a significant contributor of CO_2 emissions in China,it is important to consider carbon reduction in this industry.This study analyzed six life-cycle stages and calculated the life-cycle CO_2 emissions of the construction sector in 30 Chinese provincial jurisdictions to understand the disparity among them.Results show that building materials production was the key stage for carbon reduction in the construction sector,followed by the building operation stage.External variables,e.g.,economic growth,industrial structure,urbanization,price fluctuation,and marketization,were significantly correlated with the emission intensity of the construction sector.Specifically,economic growth exhibited an inverted U-shaped relation with CO_2 emissions per capita and per area during the period examined.Secondary industry and land urbanization were negatively correlated with CO_2 emission intensity indicators from the construction sector,whereas tertiary industry and urbanization were positively correlated.Price indices and marketization had negative effects on CO_2 emission intensity.The policy implications of our findings are that cleaner technologies should be encouraged for cement providers,and green purchasing rules for the construction sector should also be established.Pricing tools(e.g.,resource taxes)could help to adjust the demand for raw materials and energy. 展开更多
关键词 life-cycle CO2 EMISSION CONSTRUCTION SECTOR multi-regression influencing FACTOR
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Comparative Life-cycle Assessment of Sheet Molding Compound Reinforced by Natural Fiber vs. Glass Fiber
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作者 Jinwu Wang Sheldon Qiang Shi Kaiwen Liang 《Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B)》 2013年第7期493-502,共10页
We present comparative life-cycle assessments of three fiber-reinforced sheet molding compounds (SMCs) using kenaf fiber, glass fiber and soy protein resin. Sheet molding compounds for automotive applications are ty... We present comparative life-cycle assessments of three fiber-reinforced sheet molding compounds (SMCs) using kenaf fiber, glass fiber and soy protein resin. Sheet molding compounds for automotive applications are typically made of unsaturated polyester and glass fibers. Replacing these with kenaf fiber or soy protein offers potential environmental benefits. A soy-based resin, maleated acrylated epoxidized soy oil (MAESO), was synthesized from refined soybean oil. Kenaf fiber and polyester resins were used to make SMC 1 composites, while SMC2 composites were made from kenaf fiber and a resin blend of 20% MASEO and 80% unsaturated polyester. Both exhibited good physical and mechanical properties, though neither was as strong as glass fiber reinforced polyester SMC. The functional unit was defined as mass to achieve equal stiffness and stability for the manufacture of interior parts for automobiles. The life-cycle assessments were done on SMCI, SMC2 and glass fiber reinforced SMC. The material and energy balances from producing one functional unit of three composites were collected from lab experiments and the literature. Key environmental measures were computed using SimaPro software. Kenaf fiber-reinforced SMC composites (SMC1 and SMC2) performed better than glass fiber-reinforced SMC in every environmental category. The global warming potentials of kenaf fiber-reinforced SMC (SMCI) and kenaf soy resin-based SMC (SMC2) were 45% and 58%, respectively, of glass fiber-reinforced SMC. Thus, we have demonstrated significant ecological benefit from replacing glass fiber reinforced SMC with soy-based resin and natural fiber. 展开更多
关键词 Natural fiber reinforced composites sheet molding compound life-cycle assessment.
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The Environmental Impacts and Economic Benefits on Comprehensively Promoting Alternative Fuel Buses in China: Life-Cycle and Scenario Analysis Based on LEAP Model
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作者 Siting Xie 《Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection》 2019年第4期99-121,共23页
With the continuous development of urban public transportation, the harmful GHG emissions and pollutants generated by itself and the consequent issues such as the losses of residents’ health, economic value and resid... With the continuous development of urban public transportation, the harmful GHG emissions and pollutants generated by itself and the consequent issues such as the losses of residents’ health, economic value and residents’ welfare have become the focus of social attention. In order to study the impacts of promoting new energy vehicles on public transportation pollution mitigation and residents’ health benefits, this paper adopts the LEAP model to build some scenarios that fulfill different development needs to quantitatively analyze the ownership of new energy buses, the reduction of pollutants and the losses of residents’ health welfare. It is concluded that promoting new energy buses comprehensively can significantly reduce the emissions of atmospheric pollutants and the economic losses of residents’ health, but cannot fully realize the targets of greenhouse gas reduction under Life Cycle Analysis. 展开更多
关键词 New Energy Buses Emission MITIGATION ECONOMIC BENEFITS life-cycle ANALYSIS SCENARIO ANALYSIS
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Study on life-cycle risk management of high earth-rock dam project
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作者 Zhang Nianmu Zhang Zongliang Yan Lei 《Engineering Sciences》 EI 2013年第5期45-50,共6页
Based on advanced computer technology, internet of things (lOT) technology, project management con- cept and professional technology and combined with the innovative theories, methods and techniques in earlier hy- d... Based on advanced computer technology, internet of things (lOT) technology, project management con- cept and professional technology and combined with the innovative theories, methods and techniques in earlier hy- dropower projects, the life-cycle risk management system of high earth-rock dam project for Nuozhadu project was developed. The system mainly includes digital dam, three-dimensional design, construction quality monito- ring, safety assessment and warning, etc, to integrally manage and analyze the dam design, constructional quality and safety monitoring information. It realized the dynamic updates of the comprehensive information and the safe- ty quality monitoring in the project life cycle, and provided the basic platform for the scientific management of the construction and operation safety of high earth-rock dam. Application in Nuozhadu earth-rock dam showed that construction safety monitoring and warning greatly helped accelerate the construction progress and improve project quality, and provided a new way for the quality safety control of high earth-rock dam. 展开更多
关键词 high earth-rock dam Nuozhadu hydropower station life-cycle safety construction risk management
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Degradation process assessment of prestressed concrete continuous bridges in life-cycle
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作者 田浩 李国平 陈艾荣 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS 2012年第5期1411-1418,共8页
To accurately evaluate the degradation process of prestressed concrete continuous bridges exposed to aggressive environments in life-cycle,a finite element-based approach with respect to the lifetime performance asses... To accurately evaluate the degradation process of prestressed concrete continuous bridges exposed to aggressive environments in life-cycle,a finite element-based approach with respect to the lifetime performance assessment of concrete bridges was proposed.The existing assessment methods were firstly introduced and compared.Some essential mechanics problems involved in the degradation process,such as the deterioration of materials properties,the reduction of sectional areas and the variation of overall structural performance caused by the first two problems,were investigated and solved.A computer program named CBDAS(Concrete Bridge Durability Analysis System) was written to perform the above-metioned approach.Finally,the degradation process of a prestressed concrete continuous bridge under chloride penetration was discussed.The results show that the concrete normal stress for serviceability limit state exceeds the threshold value after 60 a,but the various performance indicators at ultimate limit state are consistently in the allowable level during service life.Therefore,in the case of prestressed concrete bridges,the serviceability limit state is more possible to have durability problems in life-cycle;however,the performance indicators at ultimate limit state can satisfy the requirements. 展开更多
关键词 prestressed concrete continuous bridges life-cycle degradation process finite element chloride penetration serviceability limit state ultimate limit state
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A Battery Life-Cycle Estimation Method Based on Degradation Test Data
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作者 Takuya Shimamoto Ryuta Tanaka Kenji Tanaka 《Journal of Energy and Power Engineering》 2014年第4期709-715,共7页
LiB (lithium-ion battery) has become serious concern for energy management systems, especially in Japan, where the argument on a nuclear power plant problem is active. Including reuse of LiB, long-term use is expect... LiB (lithium-ion battery) has become serious concern for energy management systems, especially in Japan, where the argument on a nuclear power plant problem is active. Including reuse of LiB, long-term use is expected, however, method to ensure LiB life has not been developed thus the users of LiB are forced to accept the uncertainty of LiB life. Therefore this study suggests an evaluation method for LiB life using degradation experimental data. This method has three elements, defining indexes, preparing degradation speed database from the result of experiment, and setting up the use patterns of LiB. In order to be usable under non-experimental conditions, degradation speed database has the data in all conditions by complementing the experimental result. Finally, this evaluation model was verified by comparing model estimates and the experimental measurements. 展开更多
关键词 Lithium-ion battery estimation method life-cycle estimation data analysis.
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Estimation of the Direct Cost of Management of Venous Thromboembolism in Three Reference Hospitals in the City of Yaoundé: A Retrospective Study over a Three-Year Period
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作者 Hamadou Ba Nganou-Ngnindjio Chris Nadège +5 位作者 Tatchim Samuel Aimé Kamdem Félicité Tchoukoua Serge Honoré Ahmadou Jingi Danwe Dieudonne Kingue Samuel 《World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases》 CAS 2024年第2期99-114,共16页
Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major public health problem due to its increasing frequency, mortality and management cost. This cost may require major financial efforts from patients, especially in deve... Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major public health problem due to its increasing frequency, mortality and management cost. This cost may require major financial efforts from patients, especially in developing countries like ours where less than 7% of the population has health insurance. This study aimed to estimate the direct cost of managing VTE in three reference hospitals in Yaoundé. Methods: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study over a three-year period (from January 1st 2018 to December 31 2020) carried out in the Cardiology departments of the Central and General Hospitals, and the Emergency Centre of the city of Yaoundé. All patients managed during the study period for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism confirmed by venous ultrasound coupled with Doppler and computed tomography pulmonary angiography respectively were included. For each patient, we collected sociodemographic and clinical data as well as data on the cost of consultation, hospital stay, workups and medications. These data were analysed using SPSS version 23.0. Results: A total of 92 patient’s records were analysed. The median age was 60 years [48 - 68] with a sex ratio of 0.53. The median direct cost of management of venous thromboembolism was 766,375 CFAF [536,455 - 1,029,745] or $1415 USD. Management of pulmonary embolism associated with deep vein thrombosis was more costly than isolated pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Factors influencing the direct cost of management of venous thromboembolism were: hospital structure (p = 0.015), health insurance (p 0.001), type of pulmonary embolism (p = 0.021), and length of hospital stay (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Management of VTE is a major financial burden for our patients and this burden is influenced by the hospital structure, health insurance, type of pulmonary embolism and length of hospital stay. 展开更多
关键词 cost MANAGEMENT Venous Thromboembolism Yaoundé
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A Hybrid Model for Improving Software Cost Estimation in Global Software Development
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作者 Mehmood Ahmed Noraini B.Ibrahim +4 位作者 Wasif Nisar Adeel Ahmed Muhammad Junaid Emmanuel Soriano Flores Divya Anand 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第1期1399-1422,共24页
Accurate software cost estimation in Global Software Development(GSD)remains challenging due to reliance on historical data and expert judgments.Traditional models,such as the Constructive Cost Model(COCOMO II),rely h... Accurate software cost estimation in Global Software Development(GSD)remains challenging due to reliance on historical data and expert judgments.Traditional models,such as the Constructive Cost Model(COCOMO II),rely heavily on historical and accurate data.In addition,expert judgment is required to set many input parameters,which can introduce subjectivity and variability in the estimation process.Consequently,there is a need to improve the current GSD models to mitigate reliance on historical data,subjectivity in expert judgment,inadequate consideration of GSD-based cost drivers and limited integration of modern technologies with cost overruns.This study introduces a novel hybrid model that synergizes the COCOMO II with Artificial Neural Networks(ANN)to address these challenges.The proposed hybrid model integrates additional GSD-based cost drivers identified through a systematic literature review and further vetted by industry experts.This article compares the effectiveness of the proposedmodelwith state-of-the-artmachine learning-basedmodels for software cost estimation.Evaluating the NASA 93 dataset by adopting twenty-six GSD-based cost drivers reveals that our hybrid model achieves superior accuracy,outperforming existing state-of-the-artmodels.The findings indicate the potential of combining COCOMO II,ANN,and additional GSD-based cost drivers to transform cost estimation in GSD. 展开更多
关键词 Artificial neural networks COCOMO II cost drivers global software development linear regression software cost estimation
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Assessment of the Indirect Cost of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment to Patients in a High Burden, Low Income Setting in Mozambique
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作者 Júlia Malache António Domingas Pacala +6 位作者 Isabelle Munyangaju Isaías Benzana Claudia Mutaquiha Dulce Osório Benedita José Edy Nacarapa Pereira Zindoga 《Journal of Tuberculosis Research》 2024年第2期91-104,共14页
Introduction: Tuberculosis is closely linked to poverty, with patients facing significant indirect treatment costs. Treating drug-resistant tuberculosis further increases these expenses. Notably, there is a lack of pu... Introduction: Tuberculosis is closely linked to poverty, with patients facing significant indirect treatment costs. Treating drug-resistant tuberculosis further increases these expenses. Notably, there is a lack of published data on the indirect costs incurred by patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Mozambique. Objective: To assess the indirect costs, income reduction, and work productivity incurred by patients undergoing diagnosis and treatment for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (DRTB) in Mozambique during their TB treatment. Methods: As part of a comprehensive mixed-methods study conducted from January 2021 to April 2023, this research utilized a descriptive cross-sectional approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methods. The primary goal was to evaluate the costs incurred by the national health system due to drug-resistant TB. Additionally, to explore the indirect costs experienced by patients and their families during treatment, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 27 individuals who had been undergoing treatment for over six months. Results: All survey participants unanimously reported a significant decline in labour productivity, with 70.3% experiencing a reduction in their monthly income. Before falling ill, the majority of respondents (33.3%) earned up to $76.92 monthly, representing the minimum earnings range, while 29.2% had a monthly income above $230.77, the maximum earnings range. Among those who experienced income loss, the majority (22.2%) reported a decrease of up to $76.92 per month, and 18.5% cited a loss exceeding $230.77 per month. Notably, patients with Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (DRTB) have not incurred the direct costs of the disease, as these are covered by the government. Conclusion: The financial burden of treating Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (DRTB), along with the income reduction it causes, is substantial. Implementing a patient-centred, multidisciplinary, and multisector approach, coupled with strong psychosocial support, can significantly reduce the catastrophic costs DRTB patients incur. 展开更多
关键词 Economic costs Drug Resistance TUBERCULOSIS Catastrophic costs
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