MHD Stability Analysis and Flow Controls of Liquid Metal Free Surface Film Flows as Fusion Reactor PFCs

Numerical and experimental investigation results on the magnetohydrodynamics（MHD） film flows along flat and curved bottom surfaces are summarized in this study. A simplified modeling has been developed to study the liquid metal MHD film state, which has been validated by the existing experimental results. Numerical results on how the inlet velocity（V）, the chute width（W） and the inlet film thickness（d0） affect the MHD film flow state are obtained. MHD stability analysis results are also provided in this study. The results show that strong magnetic fields make the stable V decrease several times compared to the case with no magnetic field,especially small radial magnetic fields（Bn） will have a significant impact on the MHD film flow state. Based on the above numerical and MHD stability analysis results flow control methods are proposed for flat and curved MHD film flows. For curved film flow we firstly proposed a new multi-layers MHD film flow system with a solid metal mesh to get the stable MHD film flows along the curved bottom surface. Experiments on flat and curved MHD film flows are also carried out and some firstly observed results are achieved.

MHD Effect of Liquid Metal Film Flows as Plasma-Facing Components

Stability of liquid metal film flow under gradient magnetic field is investigated. Three dimensional numerical simulations on magnetohydrodynamics （MHD） effect of free surface film flow were carried out, with emphasis on the film thickness variation and its surface stability. Three different MHD phenomena of film flow were observed in the experiment, namely, retardant, rivulet and flat film flow. From our experiment and numerical simulation it can be concluded that flat film flow is a good choice for plasma-facing components （PFCs）

A preliminary research of a falling liquid film on a vertical wavy plane

The flow of a freely falling liquid film of low Reynolds number down a vertical long periodic sine-shaped wavy plate of small corrugations is researched theoretically. A model based on perturbation method and power series is presented. A stream function is introduced into the governing equations and two sets of equations describing the film flow separately at zeroth and first order are developed. The zeroth order equation is solved directly. The first order equations is solved at the leading approximation. Effect of parameters Re, M, λ and ε on the free surface wave of film is discussed.

An accurate model for the thin film flow

This paper deals with the linear stability of a liquid film flowing down an inclined plane. The Navier-Stokes equations were reduced into four evolution equations that describe the development of the film depth, the flow rate, the free surface velocity, and the wall shear stress, using the Karman-Polhausen boundary layer integral method. Thus, we were able to determine the stability threshold and approach well the critical wave number for long waves. The obtained results were found to be in good agreement with the experiments of Liu et al.

Field synergy analysis of different flow patterns in falling-film dehumidification system with horizontal pipes

Effects of the flow pattern of intertubular liquid film on mass and heat transfer synergies in a falling-film dehumidification system with horizontal pipes are studied.A flow model of the dehumidifying solution between horizontal pipes is established using Fluent software,the rule of transitions of the flow pattern between pipes is studied,critical Reynolds numbers of flow pattern transitions are obtained,and the accuracy of the model is verified by experiments.The mass transfer synergy angle and heat transfer synergy angle are respectively used as evaluation criteria for the mass transfer synergy and heat transfer synergy,and distribution laws of the synergy angles for droplet,droplet columnar and curtain flow patterns are obtained.Simulation results show that the mass transfer synergy angles corresponding to droplet,droplet columnar and curtain flow patterns all rise to a plateau with time.The mean mass-transfer synergy angle is 98°for the droplet flow pattern,higher than 96.5°for the droplet columnar flow pattern and 95°for the curtain flow pattern.The results show that the mass transfer synergy of the droplet flow pattern is better than that of the droplet columnar flow pattern and that of the curtain flow pattern.

A mechanistic model of heat transfer for gas–liquid flow in vertical wellbore annuli

The most prominent aspect of multiphase flow is the variation in the physical distribution of the phases in the flow conduit known as the flow pattern. Several different flow patterns can exist under different flow conditions which have significant effects on liquid holdup, pressure gradient and heat transfer. Gas-liquid two-phase flow in an annulus can be found in a variety of practical situations. In high rate oil and gas production, it may be beneficial to flow fluids vertically through the annulus configuration between well tubing and casing. The flow patterns in annuli are different from pipe flow. There are both casing and tubing liquid films in slug flow and annular flow in the annulus. Multiphase heat transfer depends on the hydrodynamic behavior of the flow. There are very limited research results that can be found in the open literature for multiphase heat transfer in wellbore annuli. A mechanistic model of multiphase heat transfer is developed for different flow patterns of upward gas-liquid flow in vertical annuli. The required local flow parameters are predicted by use of the hydraulic model of steady-state multiphase flow in wellbore annuli recently developed by Yin et al. The modified heat-transfer model for single gas or liquid flow is verified by comparison with Manabe＇s experimental results. For different flow patterns, it is compared with modified unified Zhang et al. model based on representative diameters.

Hydrodynamics of Liquid Film in Helical Tubes

Hydrodynamic experiments on a liquid film are carried out using water in both straight and helical tubes at angles of inclination ranging between 2.5° and 5° and on three different coil diameters (23.86 cm, 32.74 cm and 41.13 cm) for film Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 2000. The film thickness is measured by two micrometers, arranged to measure vertical and horizontal distances within the cross section of the tube. The results of film thickness are related to the hydraulic radius to characterize the film flow in both types of tube. Momentum transfer rates are shown to be higher in helical tubes than in the straight incline tube. An empirical correlation is presented for film thickness in the helical tube in terms of NT (coil tube)/NT (straight tube) for film Dean number ranging from 1 to 1000.

Experimental research on breakup of 2D power law liquid film

On account of limited knowledge of the breakup of power law liquid film, the process of its disintegration and atomization was studied by using a planar liquid film. A linear stability analysis was adopted to predict the breakup characteristics of the power law film. The predicting formulas of stripping breakup length and diameter of ligament were put forward presently. Through high-speed photography and laser light sheet illumination,different breakup characteristics of flat power law film under different conditions were derived. The characteristic dimension of breakup regimes were defined and extracted. The effects of several parameters(injection pressure,ambient pressure, nozzle structure and fluid property) on the stripping breakup length and spray angle were investigated. The results revealed that increasing both the velocity of liquid film and the ambient pressure facilitated the breakup of film, reduced the stripping breakup length and enlarged the spray angle in different extents. The comparison between theoretical and experimental results was conducted to validate the feasibility of the linear stability theory.

Computational fluid dynamic simulations on liquid film behaviors at flooding in an inclined pipe

The complex liquid film behaviors at flooding in an inclined pipe were investigated with computational fluid dynamic(CFD) approaches. The liquid film behaviors included the dynamic wave characteristics before flooding and the transition of flow pattern when flooding happened. The influences of the surface tension and liquid viscosity were specially analyzed. Comparisons of the calculated velocity at the onset of flooding with the available experimental results showed a good agreement. The calculations verify that the fluctuation frequency and the liquid film thickness are almost unaffected by the superficial gas velocity until the flooding is triggered due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. When flooding triggered at the superficial liquid velocity larger than0.15 m·s-1, the interfacial wave developed to slug flow, while it developed to entrainment flow when it was smaller than 0.08 m·s-1. The interfacial waves were more easily torn into tiny droplets with smaller surface tension, eventually evolving into the mist flow. When the liquid viscosity increases, the liquid film has a thicker holdup with more intensive fluctuations, and more likely developed to the slug flow.

Liquid mean velocity and turbulence in a horizontal air-water bubbly flow

The liquid phase turbulent structure of an air-water bubbly horizontal flow in a circular pipe has been investigated experimentally. Three-dimensional measurements were implemented with two "X" type probes oriented in different planes, and local liquid-phase velocities and turbulent stresses were simultaneously obtained. Systematic measurements were conducted covering a range of local void fraction from 0 to 11.7%. The important experiment results and parametric trends are summarized and discussed.

水平管降膜换热器性能规律研究进展

水平管降膜换热器具有热质传递效率高、阻力小、结构简单等优点,被广泛应用于化工等传统领域及能源利用的节能减排领域。降膜换热器内部发生复杂的流动及传热传质相互耦合过程。介绍了实验及模拟研究手段的进展,综述了不同操作参数(气体温度、流向及流量,溶液流量、温度及浓度,内部媒介流量及温度等)与结构参数(管径、管间距等)对水平管降膜管间流型、液膜厚度与润湿性等流动特性的影响规律,以及对蒸发传热特性、吸收传热传质特性等换热器性能的影响规律,包括整体性能和局部微细特征,为水平管降膜换热器的性能优化提供理论支撑。指出在不同气流特征以及多因素相互作用下多维度的局部流动与传热传质性能的耦合影响规律以及强化换热手段会是水平管降膜换热器未来研究的重点方向。

一种测量液膜厚度的超声相控阵实验装置

气液两相流存在于核反应堆蒸发、飞行器冷却、化工生产降膜蒸发等过程,界面波的动态测量对工业过程监控和生产优化具有重要意义。界面波的准确识别与特性参数测量是开展科学研究与工程实践的重要前提。基于超声相控阵测量系统,设计了扇扫的测量方式,可以用于气液界面清晰的流型中液膜厚度和界面波形态三维测量。通过静态标定和圆管验证,确定了像素点和液膜厚度之间的关系,在气相表观流速为0.0719~0.4316 m/s,液相表观流速为0.0567~1.4161 m/s的工况下进行实时动态实验,获得了实时流动过程中较高精度的截面气液相界面信息,并构建了管道内部界面波三维分布形态,为界面波特性研究提供了一种实验参考方法。

一种新的水平气井临界携液气流速预测模型

气井中积液现象为井筒中液体的回流和聚集,是气井中严重的生产问题之一,会导致产量降低,甚至造成停产。气井积液预测能力对于保证气井正产生产和优化相关生产工艺具有重要意义。为了及时采取适当的对策防止积液现象的发生,准确预测和识别积液点至关重要。使用空气-水混合物在管径为60 mm的管道中进行了压力为0.2 MPa和0.5 MPa时0~90°倾角的室内实验,分析了在不同角度、压力和液体流量下临界气体流量的变化,随着角度的增大,临界气量先增大后减小,倾斜段是最难携液的井段,且55°倾角是最难携液的角度。在液膜受力分析的基础上,考虑到倾斜气井井壁的液膜分布不均匀,采用SHEKHAR的最大液膜厚度分布关系式进行计算,考虑到气芯中液滴载荷和液膜夹带的平衡,建立了一种新的水平气井临界携液气流速预测模型。利用实验数据和现场数据将新模型与LUO模型、BARNEA模型和LIU模型进行比较,新模型计算结果与现场数据吻合最好,准确率为91%,表明该模型比其他积液预测模型具有更好的性能,可用于对水平气井积液的判断。

喷雾冷却液膜流动特性测试方案优化及传热规律分析

喷雾冷却过程中,液滴-液膜-热壁面多子过程交互的强干扰体系造成液膜流动特征的捕捉非常困难,致使喷雾冷却高效换热机理还未得到本质澄清。开展了HFE-7000和HFE-7100喷雾液膜流动与传热研究,明确相机内置感光参数、快门和光圈组合、取样策略等耦合影响下的液膜流动特性测试与诊断方案,针对不同表面均取得了良好的测试效果。提出了基于标准液膜的ADD型误差分析方法,给出相关参数的偏差和随机误差,获得了不同热通量、压力和喷嘴高度下HFE-7100液膜分布和流动过程润湿面积、接触线长度等特征及规律,发现孤立液膜润湿面积随表面温度升高而降低,接触线则随温度呈现出降低或少数工况降低-升高的趋势,并探讨了液膜流动特征与传热规律的有机联系。

脱液型管式气液分离器旋流分离段内液膜流动和分离特性

脱液型管式气液分离器旋流分离段内液膜流动特性是影响分离性能的关键因素,掌握液膜流动与分离效率之间的关系对结构改进和性能提升至关重要。本文改变液气比、入口气速、分流比和旋流叶片出口角等因素开展室内实验测试,获得不同工况下液膜流动的高速摄影图像和分离效率,基于Matlab编程建立液膜表面波速度和角度的图像分析方法,确定液膜流动特性与分离效率之间的关系。结果表明,液气比在0.12~0.3L/m3范围内,液气比和分流比对分离效率和液膜表面波速度的影响不明显;入口气速对分离效率和液膜表面波速度的影响最为显著,随着入口气速逐渐增加,分离效率先增大后减小,在入口气速18.82m/s时出现拐点;旋流叶片出口角分别为30°、45°、60°时,分离效率由大到小依次为30°>45°>60°,液膜表面波速度由大到小依次为60°>45°>30°。总的来说,旋流分离管段内液膜表面波速度0.98m/s为临界值,液膜表面波速度大于该值时,环缝排液口处液膜更易发生破碎,部分破碎的大液滴在重力和气流作用下进入气相出口,导致气液分离效率显著下降;液膜表面波速度小于0.98m/s时,分离效率基本保持在98%以上。

受限管道内移动气泡的液膜界面形貌研究

受限管道中的气泡移动在诸如二氧化碳填埋与驱油、心脑血管和肺部气液输运等领域具有重要的应用,液膜动力学以及气-液界面的形貌演变这些关键问题受到关注.文章旨在通过基于光干涉的实验方法,探究气泡在受限管道内移动过程中,气体与管壁间的液膜相对厚度分布,并分析其变化规律,得到周期性变速移动气泡引起的液膜厚度特征.通过液滴微流控的流动聚焦法,分别在蛇形延长管道和平直短管道内形成了匀速移动的气泡和变速移动气泡.利用绿色光在气-液和液-固界面产生的两道反射光之间干涉所形成的条纹,通过相对光干涉强度(ROII)方法得到液膜厚度分布.发现在与气泡固连的参考系中,匀速移动气泡引起的液膜厚度呈稳态分布,且得到了与以往的研究工作相符的、接近气泡尾部的马鞍形厚度分布,证明了该实验方法的有效性.在气泡进行周期性减速—加速—匀速的移动过程中,气泡参考系内的液膜厚度呈现了随时间周期性变化的厚度分布.气泡加速与减速均引起了界面形貌的整体变化,且体现出了滞后性.本研究发现了变速移动气泡特殊的液膜厚度演变规律,将为针对受限管道内气泡的理论和计算研究提供实验观测的依据.

不同旋流器作用下气液螺旋环状流动特性研究

管内气液螺旋环状流动可以通过设置固定叶片的旋流器形成,旋流器的结构极大地影响了形成的螺旋环状流动的稳定性。对此,选取了四种典型旋流器结构开展三个典型来流工况下螺旋环状流形成的实验研究。通过图像处理结合概率密度函数(probability density function,PDF)拟合的方法分析了形成螺旋环状流的稳定性,同时结合液膜波动特性与旋流器内部作用过程分析发现:平板式及平板有中心柱式旋流器在不同来流工况下产生的液膜相较于螺旋叶片式A/B旋流器都更加稳定,相同工况下的失稳距离也更长,而螺旋叶片式A/B旋流器产生的螺旋环状流的稳定性较差,在更短的距离内即发生了螺旋环状流失稳现象;不同工况下液相折算速度的上升有助于提高液膜稳定性与螺旋环状流失稳距离,从而形成更稳定的螺旋环状流;叶片作用下流体内部压力梯度和气液相分布规律高度相关,压力梯度和周向速度是形成螺旋环状流动的主要因素,并且压力梯度和周向速度的大小一定程度决定了螺旋环状流动气液交界面的稳定性。

湍流状态下垂直降膜波动特性影响因素研究

针对液膜的稳定性和均匀性会直接影响气液两相和气液固三相传热的问题,对影响液膜流动的因素进行研究。从液膜厚度、液膜速度和湍流强度3个参数定量分析槽宽(2~5 mm)、管径(73~113 mm)、气液接触角(0°~90°)、摩擦系数(0.1~0.9)和气速(2~10 m·s^(-1))对高雷诺数下垂直降膜波动特性的影响机理。结果表明,当槽缝宽度大于3.5 mm时,液膜厚度基本不变,湍流强度变化相对稳定。液膜的厚度、速度和湍流强度随管径的增大而显著变化。随着气液接触角的增大,液膜厚度和速度变化不大,但液膜的湍流强度在出口处略微降低。液膜厚度随着摩擦系数的增加略有增加。随着气体速度加快,液膜厚度先急剧减小,然后缓慢增加。气体速度对入口区域的液膜速度具有抑制作用。

某双油路离心式喷嘴雾化性能分析

燃油喷嘴的雾化对于解决航空发动机燃烧室问题是至关重要的,为探究某双油路离心式喷嘴的雾化性能,运用两相界面追踪流体体积(Volume of Fluid,简称VOF)方法对该喷嘴的内外部流场进行数值仿真。以双油路离心喷嘴的雾化锥角、质量流率以及液膜厚度作为雾化性能指标,分别模拟出主油路单独供油、副油路单独供油以及主副油路同时供油三种不同工作模式在不同压差条件下喷嘴燃油流动的稳态情况,获得双油路离心喷嘴的雾化性能指标并对其影响规律进行研究。结果显示:数值仿真能较好地模拟出喷嘴的雾化特性,随着压差增大,扩口式主油路单独工作时的雾化锥角减小,平口式副油路单独工作时的雾化锥角增大。当主、副油路同时工作时,雾化锥角随压差的增大而增大且始终处于单路单独工作时的雾化锥角之间;质量流率随着压差的增大而增大且增幅逐渐减缓;液膜厚度在低压区随压差的增大而迅速减小,随后趋于稳定。

基于Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性和界面剪切作用的扰动波高预测模型

环雾状流广泛存在于天然气等工业环境中,深入探究扰动波特性对了解环雾状流的演化规律有着重要意义。本文在内径为15mm的垂直管路中进行了不同工况条件下的环雾状流实验,分别利用电导环传感器和液膜收集系统测量了液膜厚度和夹带率,并通过双阈值方法从液膜时序信号中提取了扰动波高数据。探究了扰动波高和夹带率随气、液相流量和工况压力的变化规律,发现两者均随着液相流量的增大而增大,而随着气相流量和工况压力的增大,扰动波高呈下降趋势,夹带率呈上升趋势,验证了两者之间存在密切关联。然后分析了影响扰动波高的尺度参数,建立了基于Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性和界面剪切作用的扰动波高预测模型,相对均方根误差rRMSE为4.05%,且98.7%的数据点都在±10.0%的误差以内,预测效果良好。最后,将新模型与现有的扰动波高关系式进行比较,预测精度和可扩展性都有了较大提高。