Experimental research on behavior of 460 MPa high strength steel I-section columns under cyclic loading

To investigate the seismic behavior of I-section columns made of 460 MPa high strength steel （HSS）, six specimens were tested under constant axial load and cyclic horizontal load. The specimens were designed with different width-to-thickness ratios and loaded under different axial load ratios. For each specimen, the failure mode was observed and hysteretic curve was measured. Comparison of different specimens on hysteretic characteristic, energy dissipation capacity and deformation capacity were further investigated. Test results showed that the degradation of bearing capacity was due to local buckling of flange and web. Under the same axial load ratio, as width-to-thickness ratio increased, the deformation area of local buckling became smaller. And also, displacement level at both peak load and failure load became smaller. In addition, the full extent of hysteretic curve, energy dissipation capacity, ultimate story drift angle decreased, and capacity degradation occurred more rapidly with the increase of width-to-thickness ratio or axial load ratio. Based on the capacity of story drift angle, limiting values which shall not be exceeded are suggested respectively for flange and web plate of 460 MPa HSS I-section columns when used in SMFs and in IMFs in the case of axial load ratio no more than 0.2. Such values should be smaller when the axial load ratio increases.

Effects of sliding velocity and normal load on tribological behavior of aged Al-Sn-Cu alloy

The tribological behavior of aged Al-Sn-Cu alloy rubbed in the presence of lubricant over a range of sliding velocities and normal loads was investigated. The results showed that peak-aged （PA） alloy had a better tribological behavior than under-aged （UA） and over-aged （OA） alloys, which could be attributed to the optimized strength-ductility matching and a better hardness under PA condition. Wear rate and friction coefficient showed great sensitivity to applied sliding velocity and normal load. The wear rate and friction coefficient of the alloy exhibited a reduction trend with the increase in sliding velocity. The low wear rate and friction coefficient of alloy at high velocities were due to the effectively protected film and homogeneous Sn on surface. However, an increase in normal load led to an obvious increment in wear rate. The friction coefficient exhibited a fluctuant trend with the increase of normal loads. The seriously destroyed film and abraded Sn resulted in poor tribological behavior at high normal loads. The Sn particles and lubricant film which includes low shear interfacial lubricating layer and oxide tribolayer are the key to the tribological behavior of Al-Sn-Cu alloy.

Prediction of Load Carrying Capacity of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beam

A novel method for prediction of the load carrying capacity of a corroded reinforced concrete beam (CRCB) is presented in the paper. Nine reinforced concrete beams, which had been working in an aggressive environment for more than 10 years, were tested in the laboratory. Comprehensive tests, including flexural test, strength test for corroded concrete and rusty rebar, and pullout test for bond strength between concrete and rebar, were conducted. ne flexural test results of CRCBs reveal that the distribution of surface cracks on the beams shows a fractal behavior. The relationship between the fractal dimensions and mechanical properties of CRCBs is then studied. A prediction model based on artificial neural network (ANN) is established by the use of the fractal dimension as the corrosion index, together with the basic information of the beam. The validity of the prediction model is demonstrated through the experimental data, and satisfactory results are achieved.

Closure behavior of rock joint under dynamic loading

The normal compression tests on intact samples and artificial joints with different saw-tooth shape under cyclic loading and half-sine waves of different frequencies were performed by using Instron1342 servo-controlled material testing machine. The specimens were made artificially with mortar. The loading frequency ranged from 0.005 Hz to 0.1 Hz. The experimental results show that joint closure curves are non-linear and concave up. The stress-deformation curves under cyclic loading exhibit hysteresis and permanent set that diminish rapidly and keep constant finally on successive cycles. Normal displacement successively decreases from the joint J1 to J2, to J3 under the same normal loads regardless of frequency. Considering the loading frequency effect, normal displacement of joint J1 decreases with increasing the loading frequency except that the loading frequency is 0.05 Hz. Normal displacement of joint J2 increases with increasing the loading frequency. Normal displacement of joint J3 increases with increasing the loading frequency when the frequency ranges from 0.005 Hz to 0.05 Hz. Its normal displacement, however, becomes least when the loading frequency is 0.1 Hz.

Wear behavior of bainite ductile cast iron under impact load

The dry impact wear behavior of bainite ductile cast iron was evaluated under three different impact loads for 30000 cycles. The strain-hardening effects beneath the contact surfaces were analyzed according to the surfaces＇ micro-hardness profiles. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） were used to observe the wom surfaces. The results indicated that the material with the highest hardness was the one continuously cooled at 20℃, which exhibited the lowest wear rate under each set of test conditions. The hardness of the worn surface and the thickness of the hardened layer increased with the increases in impact load and in the number of test cycles. The better wear performance of the sample cooled at 20℃ is attributed to its finer microstructure and superior mechanical properties. All the samples underwent the transformation induced plasticity （TRIP） phenomenon after impact wear, as revealed by the fact that small amounts of retained austenite were detected by XRD.

Dynamic behavior of single-layer latticed cylindrical shells subjected to seismic loading

The single-layer latticed cylindrical shell is one of the most widely adopted space-fl'amed structures.In this paper,free vibration properties and dynamic response to horizontal and vertical seismic waves of single-layer latticed cylindrical shells are analyzed by the finite element method using ANSYS software.In the numerical study,where hundreds of cases were analyzed,the parameters considered included rise-span ratio,length-span ratio,surface load and member section size.Moreover,to better define the actual behavior of single-layer latticed shells,the study is focused on the dynamic stress response to both axial forces and bending moments.Based on the numerical results,the effects of the parameters considered on the stresses are discussed and a modified seismic force coefficient method is suggested.In addition,some advice based on these research results is presented to help in the future design of such structures.

Numerical Analysis of Dynamic Behavior of RC Slabs Under Blast Loading

In order to reduce economic and life losses due to terrorism or accidental explosion threats, reinforced concrete （RC） slabs of buildings need to he designed or retrofitted to resist blast loading. In this paper the dynamic behavior of RC slabs under blast loading and its influencing factors are studied. The numerical model of an RC slab subjected to blast loading is established using the explicit dynamic analysis software. Both the strain rate effect and the damage accumulation are taken into account in the material model. The dynamic responses of the RC slab subjected to blast loading are analyzed, and the influence of concrete strength, thickness and reinforcement ratio on the behavior of the RC slab under blast loading is numerically investigated. Based on the numerical results, some principles for blast-resistant design and retrofitting are proposed to improve the behavior of the RC slab subjected to blast loading.

Load Sharing Behavior of Star Gearing Reducer for Geared Turbofan Engine

Load sharing behavior is very important for power-split gearing system, star gearing reducer as a new type and special transmission system can be used in many industry fields. However, there is few literature regarding the key multiple-split load sharing issue in main gearbox used in new type geared turbofan engine. Further mechanism anal- ysis are made on load sharing behavior among star gears of star gearing reducer for geared turbofan engine. Compre- hensive meshing error analysis are conducted on eccentricity error, gear thickness error, base pitch error, assembly error, and bearing error of star gearing reducer respectively. Floating meshing error resulting from meshing clearance variation caused by the simultaneous floating of sun gear and annular gear are taken into account. A refined mathematical model for load sharing coefficient calculation is established in consideration of different meshing stiffness and support- ing stiffness for components. The regular curves of load sharing coefficient under the influence of interactions, single action and single variation of various component errors are obtained. The accurate sensitivity of load sharing coefficienttoward different errors is mastered. The load sharing coef- ficient of star gearing reducer is 1.033 and the maximum meshing force in gear tooth is about 3010 N. This paper provides scientific theory evidences for optimal parameter design and proper tolerance distribution in advanced devel- opment and manufacturing process, so as to achieve optimal effects in economy and technology.

Effects of different pull-out loading rates on mechanical behaviors and acoustic emission responses of fully grouted bolts

Due to the influence of mining disturbance stress,it is of great significance to better understand the bearing characteristics of fully grouted bolts under different pull-out loading rates.For this purpose,a series of laboratory pull-out tests were conducted to comprehensively investigate the effects of different pull-out loading rates on the mechanical performance and failure characteristics of fully grouted bolts.The results show that the mechanical performance of the anchored specimen presents obvious loading rate dependence and shear enhancement characteristics.With the increase of the pull-out loading rates,the maximum pull-out load increases,the displacement and time corresponding to the maximum pull-out load decrease.The accumulated acoustic emission(AE)counts,AE energy and AE events all decrease with the increase of the pull-out loading rates.The AE peak frequency has obvious divisional distribution characteristics and the amplitude is mainly distributed between 50-80 dB.With the increase of the pull-out loading rates,the local strain of the anchoring interface increases and the failure of the anchoring interface transfers to the interior of the resin grout.The accumulated AE counts are used to evaluate the damage parameter of the anchoring interface during the whole pull-out process.The analytical results are in good agreement with the experimental results.The research results may provide guidance for the support design and performance monitoring of fully grouted bolts.

Degradation of joint surface morphology, shear behavior and closure characteristics during cyclic loading

In order to investigate the failure mechanism of rock joint,a series of laboratory tests including cyclic direct shear tests under constant normal load(CNL)conditions were conducted.Morphology parameters of the rock joint surface were precisely calculated by means of a three-dimensional laser scanning machine.All test results were analyzed to investigate the shear behavior and normal displacement behavior of rock joints under CNL conditions.Degradation of rock joint surface during cyclic shear tests was also analyzed.The comparison results of the height parameters and the hybrid parameters of the joint surface during cyclic tests show that the degradation of the surface mostly happens in the first shear and the constant normal loads imposed on the joints have significant promotion effects on the morphology degradation.During cyclic shear tests,joints surfaces evolve from rough state to smooth state but keep an overall undulation.Dilatancy of rock joints degrades with the degradation of joint surface and the increase of normal loads.The closure deformation of joint is larger than that of the intact rock,and the normal stiffness increases with the increase of shearing times.

Biaxial mechanical behavior of closed-cell aluminum foam under combined shear-compression loading

Combined shear-compression tests and simulations were performed on a closed-cell aluminum foam over a wide range of loading angles in order to probe their yield behaviors under biaxial loading conditions.Combined shear-compression tests were carried out by using a pair of cylindrical bars with beveled ends.The yield surfaces were experimentally measured and compared with various theoretical yield surface models.The cellular structures of closed-cell aluminum foams were modeled as tetrakaidecahedrons and their biaxial crushing behaviors were simulated by the finite element method.The results show that,yield initiates from the stress-concentrated corners in the specimens under combined shear-compression loading and the stress distribution is no longer uniform at the specimen/bar interfaces.In the range of cell sizes studied,the larger the foam cell size is,the higher the yield stress is.Aluminum foam density is found to be the dominant factor on its mechanical properties compared with the cell size and is much more significant in engineering practice.

Molecular dynamics analysis on bending mechanical behavior of alumina nanowires at different loading rates

The molecular dynamics(MD)model ofα-Al_(2)O_(3) nanowires in bending is established by using LAMMPS to calculate the atomic stress and strain at different loading rates in order to study the effect of loading rate on the bending mechanical behaviors of theα-Al_(2)O_(3) nanowires.Research results show that the maximum surface stress−rotation angle curves ofα-Al_(2)O_(3) nanowires at different loading rates are all divided into three stages of elastic deformation,plastic deformation and failure,where the elastic limit point can be determined by the curve symmetry during loading and unloading cycle.The loading rate has great influence on the plastic deformation but little on the elastic modulus ofα-Al_(2)O_(3) nanowires.When the loading rate is increased,the plastic deformation stage is shortened and the material is easier to fail in brittle fracture.Therefore,the elastic limit and the strength limit(determined by the direct and indirect MD simulation methods)are closer to each other.The MD simulation result ofα-Al_(2)O_(3) nanowires is verified to be valid by the good agreement with the improved loop test results.The direct MD method becomes an effective way to determine the elastic limit and the strength limit of nanoscale whiskers failed in brittle or ductile fracture at arbitrary loading rate.

Hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated expansive clay under repetitive loading

Compacted layers of expansive soils are used in different engineering projects,such as subgrades,engineered clay barriers,and buffers for radioactive waste disposal.These layers are exposed to a variety of stresses and wetting conditions during field serviceability.Coupling between hydraulic and mechanical repeated loading provides insight understanding to the induced progressive deformation of expansive clay.This study was conducted to investigate the hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated compacted expansive clay under repeated loadingeunloading(RLU)conditions.Two series of onedimensional(1D)oedometer tests were conducted under controlled matric suction up to 1500 kPa using the axis translation technique(Fredlund soil-water characteristic curve device,SWC-150).The first test series was carried out at different levels of controlled matric suction for non-repeated loading eunloading(NRLU)cycles.RLU cycles were applied in the second test series at different repetitivestress levels and under different levels of matric suction.The results indicated increasing axial wetting strainε_(a)(s),axial swell pressure ss(s),compression index C_(c)(s),and swell index C_(s)(s)with suction reduction.The estimated loadecollapse(LC)curves obtained from NRLU series(LCN)and RLU series(LCR)indicated increasing yield stress sy(s)with increasing suction.This is attributed to the developed apparent cohesion between soil particles,which in turn rigidifies the material response.Applying repetitive loading induced a notable reduction of compression index C_(c)(s)at the same level of suction,whereas swell index C_(s)(s)seems to be independent of repetitive loading.Finally,repetitive loading exceeding initial yield stresses results in plastic hardening and,hence,enlargement of yield stress locus(i.e.LCR curve).

Load behaviors of a prefabricated wood framing house during lifting and transportation

Lifting for handling and flatbed truck transportation to the job site are important processes during manufacture of prefabricated wooden construction units like mini homes and building modules. Significant damage can occur to sections or components of units during these operations. Although damage usually will not impair its structural safety, it is costly to fix and causes the public to perceive prefabricated wooden buildings as low quality products. Field observations and preliminary numerical models for prefabricated units subject to lifting and transportation forces are summarized here. Once fully developed and verified, models will support the creation of damage mitigation strategies centered on structural details indicating how units are to be supported during lifting and transportation.

Contact Force Distribution and Static Load-carrying Capacity of Large Size Double Row Four-point Contact Ball Bearing

Clearance not only affects the startup torque,rotation precision and stiffness of bearing,but also affects the load distribution,load-carrying capacity and life of bearing.A computational model in which the clearance of bearing is first included is presented for determining the contact force distribution and static load-carrying capacity of a double row four-point contact ball bearing which is subjected to the combined radial,axial and overturning moment loadings.The relation between the negative axial clearance and the contact force distribution is analyzed.The static load-carrying capacity curves are established,and the effects of the changes in negative axial clearance,curvature radius coefficient of raceway groove and initial contact angle on the static load-carrying capacity are analyzed.The results show that,with the increase in the absolute value of negative clearance,the maximum contact load decreases first and then increases.The clearance values in the range of 0.2 mme0 mm have little effect on the static load-carrying capacity of bearing.With the increase in the curvature radius coefficient of raceway groove and the decrease in the initial contact angle,the static load capacity of bearing decreases.

Effect of Weld Parameters on Effective Notch Stress at Weld Root and Toe of Load Carrying Cruciform Joints

Cruciform joints in ships are prone to fatigue damage and the determination of type of weld plays a significant role in thefatigue design of the joint. In this paper, the effect of weld geometry on fatigue failure of load carrying cruciform joints inships is investigated using Effective Notch Stress (ENS) approach. A fictitious notch of 1 mm radius is introduced at theweld root and toe and fatigue stress is evaluated. The effect of weld leg length (l) and weld penetration depth (p) on ENS atweld root and toe are determined. The critical weld leg length (lcr) at which fatigue failure transitions from weld root toweld toe is investigated. An approximation formula for determination of the critical weld leg length considering weldpenetration depth (p) is proposed.

Non-Newtonian Effect of Temperature on Load Carrying Capacity of Thrust Bearings

The influeuce of temperature on rheological characteristics of lubricants is analyzed. The constitutive equation, which describes the non-Newtonian properties of lubricants caused by thermal effect, is founded and coupled with equations or continuity and momentum of fluid to calculate the load carrying capacity of thrust bearings. The results or numerical solution show that lubricants have ultimate shear strength as a result or nou-Newtonian effect of temperature, and the thermal effect plays an.important role in load carrying capacity of thrust bearings The mechanism of film failure in thrust bearings is investigated initially’ Theoretlcal bases for predicting the lubrication situatlon and improving the design of thrust bearings are provided in this paper.

Using a GIS to Assessment the Load-Carrying Capacity of Soil Case of Berhoum Area, Hodna Basin, (Eastern Algeria)

The concept of load-carrying capacity of the soil can be evaluated by two main components: permissible stress and permissible depth;and therefore, running it begins its assessment that allows an outline of exploitation. Nevertheless, the assessment of the load-carrying capacity made the object of several works of research and many models, based on the multi-criteria analysis, have been established. This work examines the contribution of GIS approach to assessment load-carrying capacity of the soil. This one has been finished in two practicums: 1) Assessment of the capacity of soil by a multi-criteria approach, using the Weighted Sum Model (WSM);2) It brought to use the GIS approach to evaluate and spatialize degree of soil bearing stresses resulting from the buildings, as well as load distribution. The method has been applied to the Berhoum area of Hodna Basin, in eastern Algeria, where each is characterized by its various natural properties and density of equipment. Final results are better in the classification of the degree of load-carrying capacity possible in each site. This results in allowing exploiters to program their optimal designs for the rational management of the area.

Comparison Structure Forms Between Isogrid and Orthogrid of C/E Composite Trellis Wound Structure Based on Calculation of Load-Carrying

This paper calculated load-carrying of isogrid and orthogrid of carbon-epoxy composite trellis wound structure(C/E CTWS) using non-linear finite element method.Based on the analysis,test cases were designed and tests of axial compression were carried.Analysis result and test result fit well.In order to be used in the project,this kind of structure cut-out repairing was calculated.The method presented in this paper has been proved and can be used to solve complicated engineering problems.According to calculations and experimental results combined with application,a principle of choosing wound structure is obtained and principle could be applied to engineering.

Modeling of the loading path dependent magnetomechanical behavior of Galfenol alloy

The magnetomechanical behavior of single-crystal Galfenol alloy was found to be strongly dependent on the loading paths. An energy-based anisotropic domain rotation model, assuming that the interaction between domains can be ignored and the probability of the magnetic moment pointing along a particular direction is related to the free energy along this direction, is used to simulate the magnetostriction versus magnetic field and stress curve and to track the magnetic domain motion trail. The main reason for loading path dependent effect is the rotation/flipping of the magnetic domains under different loading paths. The effect of loading and unloading paths on 90° magnetic domain motion was studied by choosing different loading and unloading state and paths. The results show that prior loading magnetic field can make the 90° magnetic domains flip to the directions of 45°domains because the magnetic field is the driving force to make the domains rotate, and the final loading state and the loading path both have great influence on the motion of 90° magnetic domains.